宗教法规:当前的政教冲突及其趋势

<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><FONT size=3><B><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">前言</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3>1989<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年之后,在流亡知识分子群体,和国内中心城市的知识群体中,都出现了第一波的福音化浪潮。当年,不单是民主运动本身遭遇挫败,更重要的是人在面对这一社会性挫败时,也遭遇到了更大的人性挫败。盼望的丧失,使民族的精英阶层,自</SPAN>1979<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年以来的一个心灵释放、思想启蒙、情感医治和信仰寻求的过程被打断,整个民族重新在文化心理上积累苦毒的力量。软弱、恐惧与愤怒、怨恨的混杂;逃亡、抗争,或者出卖、妥协;无论是最终的放弃、麻木、转身,还是在苦难中的自义、骄傲和持守,都深刻影响着</SPAN>20<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年来中国知识分子的精神处境。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">于是在</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1990<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年代初,发生了三个重要的转折,塑造着今日之政教关系的走向。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">第一,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1989<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年</SPAN>-1992<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年,出现了</SPAN>1949<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年后的第一波向着城市和知识分子宣教的福音运动。这一波从乡村和海外向着城市两厢包围的福音运动,成为</SPAN>90<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年代末和</SPAN>21<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>世纪初中国城市教会复兴的基础。并直接影响了</SPAN>90<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年代的基督教文化热。当民主运动在城里败北之后,福音运动开始进城。基督教在当代中国的语境中,从一个几乎只与乡村有关的词语,逐步变成了一个有“文化含量”的词语。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">第二,在政治、社会和信仰的三重危机之下,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1992<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年政府开始推行市场体制,以经济自由化政策,弥补政治自由和信仰自由缺失所产生的心灵空虚和社会失序。但市场化和城市化的进程,事实上促成了社会秩序的开放性,和民间社会的重新培育。家庭教会遭遇的打压尽管仍在持续,但其生存与宣教空间的增长趋势,已不可逆转。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">第三,出于对上述两种趋势的回应,及市场化带来的技术层面上的法治化压力,政府的宗教管理体系也从</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1991<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年开始,出现了整体性的转变。即</SPAN>1979<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年以来的中共宗教政策,从彻底的非法治化状态开始向技术层面上的宗教立法转型。尽管在内容上,仍只是对违背宪法和公民信仰自由的政策以法律形式予以“合理化</SPAN>”<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>。但其实质上的不正义,也在这一形式法治的框架下被放大和标注出来,以至诸般法律冲突在这一框架下,走向一个不可逆的积累。法治给了非正常的政教关系以“形式合理性”,但同时也使“实质合理性”的压力,与日俱增。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><FONT size=3><B><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">一、</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">90<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年代后的两轮宗教立法调整</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">这一宗教政策的“形式合理化”过程,经历了两轮宗教立法。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">第一轮从</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1991<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年到</SPAN>1994<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年。主要立法有:</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、《宗教活动场所管理条例》(</SPAN>1994<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年)</SPAN></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3>2<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、《宗教社会团体登记管理实施办法》</SPAN>1991<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3>3<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、《外国人宗教活动管理规定》(</SPAN>1994<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年) </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">第二轮从</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">2004<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年到</SPAN>2007<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年,主要立法:</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT size=3>1<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、《宗教事务条例》(</SPAN>2004<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年)</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3>2<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、《宗教活动场所设立审批和登记办法》</SPAN>2005<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3>3<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、《宗教教职人员备案办法》</SPAN>(2006<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年)</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3>4<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、《宗教活动场所主要教职任职备案办法(</SPAN>2006<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年)</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">在第二轮宗教立法调整中,基于这三份国务院的行政法规或规章,地方政府也经历了新一轮的宗教立法修订。以四川为例,有两份主要的地方法规或规章:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3>1<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、《成都市宗教活动场所管理规定》(</SPAN>2006<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年</SPAN>12<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>月)</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT size=3>2<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、《四川省宗教事务条例》(</SPAN>2007<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年</SPAN>3<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>月) </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">经过两轮立法调整后,目前涉及政教关系与宗教信仰的主要法律法规有:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3>1<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、<B>宪法条款</B>:(</SPAN>34<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>条、</SPAN>35<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>条、</SPAN>36<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>条、</SPAN>24<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>条)</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3>2<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、<B>行政法规</B>:《宗教事务条例》(</SPAN>2004<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年)和《外国人宗教活动管理规定》(</SPAN>1994<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年)及《社会团体登记条例》(</SPAN>1998<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年)</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3>3<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、<B>行政规章</B>:宗教局的《宗教活动场所设立审批和登记办法》(</SPAN>2005<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年)</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3>4<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、<B>地方法规</B>:以四川为例,《成都市宗教活动场所管理规定》(</SPAN>2006<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年)和《四川省宗教事务条例》(</SPAN>2007<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年) </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.8pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5" align=center><FONT size=3><B><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">二、第二轮宗教立法调整的结束及解读</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.8pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5" align=center><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">在一系列宗教法规出台之后,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">2007<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年有两个事件,标志着这轮立法调整的结束。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">第一是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">2007<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年</SPAN>10<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>月</SPAN>15<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>-</SPAN>21<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>日,中共</SPAN>17<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>大修改《党章》,在中共历史上,第一次将“</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">全面贯彻党的宗教工作基本方针,团结信教群众为经济社会发展作贡献</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">”,列入党章总纲。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">第二是</SPAN><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="18" Month="12" Year="2007"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">2007<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年</SPAN>12<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>月</SPAN>18<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>日</SPAN></SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">,中共政治局</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">1949<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年后第一次召集宗教问题的专门学习,胡锦涛发表宗教问题讲话,为新一轮宗教政策调整划上句号。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">胡锦涛的讲话,是对</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">2004<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>—</SPAN>2007<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>新一轮宗教政策调整的总结,开始对各地</SPAN>2004<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年以来摸不清中央宗教政策调整趋势的混乱情况,开始统一认识。他的讲话主要提出了三大要求:</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN>一是“</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">坚持党的宗教工作基本方针:即要全面贯彻党的宗教信仰自由政策,坚持依法管理宗教事务,坚持独立自主自办,坚持积极引导宗教与社会主义社会相适应”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">;</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">二是“</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">坚持以人为本,团结信教群众,解决其生活困难</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">”;</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">三是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">"</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">加强宗教教职人员队伍建设,帮助和指导爱国宗教团体增强自养能力,依法依章搞好自我管理,维护宗教界合法权益</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN>这一轮立法调整,虽无政教关系及宗教自由的重大突破,却足以显出未来一段时间内软硬不定、暗昧不清的走势。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><B><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">其一,显明中共对宗教的重视程度,达到了</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1949<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年以来的最高点。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN>17<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>大将</SPAN>“<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>宗教关系</SPAN>”<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>列为构建</SPAN>“<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>和谐社会</SPAN>”<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>的五大关系之一。认为</SPAN>“<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>宗教工作</SPAN>”<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>关系到全党全国的和谐稳定,需要从</SPAN>“<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>战略高度</SPAN>”<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>来对待宗教问题。胡锦涛在</SPAN>17<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>大政治报告中,也首次提出要发挥</SPAN>“<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>宗教界人士和信教群众在促进经济社会发展中的积极作用</SPAN>”<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 26.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -5.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: -.5; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd"><FONT size=3><B><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">其二,中共对宗教工作的支配权,通过党章的修订,第一次从幕后走到前台</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">。这为在未来一段时间控</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 26.25pt; TEXT-INDENT: -5.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: -.5; mso-para-margin-left: 2.0gd"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">制教会的强烈立场和有可能的妥协,都留下了余地。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><B><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">其三,这同时显露了两个趋势:一是必将走向对家庭教会和所谓“正常宗教活动”的适度温和与容忍,二是必将强化三自会系统的的政教合一特征。</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">部分三自会堂点最近</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">20<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年来的福音派倾向,在政教关系的冲突上,可能在未来再次面临自</SPAN>50<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年代“三自爱国运动”以来的新一轮试炼。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN>2007<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年底的胡锦涛宗教问题讲话,原本是要为新一轮立法调整奠定一个较长时期的基调。但这一轮调整的稳定性和前瞻性都显然不够。因为政府对家庭教会在中国社会政治格局中的意义,仍缺乏合适的认知和了解。</SPAN>2008<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年,围绕奥运的政治压力,驱使政府对教会采取了阶段性的增强打压。但大地震后家庭教会浮出水面,广泛参与救灾赈灾。再一次打破了政教态势的微妙局面。可能促使政府重新认识、调查和试水家庭教会的问题。因此,第二轮宗教立法的调整,注定是一个过渡性的调整。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.8pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.8pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><FONT size=3><B><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">三、宗教法规的违宪性</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">但在目前,中国仍然缺失关乎宗教信仰的全国人大层面的立法。换言之,只有宗教法规,尚无宗教法律。这也是“形式合理性”的法治化,与“实质合理性”的压力之间的冲突所致。目前政教关系在法律上的表达困境在于,第一,政府无法颁布一部既能维持现有的宗教管制、又能在宪法价值和技术层面上说得过去的《宗教法》或《宗教自由法》。从动机上说,中共尚不愿意;但从技术上说,亦越发不可能。第二,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">2004<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年的国务院《宗教事务条例》,因此成为目前最高级别的宗教立法。但这和《立法法》直接相悖,因为国务院无权直接根据宪法条文来制定法规,政府更无权直接对公民的宪法权利进行约束和减损。换言之,在《宪法》</SPAN>36<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>条和《宗教事务条例》之间,必须要有人大的法律,才能满足法治的“形式合理性”。否则,整个宗教管理体制,就仍然处在“违宪”的形式不合法状态。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 4.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-para-margin-left: .47gd"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">从形式法治的要求说,法律应当具有“合宪性</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">”<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>,宪法第</SPAN>36<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>条应高于一切政府立法:</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 4.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-para-margin-left: .47gd"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 4.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-para-margin-left: .47gd"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 4.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-para-margin-left: .47gd"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">第三十六条 中华人民共和国公民有<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">宗教信仰自由</B>。<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">任何国家机关、社会团体和个人<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">不得强制</B>公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教,<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">不得歧视</B>信仰宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民。 <o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>国家保护<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">正常的</B>宗教活动。任何人不得利用宗教进行破坏社会秩序、损害公民身体健康、妨碍国家教育制度的活动。<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">宗教团体和宗教事务不受外国势力的支配。<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 4.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-para-margin-left: .47gd"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 4.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5; mso-para-margin-left: .47gd"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 4.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: .47gd"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">从实质法治的要求说,宪法第</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">36<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>条本身也有重大缺陷,如“正常的宗教活动”或“不受外国势力干预”,都是意识形态化的、非法治化的表达方式。以此逻辑类推,每一家三资企业,都是“受外国势力干预”的。如果说经济事务可以受外国势力干预,宗教事务却不能“受外国势力干预”;营利性团体可以受外国势力干预,宗教团体却不能“受外国势力干预”;人们的钱包可以受外国势力干预,人们的脑袋却不能“受外国势力干预”。这就已经违背了同一宪法条款对“</SPAN></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">不得歧视</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">信仰宗教的公民</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">”的权利保留。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 4.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: .47gd"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 4.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: .47gd"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">不过即便如此,对“正常”或“外国势力干预</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">”<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>与否的解释与界定,也是一个宪法问题,而不是一个行政法问题。以现有的宗教立法水平而论,宪法</SPAN>36<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>条的实质缺陷,并不影响整个宗教管理体制尚处于“违宪”的非法治状态这一评价。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 4.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: .47gd"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 4.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: .47gd"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">这就为家庭教会看待政教关系及其法律冲突,提供了一个基本的界限。圣经教导信徒要“顺服在上掌权者”,这是基督徒作为公民的法律责任。在一个完全缺乏“形式合理性”的前法治社会,这一教导可能包含了要求信徒在行为上接受君王或专制者滥用权柄的大多数作为,并甘愿为此受苦。但在一个以“法律为王”的、建立起了“形式合理性”的当代社会。这一教导的应用,就是顺服法律本身,而不是一味顺服违法的行政行为;顺服宪法,而不是一味顺服违背宪法的政府立法。换言之,当一个社会在政体逻辑上,将“宪法”视为全体公民的“在上掌权者”时,基督徒不但要顺服这一在上掌权者,并且要顺服到一个地步,就是哪怕所有人(包括政府)都违背和不尊重宪法时,仍要顺服和尊重宪法。因此这一教导进一步要求基督徒承担社会责任,作为一个公民,当以合法、温柔和渐进的方式,对一切违背宪法的恶法表示不接受。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 4.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: .47gd"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><FONT size=3><B><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">四、宪法中的两种冲突</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">但从实质正义的法律观看,中国的政教关系冲突,不是技术性的,而是根植于宪法内在冲突当中的。由于当前的宪法文本,全面认同共产党的意识形态和唯物主义世界观,将之无条件地接受为宪法体系的价值基础。因此当前宪法在本质上是“政教合一”的。支持信仰自由的宪法条款,和压制信仰自由的宪法条款,同时并存。在形式合理性上存在着不可调和的矛盾;在政教关系上,埋藏着必然的宪法危机。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>o</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt \’Times New Roman\’">&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3><B><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">支持信仰自由的宪法条款</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>o</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt \’Times New Roman\’">&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">主要有三条:宪法</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">36<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>条(宗教信仰自由条款)及</SPAN>34<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>条(不同宗教信仰者的平等政治权利)和</SPAN>35<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>条(涉及宗教实践的言论、集会、结社等自由)</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>o</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt \’Times New Roman\’">&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3><B><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">体现宪法的无神论基础、唯物主义及教育世俗化的宪法条款:</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>o</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt \’Times New Roman\’">&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN>集中反映在宪法的长篇序言中(略),和宪法的</SPAN>24<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>条:</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">第二十四条</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN>国家提倡爱祖国、爱人民、爱劳动、爱科学、爱社会主义的公德,在人民中进行爱国主义、集体主义和国际主义、共产主义的教育,进行辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的教育,反对资本主义的、封建主义的和其他的腐朽思想。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">及宪法第</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">47<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>条:</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">第四十七条 中华人民共和国公民有进行科学研究、文学艺术创作和其他文化活动的自由。国家对于从事教育、科学、技术、文学、艺术和其他文化事业的公民的有益于人民的创造性工作,给以鼓励和帮助。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">及宪法第</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">36<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>条中的短语:</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN">不得利用宗教进行……妨碍国家教育制度的活动;</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">可见,当前的</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">宪法文本,不但保持着意识形态上的“政教合一”,并因此在信仰与文化的关系上,也持一种典型的二元论立场。宪法在宗教自由上的内在冲突,就体现在两个层面上:</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">1<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、宗教信仰自由与政教合一体制的显性冲突;</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">2<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、宗教信仰自由与教育国家化的隐性冲突;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">在前者,宪法不承认国家在宗教信仰上的中立性。换言之,是还不打算进入一个世俗国家。即承认国家在灵魂的事务上不享有任何判断权。在后者,宪法不承认宗教信仰是一种完整的价值观,公民的行为选择、生活方式及其文化创造,必受其信仰的约束与支配。因此宗教信仰自由,必然包含了在文化、教育和公共领域表达、践行和传播其信仰的宗教实践的自由。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20.8pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.98"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">就前者而论,中国当前的政教关系模式,接近于伊斯兰国家。就后者而论,则接近于法国。当前政教关系的宪法冲突,日益呈现出以下的趋势</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20.8pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.98"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">1<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、福音与政治的冲突将日趋缓解;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN>福音与文化的冲突将日趋激化。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">2<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、福音与无神论国家的显性宪法冲突开始转型;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN>福音与世俗化国家的隐性宪法冲突开始上升<B>。</B></SPAN><B><o:p></o:p></B></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">3<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>、在当前的宗教管制中,已很难清楚地区分开显性的政治性冲突和隐性的文化性冲突;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">以未成年人的宗教信仰、和对在校学生和校园内传教为例来讨论。政府的传统政策,不允许向</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">18<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>岁以下的未成年人传福音,不允许宗教教育和活动进入学校。官方的“三自会”也积极配合,不为</SPAN>18<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>岁以下的人开办主日学,不为他们施洗。这一管制立场,很明显地,既有着与政教合一体制及中共思想专制相关的政治性冲突的部分,也有着教育世俗化(国家化)的文化性冲突的部分(这一部分的重要性并日益增加)。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">就前者而论,《国际人权公约》对宗教自由的界定中,清楚地包含了家庭宗教教育的自由,及家长对未成年人子女的宗教选择及教育所保留的权利。这一人权界限的落实,是解决宗教信仰与一党专制的政治性冲突问题。但就后者而论,文化性冲突并不是中共专制所独有的。举两个例子,一是法国式的政教分离观,即宗教与政治、信仰与文化无关,也不允许有关。实际上是将人的身份分割开,不允许一个公民在他生活的每个领域都持守和表达完整的宗教信仰。因此法国的政体在政治哲学上仍然是一种“政教合一”。当宪法宣称“国家及其教育的世俗化”时,即意味着国家在公共政治中和公共教育中,强制性地摒弃一切宗教信仰及其表达,以维持国家的教育者身份。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">2004<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年法国的《头巾法》风波,禁止师生在公立学校以服饰表明自己的信仰。就是这一法国式政教分离观的集中体现。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">第二个例子,是在中国</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">20<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>世纪</SPAN>20<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年代的“非基督教运动”中,以汪精卫等国民党左派为首,提出取缔教会学校、收回教育权的运动。在这场运动中,中国的教会大学全部被迫脱离差会,登记为民办大学。这是</SPAN>1949<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>年前教育国家化的重要一步。这场运动影响至深,教会不能办教育,与教育的国家化,成为政教关系在文化层面上的一种跨越国共两党的意识形态。对中共政府及知识分子群体对政教关系的态度,依然有着巨大影响。</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">实际上,所谓福音与政治的冲突,指向一种显性的政教合一。福音与文化的冲突,则指向一种隐性的政教合一。就前者而言,当代的自由知识分子和主流舆论,日益站在家庭教会的一边,成为宗教信仰自由的同情者和支持者。就后者而论,多数知识分子对宗教自由的态度,仍然与中共的管制立场更加接近,而不是和教会更加接近。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><FONT size=3><B><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">四、“三自会”的政教关系趋势</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5.25pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-left: 1.71gd" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5.25pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-para-margin-left: 1.71gd" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">随着城市家庭教会的复兴,教会与政府的冲突进入一个复杂、拉锯和相对温和的时期。在宗教事务上</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">受官方制约的“三自爱国会”,也开始在各地出现不同的统战策略上的开明性,和基要信仰上的归正。加上受</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">年来家庭教会福音运动和海外宣教运动的影响,许多“三自会”下的教堂,也逐渐接近福音派(坚持圣经的权威性和强调福音使命)的立场。同时,宗教管理部门对“三自会”及其堂点的具体干预和制约,也的确在逐步放松。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">但就政教关系的实质而言,三自会与政府在</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1950</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">年代定型的政教模式,并没有发生任何明显的向着政教分离方向的变化。反而,有以下值得注意的趋势:</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">、在政府对官方教会具体干预减少、空间增加的同时;强化政教合一,加强党对宗教组织的控制,恰恰成为</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2004-2007</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">年新一轮宗教立法与政策调整的目标之一。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">、“三自会”受制并被驱使于政治和社会控制目标(和谐社会和统战工作)的程度,近年来不但没有削弱,反而逐步加强。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">、“宗教与社会主义相适应”,成为</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">90</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">年代后“三自爱国会”迎合中共前总书记江泽民的提法,而形成的三自运动新的核心口号。这一口号既保持了“三自会”在显性的福音与政治冲突中的传统姿态,又为在隐性的福音与文化冲突中的自由派立场定下了基调。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">、</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2006</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">年</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">月,三自会在《宗教事务条例》的影响下,制订了新版的《中国基督教教职人员认定办法》。其中关于教牧人员的任职条件,增加了第一款:“</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">拥护中国共产党的领导,拥护社会主义制度,遵纪守法</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">”。这是三自会</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1996</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">年版《办法》中没有的,甚至也是</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">50</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">年代三自爱国运动以来,三自会第一次明目张胆地将对圣职人员的政治要求,置于圣经教义的要求之前。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">、</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2008</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">年三自会新通过的《中国基督教教会规章》,依然将“三自爱国委员会”,置于教会的主权之上,要求教会和圣职人员都要“</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">在教务组织和三自爱国组织的指导下和支持下</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”开展工作。而三自爱国委员会,仍是参与全国政协的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">19<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>个不在民政部门登记的人民团体之一。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">、</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2006</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">年宗教事务局颁布《宗教教职人员备案办法》和《宗教活动场所主要教职任职备案办法》,显示出政府加强了对三自会系统教牧人员的控制目标。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">、新一轮宗教立法调整,是政府面对家庭教会所作的回应。而不是对三自会的回应。但对于三自会和政府关系的影响,则出现了一个明显的趋势,就是当政府对家庭教会的容忍度升高时,其对“三自会”系统的控制度就越高,“三自会”被中共统战工作利用的程度也越高。而当三自会被统战利用的程度越高时,当前政教关系模式的固定化的效果也越明显。意思是,既很难显著地走向宗教自由化,但也基本上不再可能有明显的倒退。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’; mso-hansi-font-family: \’Times New Roman\’">换言之,三自会被统战利用的程度,标示着政府对家庭教会发展的重视程度。事实上,决定中国未来政教关系走向、推动宗教信仰自由保障的关键,乃在于家庭教会与政府的互动,而不是三自会与政府的互动,或家庭教会与三自会的互动。凡欲帮助三自者,必先建造家庭教会。</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 406.3pt"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 406.3pt"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><FONT size=3><B><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">结语</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align=center><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.1pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align=center><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">凡是宪法以内的冲突(宪法不违背圣经的教导时),对家庭教会来说,都是一个顺服掌权者的问题(罗</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">13<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>:</SPAN>1-7<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>),具体而言就是尊重和维护宪法。宪法以外的冲突(宪法在实质正义上违背了圣经的教导时),对家庭教会来说,则是一个持守教义的问题(徒</SPAN>5<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>:</SPAN>29<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>),具体而言就是等待、主张或争取修宪。实际生活中教会与政府的大多数冲突,都在宪法以内。目前主要是政府违法、违宪,不愿放手的问题。对基督徒的教义而言,宪法本身就无法被接受的,大致只有以下三点:</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 楷体_GB2312"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>1、</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt \’Times New Roman\’"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">无神论的序言,导致对国家的偶像崇拜;</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 楷体_GB2312"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>2、</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt \’Times New Roman\’"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 楷体_GB2312"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>3、</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt \’Times New Roman\’"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">宪法第</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">36<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>条及其他相关人权条款不足以保障宗教信仰自由;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 楷体_GB2312"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>4、</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt \’Times New Roman\’"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 楷体_GB2312"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>5、</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt \’Times New Roman\’"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">宪法第</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体">25<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>条推行的计划生育和第</SPAN>49<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>条规定的夫妻的计划生育义务对于生命的剥夺;</SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; tab-stops: list .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 楷体_GB2312"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore"><FONT size=3>6、</FONT><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt \’Times New Roman\’"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 4.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: .47gd"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">当这三个层面上发生冲突,如有必要、又不可避免时,基督徒的选择只能是违反宪法。但除此之外,基督徒的信仰,都要求他比其他公民更加顺服和尊重宪法。这是教会与政府在政教关系上能够互动的一个基础。这也意味着家庭教会在中国社会及政治转型的意义上,是一种中间力量,而不是反对力量。也只有当政府认识到教会作为一种中间力量的社会价值时,政教关系的缓和,才能成为对未来国家和社会转型的祝福和支援。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 4.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-left: .47gd"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><o:p><FONT size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: right" align=right><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">2009-2-24<SPAN lang=ZH-CN>成都彩虹桥</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: right" align=right><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: right" align=right><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P>&nbsp;</P>