《家书》给《终结》的一记响亮耳光 – 纵览中国-China In Perspective

<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">去年三月，我在南方周末上发表了一篇文章，评论《我们的历史没有终结：三个华裔古巴将军在古巴革命中的经历》(Our History is  Still being Written: the Stories of Three Chinese-Cuban Generals in the Cuban Revolution<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">， <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">以下简称《终结》)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">一书。这本书是美国左派出版社“寻路人”(Pathfinder)2005<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年推出的一本重要作品，内容主要是对古巴军队中三个身居高位的华裔将军的访谈，文章发表后在国内很多网站转载(<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">文章见附录)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，同时我还应英国《中国季刊》之约发表了一篇英文的书评。此后，我得到国内暨南大学出版社2006<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年出版的《古巴华侨家书故事》(<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">以下简称《家书》)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">一书。两本书的编者远隔天涯互不相识，出版社之间也毫无瓜葛，两本书的筹划和出版过程更是毫不相干，但如果对照阅读，人们会发现它们其实是对同一个历史过程和同一个群体的遭遇作了完全不同的叙说，形成一个鲜明的对比。对于有心的读者来说，这两本书的几乎同时问世正构成一个历史的辩论:<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">《家书》中叙说的普通华裔在卡斯特罗上台后的遭遇给了《终结》中那些高亢而空洞的"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">革命"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">话语一记响亮的耳光。 <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">《我们的历史没有终结》是一本从古巴华人历史的角度来为古巴革命辩护的历史作品。我在那篇评论中这样概括这本书对华裔古巴人的描述: "<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">华裔古巴人的身份可以分为三个阶段：殖民统治和旧政权下种族歧视的对象、民族独立的参与者和1959<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年以后社会主义革命的受益人。换句话说，华裔古巴人要么是受苦人，要么是革命者和被解放者，这种阴阳身份转换以1959 <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年为界"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。但这种描述只涉及华裔古巴人群体的一部分，“华裔古巴人有不同的社会经济成分和地位。和世界上其他地方的中国移民一样，他们发愤工作，通过个人奋斗和社群合作取得经济成功。他们当中有工商业者、银行家、餐馆老板、商店店主、专业人士和街头小贩。他们的贡献是古巴经济和社会生活的一个有机部分，他们的勤奋也赢得了不同族裔古巴人的尊敬。革命前古巴中国人社群非常活跃，华文报纸就有4<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">份，还有众多的会馆和组织。” <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">但在卡斯特罗上台后，为古巴经济作出重要贡献的华人社区成为革命的对象，从60<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代初的国有化到1968<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年的“革命攻势”，古巴华人从大商人到小业主和街头小贩，财产全部被没收，他们当中绝大多数只得两手空空地离开这个岛国。到了90<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代，和世界范围内生机勃勃的海外华人社区相比，古巴的华人社区几乎不再有生命的迹象，一度是哈瓦那经济繁荣象征的唐人街成了死城。书中的三位将军用自己身居高位来骄傲地说明“社会主义革命”给华裔带来的种族平等(<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">他们还指出在整个拉丁美洲，找不出那个国家有华裔当上将军的)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，对于这本书的策划者来说其实是一个绝大的讽刺:<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">他们自以为占据的是一个在左派史学中时髦的"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">从底层叙说历史"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的道德高地，但人们嗅到的却是官本位特权社会的腐臭气息。这三个将军固然有了“种族平等”，但代价却是整个华裔社群的经济活力和身份特征。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">在那篇文章中，由于缺乏具体材料，我并没有对古巴革命给华裔社区带来的毁灭性打击作详细介绍。但现在，《家书》从一个非常具体生动的角度描绘了这个历史过程。《家书》的编者是暨南大学教授黄卓才，他的父亲黄世宝生于广东台山，1922<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年前往古巴谋生，长期居住在古巴克拉拉省大萨瓜市，先打工后成为小商人，1975<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年去世。《家书》就是黄世宝写给黄卓才的信。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">从黄世宝的这些信中人们可以看到卡斯特罗的革命是怎样剥夺华裔古巴人辛勤劳动积攥下来的财富的。黄世宝在古巴三十年，前20<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">多年打工，后来惨淡经营起一个小商店，卡斯特罗1959<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年上台不久他的商店就列入没收计划，能撑到68<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年最后一批已经是算是"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">命大"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">了。哈瓦那华人社区报纸《光华报》的主编冯啸天20<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">世纪50<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代初来到古巴时，身上只有两块美金，10<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年奋斗后半起了4<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">家工厂，但"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">一个发迹的神话，1968<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年破灭了，所有私营企业收归国有"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。 <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">这些失去财产的中国人此后每月只能依靠40<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">元的微薄退休金艰难度日。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">卡斯特罗政府剥夺华侨资产的另一手段是限制甚至禁止侨汇。侨汇历来是海外华人和家庭之间最实质性的联系，因为绝大多数海外华人都是为了替家庭谋生才流落海外的。这个情况在中共建政以后，尤其是大跃进和文革期间尤其突出，侨汇不但是很多华侨家庭的救命钱，而且更是闭关锁国下"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">国家外汇收入"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的重要部分。古巴革命后，卡斯特罗政府却一再颁布政策，从限额和手续两个方面限制华侨汇款。这个政策在60<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代早期就已经贯彻，用黄世宝的话来说，"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">当时中古关系较好，中国给予古巴大量援助，按道理，古巴对华侨不应太过苛刻"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。在古巴的中国人虽然自己经济已经非常困难，但他们或者省吃俭用，或者在被"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">国有化"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">前还偷偷有一些存款(<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">一旦被发现会被没收)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，这些就是他们向在中国的亲人汇款的来源。古巴法律规定只有直系亲属才可以继承遗产，不承认死者生前指定的其他继承者，所以，华裔如果有直系亲属在中国，一旦去世他们的财产也就等于上缴了古巴政府。黄世宝的信中，有关侨汇的内容特别具体和让人心焦，例如1974<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年4<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">月的一封信说在中方使馆应侨胞的一再要求和古巴政府就侨汇问题交涉，要求允许汇款，然后古巴政府宣布可以汇款，"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">但订出不利种种侨汇的条件，不外想断绝我们侨汇。" <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">同年12<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">月份的一封信说:"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">今年侨汇特别改变，不同往时分等级寄付。每一侨胞一律限寄270<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">元。死亡及老侨回国者完全无权汇寄"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，而且还担忧"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">来年汇款手续非常难"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。另一封信说，"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">由于多年来侨胞失业因经济问题无法多寄，还有部分侨胞完全无寄。。。。。今后完全失去了希望"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。书的编者说"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">这些话，看似平淡道出，实际上字字是血，句句是泪，是发自肺腑的哭诉!<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">是主持公义的呼声!"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">对卡斯特罗政府对华裔的无情剥夺的愤怒在这里简直是呼之欲出。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">除了经济上受剥夺，老年华侨叶落归根的心愿在卡斯特罗统治下也成了遥远不可及的奢望。《家书》中一再提到高龄的黄世宝一次次地从他居住的省份前往哈瓦那，打听回国的手续和途径，但每次都是失望而归。黄卓才说，"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">鉴于古巴老侨财力耗尽，有的侨胞家属从香港寄去美金和飞机票，古巴方面却迟迟不让他们出境。。。。华侨答乘中国货船回国无望，旅游观光回国无望，连亲人出机票援助回国也那么难，似乎每一条路都被堵死了，古巴政府的做法令人不可理喻。"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">黄卓才还说当时东南亚华侨虽然财产被剥夺，毕竟能得到祖国的救助回归故里，"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">相比之下，古巴的华侨似乎更加悲惨。老侨的店铺已被没收，生活来源被切断，只得靠微薄得连吃饭都成问题的退休金过日子，他们孤独无助，祖国有家归不得，七老八十还如孤雁漂泊他乡。" <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">在《我们的历史没有终结》一书中，三个华裔古巴将军把到了90<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代古巴华裔社区基本消失、古巴华裔后继乏人的现象归于自然原因，即生老病死的自然规律。这是彻头彻尾的谎言。如果照这么说，世界上所有的海外华裔社群都要灭亡了，但事实上这样的灭亡只发生在古巴 (<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">此外就是在共产党统治下的印度之那: <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">在红色高棉统治下的柬埔寨，华裔财产充公，人被当作剥削阶级而在肉体上大部被消灭；越南70<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代中期"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">统一"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">后华裔的财产也被充公，人或是被关进集中营和劳改营，或是被迫投入怒海，成为难民) <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。黄卓才在编辑《家书》时虽然没有看到《我们的历史没有终结》，但他的话无疑是对这个谎言的最有力的驳斥:"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">古巴华侨为什么后继乏人，哈瓦那华人街到了本世纪初为什么成了几乎没有华人的唐人街，父亲在30<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">多年前的"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">这些信，"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">已经给了答案"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">把古巴的华裔社区赶尽灭绝、财产剥夺殆尽的卡斯特罗政权因为在1989<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年天安门镇压后冒天下之大不韪，公开为杀人叫好而成为后天安门中共政权的亲密战友。在今天中国的"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">爱国愤青"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">民族主义者"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">和形形色色的左派中，卡斯特罗拥有无数爱称他为"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">老卡大叔"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">粉丝"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。《我们的历史没有终结》在出版后也很快就有了中文译本，书的介绍中竟然这样说: <o:p> </o:p> "<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">通过他们[<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">指三位华裔将军]<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">在本书中为我们所讲述的关于古巴经济、社会和政治等方面的故事，我们能够了解到是什么使古巴获得了新生，并为我们开创了新纪元。我们看到千百万像他们一样的普通人、那些统治者视而不见的，默默无闻的人，拒绝接受没有尊严、没有希望的生活，为了他们的梦想走上历史舞台，改变历史进程，在这个过程中他们使自己获得了崭新的自我。" <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">就在书的介绍者这为这些"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">新生"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">新纪元"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">、"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">崭新的自我"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">而欢呼的时候，无数为古巴的政治独立和经济发展作出贡献的、勤劳了一辈子的华人和华裔古巴人却或者被迫两手空空地离开古巴，或者在这个独裁者的政权下夹紧尾巴、苦苦求生，到头来不但一贫如洗，而且有家归不得。在"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">革命"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">后的新政权下，他们才真正成了"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">统治者视而不见的，默默无 <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">闻的人"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，过着不但"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">没有尊严"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">而且"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">没有希望"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，连"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">梦想"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">都没有的生活。如果他们想要像左派所说的那样"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">拒绝"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">这种生活，那么对不起，他们面前只有两条路:<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">一条是劳改营和监狱；另一条是冒险投海、在被卡斯特罗诅咒的美国得到自由和尊严。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">对于那些对自己同胞的悲惨遭遇如此无动于衷的"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">左派"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，套用一句网上愤青的话说: "<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">你还是中国人吗?" <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">  <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">以下是我去年三月发表在南方周末的文章 (<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">题目是编者改的)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，有兴趣的读者可以参看: <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">华裔古巴人：在革命的洪流里 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">程映虹 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">《我们的历史没有终结：三个华裔古巴将军在古巴革命中的经历》(Our Historyis Stillbeing Written: the Stories of Three Chinese-Cuban Generals in the Cuban Revolution)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">是美国左派出版社“寻路人”(Pathfinder)2005<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年推出的一本重要作品，内容主要是对今天古巴军队中三个身居高位的华裔将军的访谈。书的策划、采访和编辑是同一个人。出版社非常重视这本书，时至今日还在美国各地(<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">尤其是华裔社群和大学)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">举办座谈会和其他形式的活动进行推销。由于书的内容涉及华裔移民在古巴的历史和在古巴革命中的作用，对于中国读者来说应该有特殊的兴趣。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">　　革命前古巴华裔社群的形成 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">　　这本书的书名就隐含了对所谓“历史终结论”的反驳。自上个世纪90<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代初苏联东欧阵营瓦解、其他一些主要社会主义国家开展或深化经济改革和对外开放后，美国学者福山的“历史终结论”为这个历史性的变化提供了一个理论解释，宣布了20<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">世纪形形色色的对抗市场经济、民主制度和个人自由的革命和社会实验的失败。在这个意义上，意识形态的历史以自由主义的胜利而“终结”了。福山的这个解释理所当然地被很多左翼理论家视为西方在冷战结束初期作为战胜者一方的自鸣得意。在随后的讨论中，有很多论者指出自由主义并不能解决后冷战时期的种种意识形态问题，因此“历史 <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">”并没有“终结”；但在另一方面，对冷战时期和自由主义对峙的特殊的意识形态的“终结”，除了一些声调高亢但内容空虚的政治声明，似乎还没有什么以事实为基础的有力反驳。因此，说自由主义终结了意识形态的历史根据不足，说自由主义打遍天下无敌手更是夸张，但说曾经和它对抗的一些主要意识形态之退出历史舞台，似乎是一个难以反驳的事实。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">　　但是，《我们的历史没有终结》恰恰是要在这后一个方面挑战“历史终结论”。它的目的是通过三个华裔古巴将军半个世纪的革命经历，说明古巴的革命在后冷战时期仍然在继续。这本书主要有三个部分，第一部分是“华裔在古巴：社会主义革命带来的变化”。华人前往古巴始于1840<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代。当时西班牙在古巴的殖民政府迫于国际社会废奴运动的压力，开始着手准备结束奴隶制，从中国引入了大约15<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">万名契约劳工缓解奴隶制结束所带来的蔗糖种植园的劳工短缺问题。这些中国契约劳工到古巴后的境遇十分悲惨，契约上明文规定的报酬和福利得不到保障，劳动条件十分恶劣，实际境遇和黑奴十分相近。到了1870<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代中期，清政府在国内外压力下展开调查，结果是和西班牙政府签约，废止契约劳工。余下的中国劳工中有相当大一批人在获得自由后留在了古巴，后来陆陆续续不断有中国人前往古巴谋生，组成了古巴的华裔社群，建立了中国城。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">　　在《我们的历史没有终结》中，华裔古巴人的身份可以分为三个阶段：殖民统治和旧政权下种族歧视的对象、民族独立的参与者和1959<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年以后社会主义革命的受益人。换句话说，华裔古巴人要么是受苦人，要么是革命者和被解放者，这种阴阳身份转换以1959 <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年为界。这些无疑是事实，但仅仅是一部分事实。华裔早在19<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">世纪末就加入了争取古巴独立的民族斗争，赢得了包括古巴独立之父马蒂在内的古巴民族主义者的尊重。华裔对古巴独立的贡献在1959<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年以前就被古巴社会所承认。其次，更重要的是，华裔古巴人有不同的社会经济成分和地位。和世界上其他地方的中国移民一样，他们发愤工作，通过个人奋斗和社群合作取得经济成功，他们当中有工商业者、银行家、餐馆老板、商店店主、专业人士和街头小贩。他们的贡献是古巴经济和社会生活的一个有机部分，他们的勤奋也赢得了不同族裔古巴人的尊敬。革命前古巴中国人社群非常活跃，华文报纸就有4<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">份，还有众多的会馆和组织。经济成□c<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">和社区自立是千千万万中国移民在世界各地得以落地生根的关键，也是中国人在本土以外对世界文明的奉献。当然，黄、赌、毒这些阴暗面在华裔群体中也非常突出，是中国城复杂的社会生态的组成部分。因此，革命前古巴华裔的身份是五光十色的，决不仅仅是盼解放的受苦人。《我们的历史没有终结》一书中虽然也承认华裔的经济活力，但却把这个事实从华裔“阶级分化”的角度来叙述，使之符合“革命”的主题。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">华裔社群在革命后的遭际 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">　　华裔古巴人和1959<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年古巴革命的关系是双重的：很多人出于对民主自由和族裔平等的向往加入了革命，组成了华裔纵队。这些人在革命后如果选择继续和新政权合作 (1959<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年古巴推翻独裁者巴蒂斯塔的革命实际上是由一个民主革命的统一战线发动的，但革命后一种政治势力独占政权的现实很快瓦解了这个统一战线)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，他们可以进入上层，成为种族平等的象征。书中的三位将军用自己身居高位来说明“社会主义革命”给华裔带来的种族平等，说这在美洲其他有华裔的国家是罕见的，对于中国读者来说这显示了“官本位”意识并不仅仅是中国的传统，而是所有政治权力高于一切的社会的价值标准。实际上，如果按照这个标准，那么古巴旧政权和军队中的种族成分也不简单，被推翻的军事独裁者巴蒂斯塔 (<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">他从1930<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代到1950<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代末一直影响古巴政坛)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">就是姆拉托(<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">白人和黑人的混血，另一说是他实际上是姆斯蒂索，即白人和美洲土著居民的后代)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，因此旧政权下的种族压迫和歧视又从何谈起呢？ <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">　　更重要的是，1959<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年以后参加革命的那一部分华裔地位的上升并不能代表整个华裔社群的命运。在革命后的社会改造中，经济上成功的华裔社群首当其冲，和外国资本一起成为国有化和合作化的对象，近百年发展起来的私营华裔社区经济到了1960<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代中期不复存在，甚至连街头小贩都在1968<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年的“革命攻势”运动中被扫除干净。这个运动类似于中国“文化大革命”和大跃进的结合，当时古巴全国动员，投入一个不切实际的1000<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">万吨糖的指标，号召无私奉献和自我牺牲，为此一夜之间消灭一切残剩的小生产者和私营经济，街头摊贩的“财产”被没收，摊主集中送入劳动营。至于华裔社区独立的组织、出版物和各类活动，在新体制下更是不可能继续存在。因此，革命后古巴华人虽然在新政权下政治上处于和其他族群平等的地位，但同时丧失了自己历史上所形成的经济和社会地位以及自主性，而这恰恰是古巴华裔的族群特征。但《我们的历史没有终结》对这段革命终结了华裔社群的历史一字不提。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">　　古巴华裔社群的这个遭遇在当时并不是孤立的。在第三世界形形色色的“国有化”和“经济独立”的浪潮中，被“充公”的并不只有西方资本和民族资本，也有大量的华裔资本和中小商业。例如1964<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年缅甸军政府实行“社会主义”，剥夺私人资本，首当其冲的就是华裔社群，很多一夜之间从腰缠万贯到一文不名的华裔只好回到中国，他们的身份也由“活侨”(<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">即在居住国有产业的统战对象)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">变成“死侨”(<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">即回不去的、不再是统战对象的华侨)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。1970<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代中期南越和柬埔寨“革命”成功，又再次上演了针对华裔的这样一出“社会主义改造”悲剧。数十万华裔丧失的不但是财产，更是生命，很多人只得投奔怒海，成为难民，而且还背上了“剥削者”和“寄生虫”的恶名。他们当中很多人辗转来到北美后重新白手起家，现在又是成功的小业主。在那些他们曾经生活并在经济上获得成功的国家，对他们财产的“国有化”虽然是赤裸裸的剥夺，远比剥削更恶劣，但却蒙上了“公有”和“公正”的道义外衣。相对于西方资本和所在国的民族资本，华裔实业家和一般生意人虽然是富人，但却是弱者，他们的发展没有任何政治势力可以依赖，完全靠经营得法，靠辛勤流汗，夹着尾巴做人，政治动乱中常常成为牺牲者，因此成功特别来之不易。不但如此，他们在居住国受到的这种政治和经济遭遇也根本得不到自己原来祖国政府的同情甚至声援，因为中国当时自己也刚刚经历了类似的“社会主义改造”，不但要向共产主义穷过渡，还要号召世界革命。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">　　1959<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年古巴革命给华裔社区造成的冲击是如此巨大而彻底，以致古巴华裔的族群意识到了1980 <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代弱化到了难以恢复的地步。书中受采访的老将军们承认，到了1980<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代，古巴华裔的新生代对“华裔古巴人”的概念十分陌生，但他们把这种族群身份意识的丧失完全归于自然原因，说这是因为当时在古巴“只有大约300<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">人是在中国出生的”(<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">意为还活着的第一代移民)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，而回避社会政治原因。按照这个解释，那么华裔必须依靠源源不断的新移民来保存自己的族群特征，这显然和很多国家华裔族群生存的历史和现实不符。华裔社群受冲击的另一个突出表现是哈瓦那中国城的衰落和□ \’7d<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">败。书中说，1993<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年一些华裔后代向中古友好协会联合发起请愿，要求修整和复兴哈瓦那的中国城，具体达到两个目标：一是保护中国城原来的传统文化和艺术，二是恢复中国城的经济活力。由于书中只渲染1959<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年革命后华裔中的革命者政治地位的上升，对整个华裔社群尤其是中国城在革命后的遭遇基本没有介绍，因此这个“新发展”对于不了解历史演变的读者来说显得十分突兀：既然华裔古巴人既参加革命又从革命中获益，那么他们的社区中国城又到哪儿去了呢？古巴华裔社区衰落的一个原因和中古关系有关：从1960<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代中期开始一直到1990<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代末，古巴由于和苏联结盟，被当时的中国称为苏联称霸全球的马前卒，两国关系不是敌对就是冷淡，古巴的华裔当然不能指望有什么出头之日。到了1990<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代初，苏东瓦解，古巴转而从中国获得巨额援助和国际支持，这也就是为什么 1993<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年古巴一些华裔后代有勇气发起请愿、要求恢复中国城活力的政治背景。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">　　华裔将军与古巴经济改革 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">　　如果说《我们的历史没有终结》对于华裔社群在1959<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年革命后的遭际的介绍大有值得推敲之处，那么它的第三部分“特殊时期及其他”对自1990<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代以来古巴社会的演变为读者提供了很多有价值的材料，而这和“历史没有终结”这个主题是非常相关的。 1990<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代早期苏联结束对古巴的全盘经济援助后，古巴经济陷入困境，不但从1960<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代早期就实行的食物和主要生活物资(<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">包括火柴和手纸)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的配给制变本加厉，有世界磷d<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">罐之称的宝岛连糖都要从拉美邻国进口。中国社科院拉美所著名专家徐世澄先生在他2004<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年发表于《拉丁美洲研究》上的关于古巴经济的论文中详细罗列了古巴人民生活物质的配给情况，有兴趣的读者可以参看。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">　　值得赞赏的是，《我们的历史没有终结》对于古巴经济困难不但没有回避，而且没有简单地归结于“外国封锁”。三位受访者之一邵黄将军甚至说他小时候看到古巴大量向外国出口西红柿、豆类和卷心菜，但革命后古巴完全依赖苏联和东欧的蔬菜，因此这个渠道一旦结束，古巴蔬菜极端短缺，给外国游客食用的蔬菜都要从海外空运。古巴飞行员称这些航班为“耻辱的飞行”。为了摆脱经济困境，领导古巴军队后备役的邵黄将军 (<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">他也是古中友协主席)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">在第二号领导人劳尔•卡斯特罗支持下主持了有限的经济改革，号召大种蔬菜，多余产品可以在市场出售，多劳多得，按劳分配。这个经济改革首先在军队进行，因为军队有政治特权，可以试点，可以经商。这个改革的结果是有些菜农的收入超过了部长的名义工资，邵黄为此受到政治压力，被批评为“ <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">走资本主义道路”，鼓励两极分化，在国家经济困难时把紧缺物资(<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">菜棚设备等材料)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">用来生产和国家大政方针无关紧要的蔬菜。在这场“姓社姓资”的争论中劳尔出面说按劳分配是社会主义原则，说菜农的收入不可以高过部长的工资是没有根据的。他还说自己是这个实验的“教父”，有问题可以找他。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">　　对于了解古巴革命历史的人来说，这场“姓社姓资”的讨论似曾相识。1960<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代早期在实行了国有化和计划经济之后，古巴立刻出现了经济困难并实行了生活物资的配给制(<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">从那时起一直延续至今)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，当时一些经济领导人主张仿效苏联的经济改革，实行一定的物质刺激、市场机制和独立核算，保障人民的食品和日常生活用品的供应，但这个主张被否定，随后发起了类似于中国大跃进和“文革”的“革命攻势”运动，企图一举过渡到共产主义。回顾这段往事，让人不禁掩卷而叹。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">　　今天，华裔邵黄将军主持有限经济改革的勇气使人想起了半个世纪前曾经活跃在哈瓦那中国城的华裔先人。在这个意义上，可能也仅仅在这个意义上，说“我们的历史”──指华裔对古巴经济和社会发展的实实在在的贡献而不是一个更宏大的意识形态化的历史叙事 <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">──没有“终结”，完全是合情合理的。