普世性\”的旧话新提 – 纵览中国-China In Perspective

<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">美国北卡罗来纳大学历史教授赫德雷2008<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年出版了一本题为 <<<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">世界的欧洲化–<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">人权与民主的起源>>(The Europeanization of the World–On the Origins of Human Rights and Democracy, by John M. Headley, Princeton University Press, 2008, Princeton University Press)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，正引起读者的注意和讨论。 <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p> </o:p>  <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">赫德雷的专长是欧洲文艺复兴，他撰写这本书有很明确的现实针对性: <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">以欧洲历史学家的身分加入在全球化背景下有关普世价值的讨论，重新确立在近几十年中不断被削弱和批判的欧洲历史在世界历史上的地位。赫德雷认为，人权和民主这两个当代世界最基本的普世价值是欧洲对当代世界的独特贡献，它们源于欧洲中世纪晚期和近代早期的特殊历史经验，即文艺复兴和宗教改革。赫德雷追溯了希腊罗马文化在这个意义上的影响，但他强调说文艺复兴时期对自然和地理的探索使得欧洲人产生了对"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">世界"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的整体性认识，而文艺复兴最主要的内容是对"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">人"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">本身的探索，从中产生了普遍人性的概念。这种在自然地理意义上对一个超越各个国家和文化的整体性"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">世界"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的认识和普遍人性的概念结合在一起，为今天"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">普世人权"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的概念奠定了基础。对于"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">民主"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，历史学家通常从希腊民主传统和中世纪晚期的代议制中追溯历史根源，强调的是政治参与和权力制约，但赫德雷强调的是对"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">异议"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的容忍和对政治反对派的制度性包容，在这个意义上他突出了宗教改革的作用。宗教改革从对异端的极端不宽容甚至宗教战争开始，到欧洲各国普遍接受异端的存在权利甚至把异端的权利制度化直到人们对此习以为常的地步。这种在全社会范围内对异端(<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">宗教、政治和文化)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">权利的确认和西方今天在意识形态、政治立场、宗教信仰和文化传统上多元化是分不开的。赫德雷不畏"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">政治不正确"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的嫌疑，直截了当地宣称人权和民主就是欧洲历史的产物，任何非西方文明都没有对它们的产生作出重要贡献，而今天这两个观念一方面被全世界所承认，这就是所谓的世界欧洲化，但另一方面它们又在国际事务中受到空前的挑战，并且在西方校园和文化界日益被淡化和遗忘。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">对于西方(<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">欧洲和美国)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">对于自由民主人权平等这些观念和建立在这些观念上的制度所作的贡献本来一直是西方校园和思想界的主流思潮，但60<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代以后由于众所周知的原因这个主流在很多人那里成了西方中心论和西方优越论的代名词，成了被怀疑和批判的对象。在校园内，随着非西方文明的研究和课程的普遍化，文化多元论和价值相对性越来越成为主流性思潮。一些思想界人士早就为此担忧，把这种现象看成是西方在意识形态上的自我瓦解，甚至事关西方文明的生死存亡。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">赫德雷这本书出版后，立刻引起了美国学界的关注，书出版的当年就有书评问世。美国波士顿大学国际关系教授科勒(William Keylor)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">在<<<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">新全球研究>>(New Global Studies)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">上发表的观点有一定代表性。科勒说自上世纪60<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代以来，曾经被尊崇的西方文明成了攻击的靶子，尤其在校园内，谈起"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">西方"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">就是帝国主义、殖民主义、种族主义、经济剥削、奴隶制和大屠杀，那些曾经被列为必读的西方文明经典著作和理论受到了冷落，如"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">野火般烧遍校园"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的是贡德 <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">佛兰克、沃勒斯坦和形形色色的"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">世界体系"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">理论和"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">依附论" <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">以及法农、萨伊德和种种"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">后现代"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">主义。面对这个潮流，一些学者起而捍卫西方文明的一些基本元素，这些人中有Allan Bloom (<<<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">美国心灵的闭锁>>The Closing of American Mind<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的作者，这本书1987<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年出版，提出随着西方文化传统自60<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">年代以来的被批判，美国校园甚至社会已经出现了灵魂空虚), Tony Smith (<<<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">美国和20<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">世界世界范围内争取民主的斗争>><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the 20th Century<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的作者), Francis Fukuyama (<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">提出"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">历史终结论"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的美籍日裔学者), David Landes <<<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">富裕与贫困–<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">为什么有的国家如此富裕有的国家如此贫困>>The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的作者，这本书认为历史上的殖民主义和世界经济秩序的不公并非当代世界上贫富差别的原因),<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">等等，而现在赫德雷用这本书加入了捍卫西方文明的行列。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">美国哥伦比亚大学欧洲思想史教授塞缪尔 <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">默恩(Samuel Moyn)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">在<<<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">加拿大历史杂志>>(Canadian Journal of History)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">上发表文章批评赫德雷的这本"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">非同寻常"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的书，说除了处理历史材料的简单化和一些历史概念问题外，这本书最大的毛病在于其目的是为西方寻求公道和应得的荣耀。默恩的批评涉及到一个在讨论"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">普世性"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">时关键的问题，即究竟怎样理解人权和民主的"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">普世性"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。默恩说赫德雷对人权和民主的态度就像是对一些算术原理或者相对论，它们本来就是普世性的存在，问题是由谁首先发现、传播并被普遍接受。在这个意义我们尊崇那些发现者。默恩说如果赫德雷说人权和民主是普世性的原理，那么他所说的普世性就需要从"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">普世"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">本身出发去论证，而不是仅仅用欧洲历史来证明。他说，举例来说，要证明自然法理论本来就是普世性的和普世范围内可以实现的，你就必须提出一个普世"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">标准"(normative), <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">仅仅引证欧洲法学家格老秀斯是无效的。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">虽然默恩明显对赫德雷的书批评过分，但他在逻辑上有相当的道理。因为从普世性的角度谈论人权和民主，涉及的是对于一种价值的承认和追求，而不是对于一种科学公理的接受。这种价值并非先天存在于自然界或者人类社会，而是由人类自己通过生活经验选择和建立起来的，本身是主观性的。这很像一种美学观念和形式，它本来并不是一种自然存在，而是人的主观感受，一经某一个艺术家的体验和表达后便流传开来并被普遍接受。当我们在谈到这种美学观念的"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">普世性"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">时，指的并不是它的客观存在，而是它的被普世性的接受。这种"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">普世性"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">不仅就其产生而言完全不同于科学原理意义上的"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">普世性"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，而且就"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">普世" <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">这两个字本身而言也并非名副其实，因为总还有人–<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">或许有很多人–<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">不喜欢这种美学观念或形式。但如果根据有人不喜欢它就否定它的"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">普世性"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，只会导致美学上的虚无主义。如果赫德雷的书给人以那种"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">欧洲发现了，世界接受了"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的印象，那么说明他本人并没有充分注意这个问题。 <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">人权和民主的"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">普世性"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">之不同于科学原理的"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">普世性"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">是一个非常重要的问题。科学原理的普世性是客观存在的，一经发现和接受就不需要去"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">捍卫"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，人无论好坏不分东西都会遵循如仪；而人权和民主的普世性是人类从历史经验中建立起来的，是一种价值，它们会受到不同价值的挑战，由此需要"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">捍卫"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">。混淆这两种"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">普世性"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的界限只会得出让专制政体满意的结论。因为科学原理的普世性一般而言是绝对的，如果有例外(<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">更不用说有很多例外)<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">，这个原理就一定不是普世的甚至是伪科学。为专制制度辩护的人常常从这个角度来挑战人权和民主的普世性，所使用的理由无非两条:<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">第一，世界上不承认你那套"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">自由民主人权"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的人多的是，你怎么能说这些是"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">普世性的呢?<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">第二，正是在发现和推广这套"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">普世性"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">的东西的西方，我们看到了那么多和这些"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">普世性"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">相违背的丑恶现象，那么不正说明这些东西并不"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">普世"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">吗? <o:p> </o:p> <SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">从这个角度出发，赫德雷这本书以及相关评论在我们思考"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">中国特色"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">和"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">普世价值"<SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin">之间关系的争论中会有一定的启发。