四评胡锦涛的“以人为本”〔下〕之一

<p style="text-align: center; "></p><p style="text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 12pt;">&nbsp;&#8220;</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt;">以人为本</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">&#8221;</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt;">还是</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">&#8220;</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt;">以人的尊重为本</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">&#8221;</span></p> <p style="text-align: center; margin-left: 90pt;">&nbsp; &#8212;&#8212;<span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt;">评胡锦涛的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">&#8220;</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt;">以人为本</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">&#8221;</span></p><div style="text-align: center;">&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 113.25pt;">必须重新评价五四运动和所谓的解放战争的历史意义</span><br />&nbsp;</div><p>&nbsp;<em style="text-align: center;">关键词:以人的尊重为本 中国共产党的成立 共产国际 斯大林 &nbsp; 十月革命对中国社会的影响 &nbsp;</em></p><div><div><div><em>胡锦涛的&#8220;以人为本&#8221; &nbsp; &nbsp;五四运动与中国共产党的成立的关系 输出革命</em></div><div>&nbsp;</div></div><div><span style="text-indent: 6.3pt; font-size: 12pt;">作者自序</span></div></div> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12pt;">&nbsp;1946年我出生于真如张君劢张嘉璈兄弟俩的张家大宅中。1963年考进了唐山铁道学院。文化大革</span><br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">命中我主要只做了一件事,就是做了为己被打成走资派的原党委书记兼院长顾稀翻案的第一人。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">我后</span><br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">被分配到吉林铁路局当养路工,后任线路值班员、车站调度员。1978年我调转上海铁道学院</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">运输</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">管</span><br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">理系,后考上了赴德国留学名额。1986年8月6日赴德国亚琛工业大学土木系铁道专业进修。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1987年</span><br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">9月底我就将我的博士论文交给了我的导师,1987年12月土木系考试委员会的决定,要求</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">我参</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">加四门</span><br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">课目〔城市规划、供水排水水资源、施工组织、铁道专业〕的资格考试,方可进入博</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">士答辩。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1991年</span><br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">初我完成了我的博士论文答辩之后,在威斯巴登参加一家高铁设计公司的工作。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">从1997</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">年起,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">又经历</span><br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">了失业、准备开业、开店以维持生计。2009年患了重病,店只好关门,动手</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">术以后又做化疗,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">直至20</span><br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">11年下半年才得以康復。多年来我的最大的心愿是在张君劢的家乡,也</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">是我的家乡地真如,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">建立张君</span><br />劢纪念馆。</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12pt;">1988</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">年起我就投入到对张君劢和四六宪法的研究上。在我撰写《司马泾</span> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">中国民主宪法设计》时,</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">对怎样地来评价中国共产党、毛泽东和毛泽东创建的人民共和国这一比我研究重点还要深、还要宽、</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">还要重要的、可以说是中国现代史头号难题,也只是略有思考一点而己。曾在作者所作的《中国民主</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">宪法设计》一文,说道,&#8220;毛泽东创建的人民共和国是中国文明史和世界文明史上最落后最黑暗、最</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">愚昧、最专制、最腐败的国家政权,毛泽东的人民共和国实为共产帝国,毛泽东的试验使中华民族在</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">文明发展史上至少倒退了一百年,&#8221;也没有做详细的论述。因为我想,这留得有心人和有精力的人去</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">完成吧!</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">到了</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2011</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年我病愈后上网得知,此头号难题依然如故,还没有人能给出一个完整的答案。天下事总</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">要有人干,吾一介书生,岂可避难就易哉!自知身染重病,上天留给我的,来日不多了。只好干一段</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">时间、休一段时间地开始撰写起了《陈智淙</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;以人为本&#8221;还是&#8220;以人的尊重为本&#8221;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp; —&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">评胡锦涛的&#8220;</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">以人为本&#8221;》评论文集。此文集共有七评组成。其主要内容有:</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,率先对胡锦涛的文胆王沪寧提出的&#8220;以人为本&#8221;&#8220;科学发展观&#8221;&#8220;三个代表&#8221;之谬论系列进行</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">批判。系统地严格地论证了&#8220;以人的尊严为本&#8221;是中国民主宪政运动的方向,也对作者所作的《中国</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">民主宪法设计》一文中一句关键话,&#8220;至少倒退了一百年,&#8221;作一详细的论述,并且对作者所作的《</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中国民主宪法设计》一文在人权方面作一补充性的阐述。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,自从林彪五七一工程公布以来,世人常讲,毛泽东是马克思加秦始皇。我在这里要说,不对!</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">应该说,毛泽东是斯大林加秦始皇。中国所谓的改革的最最主要的任务应该是去斯大林化、去毛泽东</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">化。中共的诞生与壮大、中共的夺权战争、中共建国、人大的编制、中共的宪法、中共的民主集中制</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">、等等都是依据了斯大林的指令在中国推开的、都是飘荡着斯大林的灵魂,流荡着斯大林的鲜血,遗</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">传着斯大林的基因,直到今天中共与普京搞的上海合作组织那只是斯大林主义的一个翻版而己,肃清</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">斯大林的余毒是任何人无法抗拒的历史潮流。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,应用哈贝马斯和阿列克西的理论,全面完整地论证了所谓的解放战争的非正义性,说明了中共</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">建国的非正义性。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,应用检验真理的实践、逻辑、价值理念三大标准论证了所谓的邓小平理论是悖论,实际上是谬</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">论。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">是充分的历史史实,严谨的逻辑推理,精准的价值判断来保障了我的结论的正确性。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">世人常言道,敢为天下先,记得当年在文革前的上海地区、文革中的全国到处都流传的姚文元的</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">敢当尝螃蟹的第一人的杂文,结果,此戏子〔姚父曾骂姚文元为戏子〕成了从云端踏入粪坑中之第一</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">人。七十年代当我返回家中读起家藏古版的《资治通鍳》时知道,此&#8220;敢为天下先&#8221;与&#8220;敢当尝螃蟹</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的第一人&#8221;实乃《资治通鍳》中的&#8220;宁为鸡首、不为牛后&#8221;的现代版而己。敢为天下先,此言差也。</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">德国哲学家哈伯马斯认为,一个理论若为真理,它必须是为普遍所接受的。敢于&#8220;诚服天下&#8221;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">和敢于</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;诚服于天下&#8221;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,两者的完美的结合,这才是吾人认识世界、探索真理的心胸气魄。&#8220;诚服天下&#8221;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">就</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">是&#8220;使天下人心悦诚服&#8221;,&#8220;诚服于天下&#8221;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">就是&#8220;不断反思、修正错误、诚服真理&#8221;。&#8220;诚服天下&#8221;</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">这是常常容易些,而&#8220;诚服于天下&#8221;则是难啊,有时难于上青天。我敢于&#8220;诚服天下&#8221;,但我更敢于</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;诚服于天下&#8221;。在此真诚的表示,希望在发表后能见到各方的评议,特别是中共首席文胆王沪寧先</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">生发表的意见。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">四</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">关于中国共产党的成立</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,五四运动与中国共产党的成立的关系。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">王伟光,中国社会科学院常务付院长,撰文说,五四运动&#8220;为中国共产党的成立做了思想理论、</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">阶级力量和干部准备,&#8221;推动了中国共产党的成立。其实,诚如毛泽东所言,中共的产生根本上是因</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">为&#8220;俄国革命的一声炮响,给我们送来了马克思列宁主义&#8221;,并非是因为中国发生了&#8220;五四&#8221;。杨奎</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">松说,《&#8220;五四&#8221;有多重要?》,&#8220;历史文献证明,故即使没有&#8220;五四&#8221;,没有陈独秀,俄国人也一</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">定会像他们这时</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">在朝鲜和日本所做的那样,去推动张独秀或李独秀创建出一个共产党出来。或者换言</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">之,只要有了俄国革命和马克思列宁主义的传播,共产党在中国的诞生只是迟早</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的事。因此,&#8220;五四</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8221;与中共的产生,二者之间没有直接的因果关系。&#8221;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中国共产党的诞生则是苏俄通过&#8220;共产国际&#8221;</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的手,&#8220;输出革命&#8221;的结晶,是苏俄人出钱直接领导、直接策划、直接扶植和直接指挥下的产物,</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中国</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">共产党是&#8220;苏俄共产帝国的螟蛉&#8221;〔蒋中正的话〕&#8220;苏俄共产帝国的儿子党&#8221;,是为苏俄侵华服</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt;">务的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">工具。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">&nbsp;2</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">,十月革命对中国社会的影响,我们对国内传统的观点的反驳</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">国内传统的观点认为,中国共产党是马克思主义与中国工人运动相结合的产物,很少提到共产</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">国际和俄国党的作用。而马克思主义是怎样来到中国的呢?毛泽东说:&#8220;十月革命一声炮响,给我们</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">送来了马克思主义。&#8221;</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;十月革命是怎样成为中国的先进分子接受马克思主义的巨大的推动力量的呢?</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">首先,十月革命给予中国人的一个启示就是:经济文化落后的国家也可以用马克思主义作为指导</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,去争取民族解放斗争的胜利。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">十</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月革命发生在俄国,而中国有许多情况和俄国相同或近似。封建主义的压迫,这是相同的。经</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">济和文化落后,这是近似的。十月革命的实践告诉人们,&#8220;物质文明不</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">高,不足阻社会主义之进行&#8221;。</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中国的一些先进分子由此想到,既然俄国的国情同中国相同或近似,那么,俄国人可以用马克思主义</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">作指导来解决他们国家的问题,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中国人为什么就不可能这样做呢?</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">青年毛泽东曾兴奋地指出,&#8220;我看俄国式的革命,是无可如何的山穷水尽诸路皆走不通了的一种</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">变计&#8221;。&#8220;只此方法较之别的方法所含可能的性质为多&#8221;。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">其次,列宁领导的苏俄以平等的态度对待中国,使中国人民真正体会到了获得平等地位的滋味,</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">这是推动社会主义思想在中国传播又一个重要的原因。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">李大钊曾经指出,近百年来饱受帝国主义列强摧凌的中国人民,&#8220;忽然听到十月革命喊出的&#8216;颠</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">覆世界的资本主义&#8217;、&#8216;颠覆世界的帝国主义&#8217;的呼声。这种声音在我们的耳鼓里,格外沉痛,格外</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">严重,格外有意义&#8221;。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1919 </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月,苏维埃俄国政府公开发表第一次对华宣言,宣布废除&#8220;沙皇政府从中国攫取的满洲</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">和其他地区&#8221;,&#8220;废弃(俄国人在中国境内的)一切特权&#8221;等。长期饱受资本主义列强欺凌的中国人</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">民在得知宣言的内容之后,无不感到&#8220;无</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">任欢喜&#8221;。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">第三,十月革命中俄国工人、农民和士兵群众的广泛发动并由此赢得历史性胜利的事实,也给中</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">国的先进分子提供了可借鍳的革命新方法,通过它来改造旧社会。&#8221;</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">〔本段为综合沙健孙等人的文章而成〕</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">&nbsp;下面就谈谈我们对这三点的反驳。</span></p> <p>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">首先是对第三点的反驳:什么是&#8220;革命新方法&#8221;呢?最核心的就是毛泽东的&#8220;枪杆子里出政权&#8221;。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">&#8220;枪杆子里出政权&#8221;对中国来讲,其实并不是什么新鲜的由十月革命俄国传过的东西,而是自古以</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">来就有了的东西。远的不说,贫寒的和尚朱元璋,领导农民起义,武装推翻元朝统治,建立朱家的大</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">明王朝。就说清朝中期的洪秀全,于</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1843</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年创立拜上帝会,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1851</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">11</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">在广西金田村举行起义,</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">建号太平天国,之后打下了半壁江山,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1853</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年定都南京。民间流传的水浒等故事那可是家喻户晓的,</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">与俄国十月革命的经验毫不相干。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">其次是对第二点的反驳:常言道,听其言,观其行。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">我们可以查一下,从</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1840</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年英国对华发动鸦片战争以来,是哪一个帝国从我们清朝的版图中</span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">抢掠</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">了、觧肢了最多的领土呢?这唯独就是苏俄吧。白寿彝主编的</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">22</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">卷本《中国通史》,该书第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">19</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">卷《近</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">代前编》专列了&#8220;俄国侵占中国领土&#8221;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">一节。据这些史料记载,三百多年以来,俄国通过一系列不平</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">等条约,割去了中国</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">144</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">万平方公里的土地,相当于</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">40</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">个台湾。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;在中国历史上,俄国是和中国签约最多(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">17</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">个)的国家,也是夺取中国领土最多的国家。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">第一个是距</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1989</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年天安门事件正好</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">300</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年前签署的中俄《尼布楚条约》(</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt">1689</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年)。虽然《中</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">国通史》的作者们指出</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;清朝谈判代表缺乏经验&#8230;&#8230;对俄国更有利&#8221;,但认为它&#8220;是中俄两国在平等</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的谈判基础上所订第一个条约&#8221;。按这个条约划分的中俄边界,现在黑龙江北面的</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"> 100</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">多万平方公里</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">土地(后被俄国夺去)都是中国的领土。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">第二个重要条约是距毛泽东&#8220;大跃进&#8221;正好</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">100</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年前签署的中俄《瑷珲条约》(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1858</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年)。上</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">述史料说,在鸦片战争爆发后第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">18</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年,&#8220;俄国乘英法联军进攻天津之际,用武力强迫(清朝)黑龙江</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">将军奕山签署了该约。&#8221;</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">该条约把《尼布楚条约》规定的中国境内</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">100</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">多万平方公里土地分成了三大块,第一块约</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt">60</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">万平</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">方公里,划入俄国版图;第二块,约</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">40</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">万平方公里,由</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中俄共管;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">第三块,约</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">7</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">万多平方公里的</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">&#8220;江东</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">64</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">屯&#8221;继续归清朝管辖。史料说,&#8220;清政府没有批准这个条约,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">并对奕山等人予以处分。&#8221;</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">第三个重要条约。</span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">两年后,中俄又签署了《北京条约》(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1860</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年),这是中俄之间的第三个重</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">要条约。史料说,&#8220;俄国乘英法联军攻占北京的时机&#8221;,逼迫清政府签订了这</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">个条约。该约把《瑷珲</span></div><div>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">条约》中划分的三大块,第一块和第二块都正式划入俄国版图,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">仅留下</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">&#8220;江东</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">64</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">屯&#8221;给清朝</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">但在</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1900</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">年,俄国用武力占领了这块土</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">地,把当地</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">5,000</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">多中国人赶入黑龙江</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">里杀害。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">这个条约</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt;">使中国</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">正式丧失了等于现在东北三省面积总和的土地。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">第四个条约是距&#8220;文革&#8221;约</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">100</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年前签署的中俄《勘分西北边界约记》(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1864</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年)。史料说,&#8220;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">俄国陈兵(新疆)塔城卡外以为威胁,&#8230;&#8230;清廷屈于俄国的武力威胁&#8221;被迫签定此约,俄国把新疆塔</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">城等西北部&#8220;约</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">44</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">万平方公里中国领土&#8221;割占去。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">《中国通史》的结论是,&#8220;在第二次鸦片战争中,俄国通过不平等的《瑷珲条约》、《北京条</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">约》和一系列勘界条约,侵占了中国</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">144</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">万多平方公里的领土。&#8221;</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">也有提法说俄国割占去中国</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">300</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">万平方公里土地,那是指把俄国耸恿和支持外蒙古独立、脱离</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中国(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">150</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">万平方公里)的土地也算上,加上</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt">144</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">万,正</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">好约</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">300</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">万(相当于中国现有领土的近三分</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">之一)。因此也有人说俄国从中国割占了约</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">100</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">个台湾(台湾面积是</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">点</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">万平方公里)。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8221;〔引自</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">于曹长青:江泽民到底是不是&#8220;卖国&#8221;?一文〕</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">是苏俄,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1921</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年策动蒙古革命脱离中国,觧肢了中华民国的外蒙古。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1941</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">13</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,苏联和日本签订了《苏日中立条约》,宣布缔约国一方应遵守中立,等于宣</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">布苏联是不支持中国抗日的。并且公然宣布:&#8220;苏日双方政</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">府为保证两国和平与友好邦交起见,兹</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">特严重声明。苏联誓当尊重满洲国之领土完整与神圣不可侵犯,日本誓当尊重蒙古人民共和国之领</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">土完整与神圣不可侵犯&#8221;。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">苏日在莫斯科签订这个条约之后,斯大林亲自为日本首相送行到火车站,</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">是独立的,不能再作其它妄想!此事引起中国著名人士强烈抗议。对于这样出卖中国的行迹,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">14</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">国民党之外交部发表声明,宣称东北三省及</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">外蒙古为中国领土,决不承认第三国之间妨碍中国领土</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">及行政完整的任何协定。而</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">16</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中共却通过新华社正式发表了不同意见,称赞该条约是&#8220;苏联外</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">交政策</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的又一伟大胜利&#8221;,并且对苏日声明中有关&#8220;互不侵犯满洲与外蒙古&#8221;的说辞予以充分理解,</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">宣称此项举措&#8220;对全中国争取解放也是有利的&#8221;。新华社没有毛泽东及</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中央的授权,天大的胆子,也</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">不敢发表这样的意见。这种意见引起中国著名人士的强烈抗议。使&#8220;以往同情中共之青年,莫不痛哭</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">流涕&#8221;。到了</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1945</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年元月,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">美、英、苏三巨头雅尔塔密约,以牺牲中国的领土主权,换取苏联出兵</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">对日作战。美、英答应斯大林:&#9332;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">维持外蒙古现状;&#9333;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">大连港国际化,保证苏联的优越权益;&#9334;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">恢复</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">租借旅顺港为苏联海军基地;&#9335;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">由苏中合办中长铁路(满洲里到长春到大连)。斯大林上述行为,不</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">仅直接撕毁</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1924</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年中俄协定:苏俄放弃一切特权,而且是赤裸裸的乘中国之危,豪夺巧取。&#8221;〔尹</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">振环:斯大林问题的轻描淡写〕</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1999</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年底,江泽民、李鹏和叶利钦签订了秘密的《中俄全面勘分边界条约》</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">全名</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">)</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">。该次签约,</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">只在人民日报作了简短报导,没有提及条约内容。这种封锁新闻的做法,则是最清楚不过的&#8220;此地无</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">银三百两&#8221;的告示。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">最后是</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">对第一点的反驳:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">辛子陵在《俄国十月革命是人类文明史的岐路-尹振环著《列宁主义批判》序言》一文中写道:</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;直至</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1999 </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">11</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">30</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日,俄罗斯《独立报》发表了普列汉诺夫的《政治遗嘱》,才打开了俄国十</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月革命的历史时空隧道。遗嘱的权威鉴定人利佩茨克市普列汉诺夫博物馆馆</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">长亚历山大&#8226;别列然斯基</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">认为:&#8220;普列汉诺夫对于列宁和布尔什维克主义的批评是深刻、全面和极其客观的;他关于布尔什维</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">克的社会主义垮台的预言惊人地准确;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">他对资本主义的分析也很现代。&#8221;这篇历史文献为我们重新认</span></div><div>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">识十月革命,解决十月革命的历史定位,解决国际共产主义运动的历史定位,提供了历史视角和</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">理</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">论根</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">据。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">毛泽东说的&#8220;走俄国人的道路&#8212;&#8212;这就是结论&#8221;</span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,对,还是不对?普列汉诺夫认为:列宁的根</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">本错误,就是超越历史发展规律,要使封建落后的俄国跳过发展资本主义的民主革命阶段,直接进入</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">社会主义。&#8220;列宁为了把一半俄国人赶进幸福的社会主义未来中去能够杀光另一半俄国人,他为了达</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">到既定目标什么都干得出来&#8221;。&#8221;</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">我们己在四评上应用了哈贝马斯的论述来解释这个原因所在。哈贝马斯认为,&#8220;俄国革命和</span></p><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">苏维</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">埃制度的建立是历史的事实,正因为如此,马克思主义被最大限度地僵化了。&#8221;哈贝马斯认为,</span></div><div>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">&#8220;在资本主义条件下己经取得的公民权力&#8221;不仅要保留,在原历史社会条件下没有取得的公民权</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">力要</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">创造之,扩大之,决不可&#8220;倒退到党的专政的合法恐怖中去&#8221;。否则就是,&#8220;马克思主义被最</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">大限度地僵化了。&#8221;必败无异。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,没有共产国际,就没有(中国)共产党</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">新中国成立后,一个十分明显的现象是:尽管讲述中共党史、中国革命史的教材和书籍汗牛</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">充栋,但几乎从来都不提共产国际的作用。中</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">苏关系破裂前后,尽管周恩来代表中共中央曾系统地</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">介绍过共产国际与中共的历史关系问题(党内其他领导人如陈云等也说过共产国际对中共成立和指</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">导中国革命起</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">过一定的作用),但也仅限于高层内部,以后对这方面的情况更是讳莫如深,即使是</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">在&#8220;文化大革命&#8221;那样混乱的年代里,大量涉及中共历史的文献被以各种方式披</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">露出来,也不见有</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">这方面的资料被披露出来。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">然而,事实上中共的建立以及以后的运行都离不开共产国际,甚至可以说:没有共产国际,就</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">没</span></p><div><span style="font-size: 12pt;">有(中国)共产党。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1980</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年代初,北京大学向青教授发表文章,强调中国共产党的建立,是在共产国际的帮助和推</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">动下成立起来</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的。这一结论当即受到了其他党史研究者的批评。这类说法自此一度消失,再难见诸</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">于公开研究之中。&#8220;自</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">世纪</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">90</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年代末以来,我国翻译、出版了一大批俄罗斯新解密的联共(布)</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">、共产国际与中国革命的档案资料,随着新的档案资料的挖掘和公布,学者们认识到,共产国际从</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中国早期共产党组织的建立到中共的正式成立及其初期活动,都进行了直接领导、组织和帮助。&#8221;</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">〔王继凯,聚焦,共产国际研究中的热点问题〕</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中国共产党新闻网的文章也承认,&#8220;到</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1921</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年夏天,建立统一的中国共产党的条件已日益成</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">熟。维经斯基回国不久,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1921</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"> 6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月,共产国际派马林、共产国际伊尔库茨克的书记处派尼柯尔斯</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">基来到上海。两人立即取得联系。马林建议召开党的全国代表大会,正式成立中国共产党。上海党</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的发起组在李达的主持下进行了全国代表大会的具体筹备工作。&#8230;共产国际的代表马林和尼柯尔斯</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">基也出席了大会。陈独秀因当时在</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">广州任职,未出席大会,他委托包惠僧参加大会,并提出了一个</span></div><div>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">&#8220;共产党应该是民主集中制,应该是信仰共产主义,实现无产阶级专政,实行共产主义&#8221;的党纲</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">,交</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">大会讨论。&#8221;另外还可参阅</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">中国网文化中国上的文章,《共产国际与中国共产主义运动的开端</span>》。</div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">陈独秀仅仅是中国共产党的小家长,他在中共党内的地位最终受制于共产国际这个大家长。</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">作为新文化运动的旗手,五四运动的总指挥,建党初期的很多共产党员都是陈独秀的学生、晚辈,</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">因此即便他没有出席党的一大,仍能当选党的总书记,亦多次连任,陈独秀在党内的地位使他有可</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">能成为家长。当然,陈独秀的家长地位并没有达到可以为所欲为的程度。共产国际才是国际共产主</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">义运动中的大家长,各国小家长必须听命于大家长,受到大家长的牵制、制约,对此,学界已基本</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">形成共识。&#8221;</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;从组织上讲,中共自成立之日起,其实就宣布加入</span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">共产国际,为其下属的一个支部,自愿</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">听从共产国际的领导。中共第一次代表大会通过的中国共产党党章是由共产国际主持制定的,宣言</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">依据的是马列主义、阶级斗</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">争、无产阶级专政和建党学说,以苏共党纲作为重要依据。领导人陈独</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">秀和共产国际代表马林曾经有不同意见,马林带一封信给陈说,如果你是真正的共产党员,一</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">定要</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">听第三国际的命令。虽然陈独秀是中国共产党的第一任领袖,也只好听从共产国际的命令。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">从活动经费而言,陈独秀在</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1923</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年党的第三次</span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">代表大会上公开承认,党的经费几乎完全是我</span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">们从共产国际得到的。一年来,共产国际在中国用款</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">余万,而中共成绩不佳,共产国际责备中国</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">同志太不努力。据</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">统计,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1921</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">10</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月至</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1922</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月,收入</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">16,655</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">元;</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1924</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1500</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">美元和</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">32,927.17</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">元;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1927</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年为</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"> 187,674</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">元,每月共产国际给费用平均在</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">万元左右。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">因此,它和共产国际的关</span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">系,从一开始就不能不是一种&#8220;父子&#8221;关系。幼年的中共,就像是牙</span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">牙学语的稚童,开始时连路都不会走,必须要由共产国际搀扶着才能走上现实的革命之路。因</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">此,</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中共早年的大批干部是送到苏联去学习培养的,共产国际从</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1921</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年中共成立之初,到</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1930</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年代中期</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,一直是在中国派驻有自己的组织机构,并在中共中</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">央派有自己的代表,以协助贯彻落实共产国际</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的各项指示的。中共最初的党纲、政纲,包括统一战线和联合国民党的政策方针,都是按照共产国</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">际的指示或在共产国</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">际代表的帮助下制定的。甚至多年后中共六大的各项政策文件,中华苏维埃共</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">和国的各项政策法律文件,还都是由莫斯科的苏联专家制定出来,然后直接译成中文</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">的。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">历史事实告诉我们:中共原先就是共产国际一个支部&#8212;&#8212;明白了这一点,就掌握了真正了解</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中共党史的钥匙。&#8221;〔综合杨奎松等人文章而成〕</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">十月革命胜利以后,列宁要推进世界革命,宣称&#8220;坚冰已经打破,航路已经开通,道路已经</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">指明&#8221;。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1919</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年成立了第三国际,作为世界革命的总司令部、总指挥部。到</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1924</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年在世界建立了</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt">40</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">个共产党。要各党仿效苏联,通过暴力革命,建立无产阶级专政的苏维埃共和国,进而组成世界</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">苏维埃共和国联邦。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">4</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">,共产国际到底是什么东西呢?</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">由中共的宣传所曰,&#8220;共产国际即第三国际,又名世界共产党,它从成立之日起,就肩负着双</span> </p><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">项重要使命:一是领导和帮助世界各国共产党和革命党人成就马克思列宁世界革命</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">的理想;一是在</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">资本主义列强包围俄国革命的情况下,通过各国共产党,引导各国民众共同拥护和保卫俄国革命的</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">成果。&#8221;那么,共产国际到底是什么东西呢?</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">马贵凡,中共中央党史研究室译审,于《中共党史研究》</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2003</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">05</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">期发表的《俄罗斯学者对</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">共产国际与中国革命关系研究的新进展》一文中说:&#8220;通常都认为共产国际是一个独立的集体的共</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">产党最高组织,是世界革命的司令部。共产国际档案开放以后,有的俄罗斯学者从档案材料中看出:</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">实际上共产国际并不是一个独立的组织,而是为维护苏联利益,执行苏联对外政策的一个工具。在</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt">20</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年代初它的中心任务之一,是巩固和加强俄国苏维埃政权及其在世界上的影响。到</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">30</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年代斯大林</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">已不把实现世界革命思想看做是共产国际的主要终极目标,共产国际的重要任务是宣传苏维埃发展</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">模式&#8221;</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">〔俄罗斯科学院通史研究所编《共产国际史</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt">1919</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">-</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1943</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">》莫斯科</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">2002</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">4</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">-</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">7</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">页〕</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">由此可见,共产国际是输出革命的工具,是旨在建立世界苏维埃共和国联邦的工具,是宣传</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">苏维埃发展模式的工具,是为维护苏联利益,执行苏联对外政策的一个工具。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">输出革命,这是严重违反国际法基本准则的可耻行为。习某人也知道输出革命的可耻。其曰,</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;有些吃饱了没事干的外国人,对我们的事情指手画脚。中国一不输出革命,二不输出饥饿和贫困</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,三不去折腾你们,还有什么好说的。&#8221;</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">&nbsp;5</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">,&#8220;十月革命一声炮响&#8221;,送来的是列宁主义,而不是马克思主义。列宁主义是布朗基主义</span></p><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">的继承和发展。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">谢韬在《只有民主社会主义才能救中国》一文中说:&#8220;毛泽东没有读过《资本论》</span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,没有</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">读过恩格斯晚年的着作(恩格斯晚年最重要的着作《〈法兰西阶级斗争〉导言》一九三&#9675;年才在苏</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">联出版,一九五六年才在中国出版),他读得比较多的是列</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">宁和斯大林的著作。&#8220;十月革命一声炮</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">响&#8221;,送来的是列宁主义,而不是马克思主义。&#8221;</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">其实,自第二国际起在世界上流行的&#8220;科学社会主义&#8221;,一直到斯大林才完成了的&#8220;马</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">克思主义三大学说&#8221;的诠释工作中&#8220;科学社会主义&#8221;成了&#8220;马克思主义三大学说&#8221;之一,在这整个</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;科学社会主义&#8221;发展过程中,恩格斯就已经开启了对马克思的哲学作出实证主义诠释的先河。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">何中华</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">在《重读马克思》一书中写道,&#8220;孔德在其实证哲学教程中指出,我研究人类智力在</span></p><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">各个不同的活动范围内的整个发展,...</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">已经发现了一个伟大的根本规律,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">...这条规律就是:</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">我们的每一个主要观点,每一个知识部门,都先后经过三个不同的理论阶段:神学阶段,又名虚构阶</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">段;形而上学阶段,又名抽象阶段;科学阶段,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">又名实证阶段。科学对哲学的替代是必然的发展趋势。</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">恰如诺曼&#8226;莱文所指出的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">:恩格斯继续了孔德的实证主义,..谈论这种连续性,只是肯定孔德和恩格</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">斯都把科学定律的发现视为给人类带来实证的知识,视为哲学会成为科学。然而,具有讽刺意味的是,</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">孔德所描绘的宗教哲学和科学的关系直到今天也并未兑现,他的宏愿丝毫也未表现出实现的迹象。顺</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">便指出,正统的马克思主义哲学原理教科书体系之所以带有浓厚的实证主义色彩,一个重要的因素就</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">在于,通过列宁特别是斯大林的哲学思想,它主要是继承并积淀了恩格斯的解释传统。因为早在恩格</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">斯那里就已经开启了对马克思的哲学作出实证主义诠释的先河。之所以人说恩格斯是一个实证主义者</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">,就在于他想把哲学纳入实证科学。这一点,在恩格斯谈论&#8220;哲学终结&#8221;的论述中表达得尤其清晰。</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">&#8221;〔参见何中华</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">《重读马克思》</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 545/546</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">页</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">〕而这个&#8220;科学社会主义&#8221;的表达,即在&#8220;社会主义&#8221;之</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">头上冠上了&#8220;科学&#8221;的标签则正是第二国际与第三国际的共同之点。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"> 1886</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">~</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1894</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年,是恩格斯思想发生重大转变的关键时期。恩格斯在《</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&lt;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">英国工人阶级状况</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&gt;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">美</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">国版附录》〔《马克思恩格斯全集》第</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt">21</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">卷第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">297</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">页〕说:&#8220;共产主义不是一种单纯的工人阶级的党</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">派性学说,而是一种目的在于把连同资本家阶级在内的整个社会从现存关系的狭小范围中解放出来的</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">理论。这在抽象的意义上是正确的,然而在实践中却是绝对无益的,有时还要更坏。&#8221;</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">马克思和恩格斯创立共产主义学说,就是要为无产阶级革命提供理论指导和实践方案。他们生命的</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">十分之七八是为共产主义而奋斗,支持暴力革命,反对改良主义。他们的主要著作是中年以前完成的。</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">思想转变是晚年的事情。恩格斯以《</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1891</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年社会民主党纲领草案批判》代替了</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt">1875</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年的《哥达纲领的</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">批判》一文,对共产主义理论提出三个重要修正。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">第一个修正:由主张暴力革命到主张议会斗争。</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">第二个修正:由主张消灭私人企业到主张保留股份公司</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">第三个修正:用民主共和国代替无产阶级专政</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">由于这三个修正,恩格斯把他和马克思用大半生构建的共产主义理论,把关于无产阶级革命和无产阶</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">级专政的整个理论体系否定了。虽然他为了表示自己理论上的一贯性,有时还批一下&#8220;现代的社会正</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">在长入社会主义&#8221;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">是机会主义思想。直到</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1895</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">3</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月,他临终前的五个月,他终于以一个伟大的知识</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">分子的良心,以对后代,对人类极端负责的精神,坦诚地、毫无保留地承认:</span></div> <p>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;历史表明我们也曾经错了,我们当时所持的观点只是一个幻想。历史做的还要更多:它不仅消除了</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">我们当时的迷误,并且还完全改变了无产阶级进行斗争的条件。</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1848</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年的斗争方法(引者注:指《共</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">产党宣言》中说的暴力革命),今天在一切方面都已经陈旧了,这一点是值得在这里较仔细地加以研</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">究的。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">历史清楚地表明,当时欧洲大陆经济发展的状况还远没有成熟到可以铲除资本主义生产方式的程度</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8230;&#8230;在</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1848</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年要以一次简单的突袭来达到社会改造,是多么不可能的事情。</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">旧式的起义,在</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1848</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年以前到处都起决定作用的筑垒的巷战,现在大都陈旧了。&#8221;〔恩格</span></p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">斯:《&#8220;法兰西阶级斗争&#8221;导言》,《马克思恩格斯全集》第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">22</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">卷第</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">595</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">页。〕</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">说完这些话不到五个月,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1895 </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">年</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">8</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">月</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">5</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">日他就逝世了。如果盖棺论定,这是恩格斯对欧洲各国革</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">命策略问题的最后意见。他期待的是通过工人阶级的议会斗争取得政权,保留资本主义生产方式,</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">和</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">平过渡到社会主义。应该说,这是恩格斯对欧洲各社会主义运动的最后遗言,是对《共产党宣言》&#8220;</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;"></span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">旧策略&#8221;的重要修改。&#8220;</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">〔</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">本段为辛</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">子陵,俄国十月革命是人类文明史的歧路尹振环著《列宁主义批判》序言的简述〕</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;由此可见,不是伯恩施坦(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1850</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">~</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1932</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">)&#8220;修正&#8221;了马克思主义的暴力革命理论,提出了和平</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">过渡理论,伯恩施坦只是重复恩格斯的话,继承和发挥了</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">恩格斯对马克思和他共同创立的革命理论的</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">反思和修正。倒是列宁违背了马克思主义关于社会主义在先进资本主义国家共同胜利的思想,提出了</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">在落后的东方国家一</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">国建设社会主义的理论。列宁主义是布朗基主义的继承和发展。</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">布朗(</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1805</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">~</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">1881</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">)是十九世纪法国秘密社团领导人,第一国际内的暴力革命派,巴黎公</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">社的军事</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">领袖。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">布朗基主义的要义是坚信:不管生产力的发展处于什么水平,只凭革命暴力就可以创造出一个</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt;">没有剥</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">削、没有压迫的新世界。&#8221;&#8220;是列宁标新立异,一九一八年将俄国社会民主工党改名</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">为共产党</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">,成立</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">第三国际(共产国际),分裂了国际工人运动。列宁、斯大林、毛泽东才是最大的修正主义者</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt;">,他们</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">把恩格斯摈弃的&#8220;一八四八年的斗争方法&#8221;当作</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">旗帜挥舞,从&#8220;左&#8221;面修正了马克思主义。&#8221;</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">〔引自于</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">谢韬:只有民主社会主义才能救中国〕</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8220;革命暴力</span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">&#8221;则是第二国际与第三国际(共产国际)的最大的分歧点。中国共产党原先就是共</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">产国际一个支部,是共产国际输出革命的产物,从它诞生起就仿效苏联,通过暴力革命,建立无产</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">阶级专政的苏维埃共和国。&#8220;十月革命一声炮响&#8221;,送来的是列宁主义,而不是马克思主义。&#8221;</span></div> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">中国共产党的成立,本身就带着极不光彩的基因,永远也抹不去的胎记。列宁主义的&#8220;民主集中</span> </p><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">制&#8221;假冒成了&#8220;民主&#8221;,&#8220;科学主义&#8221;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">与&#8220;科学社会主义&#8221;假冒成了&#8220;科学&#8221;</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">,在四评中提到&#8220;以及</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">这二个错误的合成,&#8221;就是指&#8220;中国共产党的成立&#8221;,使中华民族在走向世界人类社会的先进的价值</span></div><div><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: 宋体;Times New Roman&quot;;Times New Roman&quot;">观念的道路上延缓了、落后了至少整正的一个多世纪的时间。</span></div> <p>&nbsp;</p>