<p><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋體"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"></span></font></p><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋體"><p class="MsoNormal">1949<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年上半年，國內解放戰爭三大戰役最後一個戰役淮海戰役，于</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>6<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日至</span>10<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日經過最後</span>4<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">天戰斗，宣告勝利結束。之後中國人民解放軍渡過長江，繼續解放全中國。在這半年時間里，外交方面，中蘇、中美之間也發生了一系列事關中國前途命運的大事。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>1949<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>1<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>18<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，國民黨政府外交部通知各國駐華使者，南京政府于</span>21<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日撤往廣州，建議他們一起前往廣州。蘇聯政府接受了建議，在大使羅申率領下于</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>30<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日和</span>2<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>2<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日分兩批撤往廣州，剩下參贊布巴耶夫留守南京。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">美國大使司徒雷登留在南京不去廣州，</span>4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>18<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日國民黨代總統李宗仁派人把傅涇波請去，讓他勸司徒雷登趕快撤往廣州。</span>4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>22<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日國民黨外交部長葉公超，最後一次親自勸司徒雷登南遷廣州。司徒雷登不為所動。在美國大使館的影響下，除了蘇聯大使館，其它國家、包括梵蒂岡的使館，都留在了南京。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">司徒雷登</span>1949<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>3<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>10<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日致電美國國務院，發了一封被稱為“文情並茂”的電文，請求留在南京，為了同新政權近距離接觸，建立美中新關系，為了阻止中國成為蘇聯的附庸，調整對華政策。迪安•艾奇遜于</span>4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>6<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日復電，授權司徒雷登與我黨進行會談，要他不要把話說得太肯定，並注意保密，免得走漏風聲，引起國會中反對派的反對。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">自</span>4<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日開始，國共雙方舉行和平談判，中共代表團提出八項條件作為和談的基礎，</span>4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>15<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日中共代表團提出了《國共和平協定》的最後修正案，並規定</span>4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>20<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日為最後簽定期限，逾期不在協定上簽定，就表明談判破裂，人民解放軍將立即渡過長江，打到南京。</span>4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>21<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日凌晨，毛澤東親自起草，並向各野戰軍和南方游擊戰部隊下達了《向全國進軍的命令》。破曉前，人民解放軍百萬雄師在長達五百多公里的長江沿線發起進攻。</span>4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>23<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，解放軍佔領浦口，南京國民黨海陸空軍紛紛起義，地下黨起了里應外合的作用，很快南京就被解放軍全面接收了。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>27<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，南京被人民解放軍接收的第三天，司徒雷登開始在家中起草關于承認中共的備忘錄。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>28<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，毛澤東致電渡江戰役總前委︰“如果美國和英國能斷絕國民黨的關系，可以考慮和他們建立外交關系的問題。”</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>5<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>4<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，司徒雷登與到訪的英國、法國和印度大使一道，又仔細討論了有關承認共產黨政權的問題。以後幾天，其他國家的大使來訪，司徒雷登都要就是否承認中共問題展開討論。最後達成的共識是︰承認中共政權是大勢所趨，可現在承認又有些為時過早。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月中旬，在北京參加中國新民主主義青年團成立大會之際，周恩來對黃華說︰“這幾天南京就要解放了，美國駐華大使司徒雷登和許多國家的使節留在南京未走，你去南京外事處工作吧。除負責接管國民黨外交部和處理有關對外事務外，你還可以作為燕京大學校友同司徒雷登進行私人接觸，看看他有什麼要求和願望。”黃華于</span>4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>20<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日從北京出發，于南京解放後兩天過江進城。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>1949<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年夏天，中美雙方、黃華與司徒雷登秘密接觸的歷史，在《黃華回憶錄》中有不到</span>5<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">頁的回憶，以前研究者可利用的史料都是美國公開的檔案文件和司徒雷登的回憶錄。</span>1994<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>12<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月中央文獻出版社出版的《毛澤東外交文選》，尤其是</span>2008<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>2<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月公開的《建國以來周恩來文稿》三冊中</span>1949-1950<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">一年半的文件，提供了許多第一手資料。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>5<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>5<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日下午，司徒雷登的助手傅涇波忽然接到黃華的一個電話，約定到南京市軍委會拜訪黃華。傅涇波替司徒雷登表白，說司徒雷登一年來漸漸了解過去對國民黨認識的錯誤，美國已經停止援助蔣介石，他決定留在南京不走，就是希望同中國共產黨接觸，這一點已獲得國務卿迪安•艾奇遜同意。表示司徒雷登甚盼與黃華會見，並說現在是“美國對華政策改變的時期，能在‘老校長’手中完成這一轉變，比換另一個人好些。”黃華表示，美國援助蔣介石的政策給中國人民留下極深的創痛，美國現在尚未放下屠刀，怎能期望中國人民恢復好感，空言無用，需要美國首先做些實事，才能逐步取得中國人民的諒解。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">會見後，中共南京市委將黃華與司徒雷登的私人秘書傅涇波接觸的情況電告了中央。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>1994<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>12<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月，由中央文獻出版社出版的《毛澤東外交文選》一書，披露了曾是絕密文件的、毛澤東關于黃華與司徒雷登如何談判的密電指示。由此我們得知，</span>1949<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>5<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>10<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，中共中央主席毛澤東致電中共南京市委，就黃華與司徒雷登的會面，及雙方談話時應注意的事項，提出了下面七點意見︰</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> （1）<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">黃華可以與司徒雷登見面，以偵察美國政府的意向為目的。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">（</span>2<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">）見面時多听司徒雷登講話，少說自己意見，在說自己意見</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 宋体; ">時應根據李濤聲明。【注】</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">（</span>3<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">）來電說︰“空言無補，需要美首先做更多有益于中國人民的事”，這樣說法有毛病，應根據李濤聲明表示任何外國不得干涉中國內政，此項政策必須停止。如果美國政府願意考慮和我方建立外交關系的話，美國政府就應當停止一切援助國民黨的行動，並斷絕和國民黨反動殘余力量的聯系。而不是籠統地要求美國做更多有益于中國人民的事。你們這樣說可能給美國人一種印象，似乎中共也是希望美國援助的。現在是要求美國停止援助國民黨，割斷和國民黨殘余力量的聯系，並永遠不要干涉中國內政的問題，而不是要求美國做什麼“更多有益于中國人民的事情”，照此語的文字說來，似乎美國政府已經做了若干有益于中國人民的事，只是數量上少了一點，有要求它“更多”地做一些的必要，故不妥當。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">（</span>4<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">）與司徒雷登談話應申明是非正式的，因為雙方尚未建立外交關系。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">（</span>5<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">）在談話之前，市委應與黃華一起商量一次。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">（</span>6<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">）談話時如果司徒雷登的態度是友善的，黃華亦應取適當的友善態度，但不要表示過分熱情，應取莊重而和氣的態度。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">（</span>7<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">）對于傅涇波所提司徒雷登願意繼續當大使和我們辦交涉並修改商約一點，不要表示拒絕的態度。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">【注】</span>1949<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>4<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>20<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，英國“紫石英號”等</span>4<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">艘軍艦侵入中國內河長江，並與國民黨軍艦一起炮擊人民解放軍，與“紫石英號”艦長談判的人民解放軍代表李濤發表了外國軍艦撤出長江，不許干涉內政的聲明。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">接到毛澤東的指示，</span>5<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>13<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日黃華以燕大畢業生的身份到美國大使官邸，拜訪老校長司徒雷登。司徒雷登表示，他已接到美國方面的指示，願同新中國建立新關系，希望中國政府能廣泛吸收民主人士參加。並說，美國已經停止援助蔣介石，不願參與中國內戰。黃華表示，關于中國政府的組成，我國人民有權自己決定，不需要外人干涉。美國既然表示不干涉中國的內政，就應該將美國駐青島等地的海軍艦只和陸戰隊撤走，以免發生沖突，司徒雷登答應報告有關方面，這次談話持續了將近兩個小時。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>6<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，經中央同意，黃華約司徒雷登和傅涇波到軍委會外事處第二次會晤，司徒雷登首先提出去上海和回美國的問題，黃華告知可按僑民身份來外事處申請。黃華表示，中美要建立新關系，美國應首先停止援助並斷絕與國民黨政府的一切關系。司徒雷登表示，各國使節留在南京，這就表示了對國民黨的態度，如今後國民黨政府再由廣州他遷，可以肯定美國代表也不擬隨往。但因目前新政府還未成立，沒有承認對象，國共兩黨各佔一部分地區，按照國際法，美國不能斷絕與舊政府的關系。等產生了為人民所擁護的新的民主政府，而這個政府也證明了願意並有力量擔負起國際義務時，問題自然解決。最後司徒雷登表示，中國問題不只是一個美中關系的問題，而且也是關系到世界大局的大事。他希望努力使中美關系完美解決，對美國和世界和平都是一大貢獻。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>8<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，傅涇波再次見黃華，說經與司徒雷登研究，他們認為美國現在就美國同新中國的關系很難做出正式表示，需要司徒雷登返美後做出努力，但他需要知道中共更高級領導的意見，回去講話才有力量。傅涇波問黃華同周恩來有無聯系，能否轉達意見。黃華告知有什麼話都可以說，不必顧慮。傅涇波說，馬歇爾、艾奇遜和司徒雷登同屬一派，對周恩來先生甚為敬重。司徒雷登近期接到副國務卿魏伯來電，希望他在返美前能到北平與周恩來先生會見一次，了解中共方面的意見，返美活動更有力量，請黃華代為轉達。關于具體考慮，傅涇波說，今年華北旱災，糧食棉花供應將有困難，司徒雷登希望美國經濟合作總署的物資能運中國。此外，如提供大批借款和進行貿易，對中國工業化會有幫助。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">會見後，</span>6<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>9<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，中共南京市委將黃華與司徒雷登和傅涇波會見的情況，電告了中央。中央考慮通過非官方渠道同他接觸較方便，于是通過燕京大學校長陸志韋邀請司徒雷登訪問燕京大學。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>12<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日陸志韋致函司徒雷登︰“我親愛的校長︰昨天上午我見到周先生，很盛謝你關于往事的回憶。毛澤東已宣稱你有興趣來燕京訪問，我推測政府會同意你的。……未來燕京的成敗可能系于你此次北行的結果……我希望你對我們的訪問將獲得一個巨大的成功，不僅對社會而言，而且對國際相互了解做出真正的貢獻。……。你們親愛的志韋</span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>1949<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>12<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日。”</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>12<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日在黃華的安排下，司徒雷登由傅涇波和其他兩名助手陪同來到剛解放半個月的上海看望美國駐上海領事館的留守人員和在上海的美國僑民。黃華不僅派出南京軍管會的三名工作人員隨行，還特意安排了幾名便衣警衛人員。司徒雷登到上海，燕大校友照例前往歡迎，中共又特別指派燕大尖子學生和學生領袖，時任上海軍管會外事處工作的楊剛和《大公報》記者李宗瀛參加，在上海先後與三百多位燕京校友見面，其中二十多位是共產黨人。司徒雷登還不失時機地約見了即將赴京的民主人士羅隆基，請他們向毛澤東和周恩來表達這樣一個信息︰今後如中美之間消除敵意，中國能保證獨立而不成為蘇聯的附屬，美國可以一次借給新政府</span>50<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">億美元的長期低息貸款，幫助中共恢復和發展經濟。（戰後美國援助國民黨不過</span>38<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">億</span>8<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">千萬美元。</span>1951<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年中國與蘇聯簽訂中蘇友好同盟互助條約後，只獲得蘇聯貸款</span>3<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">億美元，</span>5<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年期間用于支付購置蘇聯軍事裝備和設備器材款。）羅隆基在去北京的路上，知道了毛澤東在紀念中國共產黨成立</span>28<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">周年的講話《論人民民主專政》中宣布向蘇聯“一邊倒”，未敢向毛澤東轉達司徒雷登的口信，多年以後只是告訴了周恩來。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>14<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，周恩來以中央名義復電南京市委︰司徒雷登及其秘書傅涇波如再要求來北平，可同意其“在返美前至燕京大學一行。至于是否與周恩來見面，“待其到北京後再定”。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>18<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，南京市委報告︰“司徒雷登最近得到美國國務院指令，贊成其與中共聯系，並希望司徒雷登返回美國兩個月後，暫時以私人身份（解除大使職務）回北平，將來承認中國新政權時，重新任命其為駐華大使；司徒雷登離開中國期間，以美國大使館參事周維陸與中共方面繼續保持聯系。”由于司徒雷登沒有提到返回美國前要去北京之事，電報特別請示，是否需要暗示司徒雷登，“使他主動提出去北平要求”。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>21<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，周恩來以中央名義電告南京市委並華東局︰燕京大學校長陸志韋已“去信暗示司徒雷登，如請求來平，可能得到中共許可。他如不再提，我們暫時不必表示，以觀其變”。毛澤東又特意在電文中加了一句︰“待他返美前約十天左右，可表示如他欲去北平，可獲允許並可望與當局晤談”</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>28<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，南京市委電告︰</span>6<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>27<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日傅涇波見黃華稱，司徒雷登因“亟需回國”，“加以國會內部意見龐雜”，“恐不能去燕京大學”。黃華當即指出︰司徒本人月初曾表示欲北訪燕京，而中共中央是否同意，尚未獲得指示。如司徒雷登希望北上，願去電問明情況。傅涇波表示同意，但試圖要中共方面主動邀請司徒雷登北上，並允許其乘留在南京的飛機去北平。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>28<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，黃華拜訪司徒雷登告知︰中共中央“準許司徒雷登去燕京一行，彼希望與當局晤面事亦有可能”。司徒雷登表示獲此消息極為高興，時間恐來不及北上，但決定將此事報告國務院艾奇遜，由艾奇遜決定。黃華表示，是否去北平，由司徒雷登考慮決定。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>30<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，周恩來電告南京市委並華東局︰責成黃華嚴格按照</span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>28<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日中央的說法答復司徒雷登，並特別囑咐說，司徒雷登北上燕京及與中共當局會面兩事，“均為司徒所提出，絕非我方邀請，此點必須說明，不能絲毫含糊，給以宣傳借口”。電報還說，司徒雷登北上只能乘火車，不許乘美機，如他“借口不乘美機即無法趕回華盛頓，可置之不理”。電報最後表明，“我們對美帝亦決無改變其政策的幻想”。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">雖然</span>6<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>30<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日周恩來電告南京市委並華東局，作了“我們對美帝亦決無改變其政策的幻想”。那可能只是剛剛得到斯大林的支持，惟恐刺激斯大林敏感的神經。《黃華回憶錄》中說︰“在</span>1944<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年，美國在同中共的關系中，曾有過難得的歷史機會。毛澤東原來是很看重美國的，他欣賞美國人在獨立戰爭中表現的革命精神，高度評價美國發達的經濟和先進的技術，曾表示願在戰後同美國合作，促進中國工業化。”另據史料，毛澤東對稱呼為戰友的抗日戰爭時期常駐延安美軍觀察組的官員還表示願去美國訪問。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2004<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>2<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>12<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日《人民日報》記者特批進入外交部檔案館藏基地，查閱擬于第二批公開的檔案，獲知了一些重要的史實。</span>1949<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>7<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>24<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，中共中央致南京市委並華東局《同意袁仲賢與克仁斯特繼續談判辦法》密電曾附帶做出了一個明確的指示︰“如果司徒雷登及傅涇波請求來燕京，我可照原議準其乘火車並派人送其來平，如其不提，我們亦置之不理。”記者在查證美國國務院解密檔案發現，中共中央發出此電時，杜魯門總統已在再三猶豫後否決了司徒雷登北上的請示，原因是︰此行可以引起美國國內的抨擊，致使國務院處境困難；率先承認新中國會使中共和毛澤東在國內外的聲望大增。而就在這第二天，</span>7<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>25<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，美國國務院打電報告訴司徒雷登，白皮書將在</span>8<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>2<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日公布，讓他務必在這一天之前離開中國。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">從以上文件可以明顯地看出︰第一，中共中央對美國大使留在南京很感興趣，在</span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>28<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日之前顯然對于司徒雷登北上及與中共領導人會面表現出積極姿態，</span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>14<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日和</span>18<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日周恩來的電報，特別是毛澤東所加一句，說明了這一點；第二，</span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>30<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日周恩來的電報表明，中共中央的態度有了變化，特別強調此舉是美方主動，對是否成行已</span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">無所謂，甚至說對美帝無幻想。這一變化的原因就在于劉少奇秘密訪蘇，斯大林對中國國共雙方的態度發生了</span>180<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">度的變化。第三，</span>20<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">多天之後，</span>7<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>24<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日中共中央的密電，又對與司徒雷登接觸開啟綠燈，顯示了中共中央還是希望與美國建立新關系，采取的是“既不拒絕，也不主動”的公開政策，這是政治家的藝術。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">中共中央欲分化美蔣，在蘇、美兩方面“魚與熊掌兼得”。此時，打中國牌的美國總統杜魯門和國務院，已經不是</span>1949<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>4<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span> 13<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日同意司徒雷登留在南京與中共接觸的態度了。當時美國政府以自己的實際利益出發，對待中共和未來新政府的問題上有一個“事實承認”和“法律承認”的初步設想，當然這種設想是以中共與蘇共的關系及其對美態度為轉移。此時，毛澤東宣告“一邊倒”已經近一個月了，此牌就結束了。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">這里必須一起研究中共與蘇聯的關系。其實蘇聯大使隨國民黨政府南逃到廣州，並不在毛澤東和中共意料之外，因為</span>1945<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>8<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>15<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日日本宣布投降後，中共中央即決定各解放區部隊全面出擊，迅速擴大解放區，冀東軍區</span>16<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">分區曾克林部率先進入沈陽，開始擴充部隊、搜集武器，短短幾天就收編了萬余人，獲得了大批日軍遺留的武器彈藥。蘇聯政府與國民黨政府簽有條約，中共軍隊在東北的活動很快就引起蘇方的不安。當時蘇方的態度是嚴守中立，未給中共方面任何的優待。</span>9<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>15<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日中共中央成立以彭真為書記的東北局，並派彭真、陳雲、</span> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">伍修權等隨蘇聯代表一起乘飛機去沈陽，彭真等到達沈陽後，發現蘇軍的態度相當惡劣，絕大部分日軍武器庫的裝備都被蘇軍用火車運往蘇聯。蘇方許諾對中共的援助都落空了，並且排斥中共。到了</span>1949<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年蘇聯大使館跟著國民黨政府去廣州，寄希望于留在南京的美國大使自然是中共的必然選擇。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>1949<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>6<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>21<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，中共中央派劉少奇率中共代表團不在北京前門火車站上火車，悄然離開北京清華園火車站，踏上秘密訪蘇之旅。這次訪問大獲成功，</span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>26<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日到達莫斯科後，第二天的會議紀要顯示中共代表團立即受到了斯大林和蘇共中央政治局的熱情接待，斯大林幾乎答應了劉少奇提出的一切要求。經過幾次會談，雙方對重大問題都達成了協議︰</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>1. <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">新的中國政府一成立，蘇聯政府立即承認；</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2. <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">兩國外交關系建立後，毛澤東同志可以訪問蘇聯；</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>3. <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">蘇聯向新中國提供貸款、派遣蘇聯專家幫助中國經濟建設、開展中蘇貿易；</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">．斯大林答應中方的請求，租用蘇聯航空公司</span>45<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">架里</span>-2<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">型運輸機，加速從蘭州到烏魯木齊將近</span>2000<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">公里的部隊運輸問題，以及時進軍新疆。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>5<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">．從</span>1949<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年到</span>1950<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年共從蘇聯進口各種飛機</span>775<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">架和大批各式武器裝備。並答應幫助中國創建海軍和空軍。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">．原擬</span>1950<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日成立中央人民政府，經斯大林提醒，防止敵人干涉，提前至</span>1949<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>10<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>1949<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年初至年中，半年的時間，歷史證明了，斯大林在</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月份倒向中國國民黨，蘇聯大使館跟著國民黨政府從南京撤往廣州；</span>4<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月，南京解放，中國共產黨自然與留在南京的美國大使司徒雷登進行接觸，建立中美新的關系。</span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月，斯大林</span>180<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">度大轉彎，倒向了中國共產黨，中共代表團秘密訪蘇，</span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>27<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，中蘇會談紀要，幾乎答應了中共代表團提出的全部援助要求。毛澤東于</span>6<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>30<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日發表了《論人民民主專政》，“一邊倒”向以蘇聯為首的社會主義陣營，一方面向蘇聯示好，另一方面向美帝國主義示威。美國方面，不但看到了毛澤東的《論人民民主專政》，還會某種程度得到斯大林轉向支持中國共產黨的信息。緊接著兩天以後，</span>7<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>2<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日美國國務卿艾奇遜指示司徒雷登必須在</span>7<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>25<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日前回到華盛頓，並且不要去北平。到</span>8<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>5<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日，司徒雷登回國途徑夏威夷檀香山這一天，美國國務院發表了《美國與中國的關系》白皮書。之後，毛澤東從</span>8<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>14<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日至</span>9<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>16<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日一個月的時間親筆撰寫了《丟掉幻想，準備斗爭》、《別了，司徒雷登》等五篇檄文，評白皮書。是斯大林的轉向帶來了毛澤東的轉向。斯大林催生了美國國務院白皮書的發表，從而也催生了毛澤東評白皮書五篇文章的發表。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">司徒雷登晚年常常念叨一生有兩個遺憾︰一是</span>1949<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年夏天沒有听取傅涇波的意見，來個“先斬後奏”，在向美國國務院請示之前，就從南京前往北京（當時稱北平），與中共當局晤談，造成中美新關系的既成事實。二是沒有機會再回中國。如果司徒雷登北上，建立中美新關系，有論者認為︰以後很多歷史都要改寫，甚至朝鮮戰爭都有可能避免。然而如今的事實是，中蘇友好十來年之後就成了中蘇交惡、甚至交戰；中美關系斷絕二十余年之後，又重啟和發展。時至今日，不論在經濟方面，還是在文化教育交流方面，中美兩國之間都已經處于很高的發展水平。中美之間進出口貿易總額</span>2008<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年達</span>3337<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">億美元，佔中國全部進出口貿易總額</span>25616<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">億美元的</span>13%<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">，緊跟日本和歐盟之後美國是我國第三大貿易伙伴；緊跟加拿大之後，中國是美國第二大貿易伙伴。至</span>2009<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>3<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月末，中國執有美國國債</span>7679<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">億美元，佔美國全部國債</span>110<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">，</span>000<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">億美元的</span>7%<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">，是第一大執有國。</span>2008<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年，中國留學美國學生</span>90290<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">人，佔在美外國留學生總數</span>859169<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">人的</span>10.5%<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">，僅低于韓國</span>127185<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">人居第二位。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>2009<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>11<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月</span>4<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">日參加司徒雷登骨灰安葬杭州儀式的現任美國駐華大使雷德在講話中說︰司徒雷登的遺產可見于今年在美國留學的</span>7<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">萬名（以前年度人數）中國學生，以及在中國大學就讀的數千名美國學生；司徒雷登理應對當前美中兩國的關系滿意。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">歷史不能假設，但要以史為鑒。如果</span>1949<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年夏中共當局與司徒雷登晤談，建立中美新關系，不致中斷關系二十余年，持續發展至今，以中國留美學生為例，肯定不只</span>90<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">，</span>290<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">人，肯定會超過韓國的</span>127<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">，</span>185<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">人，而居第一位。筆者于</span>2004<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年在美國見到報上報道︰說明中美兩國人員來往的</span>2003<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年赴美簽證，中國大陸</span>13<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">億人簽證</span>27<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">萬余人，每萬人簽證</span>2<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">人；台灣</span>2300<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">萬人簽證</span>20<span style="font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">萬人，每萬人簽證</span>87<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">人。中國大陸與台灣佔比相差近</span>44<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">倍，就是因為台灣與美國的關系一直持續，而中國大陸則中斷了二十余年。中美兩國人民的交流在開放赴美旅游等舉措之後必將大幅度地快速發展。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">2010-9-7<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">北京梁</span> <span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">辛</span>/<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">推薦。作者為燕京大學校友張哲蓀（中國晚清狀元、著名書畫家張之萬的重孫）及其女兒張晶（現在美國加州任教）</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">此文曾在河北省政協資料委員會主辦的《文史精華》</span>2010<span style="font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">年</span>8<span style="font-family: 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin">月號登載。這里提供的是作者最後修定的原稿。</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p></font><p> </p>