劉賓雁的遺產( 中篇)

<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;我用沉重的門閂</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;插上門,不讓革命之風</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;吹亂我的神聖的稿紙。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&#8212;&#8212;【俄】弗拉基斯拉夫&#8226;費利安劉諾維奇&#8226;霍達謝維奇</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1979年,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">再次成為蘇俄和中國當代歷史上具有特殊意義的年頭。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;蘇俄一批政治權貴、軍界、警察首腦、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">軍工巨子和御用文人准備借斯大林百年誕辰為這名老暴君恢復名譽。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他們示威性地開庭審判了西尼亞斯基、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">丹尼爾和布洛茨基三名持不同政見作家。以薩哈羅夫、卡波查、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">帕烏斯多夫斯基、瓦連岑、涅克拉索夫、索爾仁尼琴、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">丘科夫斯卡婭等蘇俄著名科學家、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">作家和詩人為首的自由知識界采取了果敢的抗議行動,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">得到西方和全世界的廣泛支持,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇俄軍方和克格勃等新斯大林分子們被擊退了。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">美國歷史學家科恩認為,這一事件&#8220;具有劃時代的意義,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">表明斯大林主義在俄國從精神上被埋葬了&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">更具歷史像征意義的是,在這一公開交鋒中,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇俄持不同政見運動從此誕生,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">並為自己選擇了許多世界聞名的發言人。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1979年,劉賓雁開始了他八十人生的第二個階段。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在以後的七個年頭裡,劉賓雁將用新的語言、新的聲音證明,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他是中國社會和中國人民新的發言人,中國的良心。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1979年,劉賓雁55歲,人生最關鍵、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">最美好的二十二年無謂地消逝了,但他並非一無所獲。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">雖然他無時無刻都擺脫不了那個意識:你是任人侮蔑的賤民!</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">你對妻子兒女有罪!</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但農民和社會底層尚存的質樸使他感到人間還有溫暖和慰藉,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">只要人民沒有敗壞,中國就有望。在大別山麓的勞改營裡,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他拿著放大鏡在油燈下一行一行地閱讀馬克思、恩格斯、黑格爾、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">普列漢諾夫和列寧,企圖找到困擾他的答案,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一遍又一遍在心底叩問:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 這些從來沒有見過法西斯分子是什麼樣子,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">也無機會間接了解殘酷虐待同類的事</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 實與情景的青少年們(紅衛兵),</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他們那種冷酷無情的心腸和那些慘無人道的手段是</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 從哪裡學來的?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;中國究竟是怎樣落到這步田地的?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;中國究竟怎樣才能走出這個火坑?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;這個黑暗的時代幾時才能完結?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;中國將以什麼方式走出這場已經持續了幾十年的災難?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1976年天安門&#8220;四&#8226;五運動&#8221;爆發,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">仍是待罪之身的劉賓雁經常混跡人群,流連忘返。&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這是中國人自己第一次自發的而不是由中國共產黨發動的群眾運動,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">又是對於這個黨公然表示蔑視的公開抗議,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這標志著二十七年來中國人民第一次大覺醒&#8221;。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1979年的劉賓雁,恢復了黨籍和公民權,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">卻仍然是共產黨和國家政權的異端。他重操舊業發表文章,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">日益獲得了人民的期許,也日益為權力當局難容。&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">究竟是什麼東西使這個黨和我之間始終存在一種疏離?</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">它曾開除過我,又糾正了錯誤使我回到黨內,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但幾乎從我回到黨內的第一天起便又以警戒的眼光注視著我,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這是為什麼?因為這個黨內已經有太多的人不是我的同類&#8221;。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁沒有如毛澤東們所願,改造、墮落成極權主義的政治標本。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">非但如此,與古今中外所有志士仁人一樣,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁心有郁結必將發憤著述並磅礡於世:&#8220;一定要有所作為,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">要使我的妻子和兒女有一天為我感到驕傲!有朝一日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我一定要寫出一部震撼中國的作品!&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;從1949年到1957年,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁與毛澤東們的分歧存在於對中國現實的觀察和分析,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他對中國的社會性質和歷史道路並無深切的思考和批判。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">從1979年到1987年,劉賓雁與鄧小平們的分歧,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">已經上升到了攸關國家安危和人民命運的大問題。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1976年,郭沫若以其九十高齡繼續公開販賣其奴隸哲學&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">感謝華主席、感謝黨中央&#8221;;1977年,時任中共中央主席的&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">英明領袖&#8221;華國鋒公開威脅說要再發動一次反右運動;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">1979年3月16日,劉賓雁在人民大會黨聽完鄧小平&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">堅持四項基本原則&#8221;和&#8220;反對資產階級自由化&#8221;報告後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在心中問道:&#8220;這四個中國人最熟悉不過的政治概念,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">同毛澤東在1966年以前推行了十幾年,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">文革期間又以它們為名把中國推入黑暗深淵的那一套,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">連措辭都大同小異的四個&#8216;念念不忘&#8217;,究竟有什麼不同呢?</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">沒有一位政治家做過解釋,而它們後來居然寫到憲法裡去!&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1979年,鄧小平如日中天,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">其影響力僅次於1949年的毛澤東。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">鄧小平聲稱不再以階級鬥爭為綱。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他以其自身遭遇和特殊的眼光得出結論,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">毛澤東式的階級鬥爭理論和群眾政治運動,不僅勞民傷財,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">禍國殃民,而且會使共產黨的合法性徹底喪失,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">乃是荒唐而愚蠢的統治術。同時鄧小平深知,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">無論毛澤東的政治品質和個人道德如何卑鄙無恥,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他畢竟是中國共產黨和中國革命的像征,既是中國的斯大林,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">又是中國的列寧。對毛澤東的否定就是對中共的否定,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">那就不僅僅是對統治方式和毛澤東個人的否定,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而且黨的全部歷史合法性和整個統治根基的動搖。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;事情很清楚,鄧小平不想做中國的赫魯曉夫。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">毛澤東當年為斯大林辯護,決非出於捍衛歷史真理,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">也非出於對後者的個人尊敬(相反,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">毛澤東本人曾長期遭到斯大林冷酷、訓斥、挖苦,甚至廢絀),</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而是出自共產黨領袖們特有的政治實用主義。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1883年,恩格斯在馬克思墓前對後者的貢獻作了簡短的總結,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">稱道這位亡友發現了人類歷史的發展規律,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">發現了現代資本主義和資產階級社會的特殊運動規律,最後他&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">大膽地說:他有過許多敵人,但未必有過一個私敵。&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;七十年後的1953年,斯大林去世時,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">再也沒有一個共產黨人能夠用這種評語為死者送終了。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">科學知識幾乎等於零的毛澤東用&#8220;三七開&#8221;為他的導師蓋棺論定,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">除了政治流氓和暴君之間&#8220;無所畏懼&#8221;的結算關系外,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">已經毫無任何道義底氣和人間常情可言了。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;又二十多年後,鄧小平重拾毛澤東余唾,稱毛澤東&#8220;功大於過&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">再次陷入政治犬儒主義的泥淖,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">意味著這個黨永遠告別了在歷史真理和政治道德領域進行懺悔和更新</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">的可能,共產主義的全部正義性和莊嚴、神聖感到此土崩瓦解。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國共產黨、中國社會全面世俗化、歷史性腐敗和大規模道德淪喪,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">也就從此開始了。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;客觀而言,鄧小平與毛澤東幾乎在一切個人秉性方面都大不相同。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">鄧小平未必還有魄力有興趣照走毛澤東式充斥狂妄、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">血腥和荒唐的死路,未必沒有對世界現代化潮流的基本感悟,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但二人之間卻有一個秘而不宣的共識:中國只能實行專制,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">必要時實行獨裁。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1979年的劉賓雁痛苦地面對著中國的嚴峻現狀,從此失去對&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中南海&#8221;的寄望和興趣:&#8220;他們是在進行一場新的試驗,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在經濟生活領域實行高度自由化的同時,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在政治和思想領域堅持四個不改:沒有民主與自由的社會主義,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">大權獨攬,不受監督的黨的領導,沒有人民參與、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">對人民不承擔責任的無產階級專政,和毛澤東式的&#8216;馬列主義&#8217;。&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;二十二年的煎熬,換來的仍然是專制主義的勝利,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁已經清晰預見到1957年以來的悲劇還會重演:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &#8220;四項基本原則&#8221;的提出,只能有一個理由:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">它表明這個領導集團企圖把中國的改革嚴格限制在經濟領域,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">絕不觸動舊的政治制度和舊的一套意識形態。至於&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">反對資產階級自由化&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">其效用則是可以在任何時候對於任何危及既得利益集團及其意識形態</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">的思想或行為給以懲罰。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一九八一年以來已經在全國範圍內以這個名義進行了三次大掃蕩。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">作家、記者、詩人、教育家、哲學家、經濟學家、編輯、政治家,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一概未能幸免。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1957到1979年二十二年間,中國社會公開鼓吹仇恨,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">實行一部分中國人對另一部分中國人的歧視和暴力統治,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">斯大林主義的兩個主要砝碼&#8220;全盤集體化&#8221;和&#8220;階級鬥爭尖銳化&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在中國每一寸土地和每一個人身上都打下它們惡名昭著的印記。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">整個社會融奴隸制、封建專制、法西斯主義和僭主獨裁於一爐,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">權力極度異化,善惡是非徹底顛倒,不僅自由、平等、民主、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">公義和真理慘遭禁絕,連人性、人道、母愛、同情、懺悔甚至孤獨、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">出神、沉默、幻想、夢境、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">回憶等人類最基本最無害的個體生命形態,甚至連絕望、自暴自棄、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">精神崩潰和死亡,都同樣慘遭荼毒踐踏。作為舶來品的馬列主義、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">斯大林主義赫然成為所有中國人必須信奉遵從的天條。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1973年9月,毛澤東正寫詩&#8220;勸君少罵秦始皇,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">焚坑事業要商量&#8221;,並自詡&#8220;馬克思加秦始皇&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">索爾仁尼琴致信蘇共領導人,憤怒指控&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">上個世紀末從西風刮來的先進思想&#8221;(馬克思主義),</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">它折磨和傷害了&#8220;俄羅斯的心靈&#8221;,&#8220;巨人般的俄國&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">為此付出了6,600萬生命的代價。索氏聲明,他並&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">不希望中國精神上毀滅&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但既然中共領袖非要自封為馬克思主義正統,&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">就把這種先進思想給他們吧&#8221;,&#8220;讓他們去教育人類,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">並負擔全部沉重的經濟負擔&#8230;&#8230;&#8221;。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;二十世紀獨有的&#8220;異族意識形態統治&#8221;對中國的征服,其怪異、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">荒誕、血腥、強悍,更超逾了蘇俄。1959&#8212;61年間,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">1966&#8212;68年間,因毛澤東們毫不克制和惻隱的倒行逆施,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國先後出現人類歷史上罕見的大飢饉和政治迷狂,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">先後出現大規模人吃人的恐怖世像。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一百年前陀思妥耶夫斯基曾預見到一億俄羅斯人被魔化的末世景像,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">三百年前,顧亭林同樣陰胡的預言,竟變成了公開、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">確鑿的國家行為和社會事實:&#8220;改姓易號,謂之亡國;仁義充塞,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而至於率獸食人,人將相食,謂之亡天下。&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;文革對中國是徹頭徹尾的浩劫,文革結束卻沒有成為中國的福音。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">歷史之手不是經由人民、而是通過與毛澤東、&#8220;四人幫&#8221;過從甚密、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">幾十年間對中國人民同樣罪惡深重的人物,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">通過一場類似政變的權力轉移,完成了獨裁向專制的回歸。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">鄧小平上台後,實行&#8220;換湯不換藥&#8221;的政治實用主義,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">為飽受毛澤東們折磨、動蕩翻覆不已的中國帶來表面穩定,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">知識界告別了長達三十年被無端凌辱、打擊的不堪之痛。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但毛澤東締造的國家基本制度、尤其是意識形態體系,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">被悉心維護下來。中國結束了文革,卻留下了文革之源。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">1979年,在一系列權力、利益交易完成後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">新的權力格局和國家統治方略得以確立。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;當代中國這次最大的歷史錯位,使人民付出的代價之高,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">將在此後近四十年時間中,一次又一次展現出來。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1949年,在某種意義上,在中國歷史的特殊環境中,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">共產黨對中國的征服還是天意人心所在,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">起碼是中國不可回避的宿命。如同劉賓雁、李慎之、顧准、何家棟、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">李銳、朱厚澤等人所論,如果不是毛澤東,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國革命有可能出現較為開明、溫和、人道、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">甚至有限自由和民主的局面,從而走上在《新民主主義論》、《</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">論聯合政府》、尤其是《共同綱領》中闡述和承諾過的道路。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">從1976年到1979年中國道路的抉擇,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">決不是人民意志的實現,王申酉的犧牲、魏京生的入獄和&#8220;民主牆&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">的封閉表明,中共新當權者同樣沒有基本的現代意識,他們在&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一榮俱榮、一損俱損&#8221;的共識下,力圖超越赫魯曉夫,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">直接采用勃烈日涅夫主義,在&#8220;安定&#8221;和&#8220;團結&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">幌子下繼續實行專制。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1949年毛澤東登基,劉賓雁就沒有感到&#8220;高興和激動&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他那時就預感到,共產黨可能給老百姓溫飽,但是&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">不會給人民快樂和自由&#8221;,他&#8220;內心深處並不喜歡這個制度&#8221;。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">1979年,劉賓雁與極少數頭腦清醒的人士一樣,再次認識到,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">歷史並沒有走上正道,人民被出賣了,中國前途堪憂。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 擺在他個人面前的,仍然有兩條路,一條是與新的勝利者合作,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而這與他的天性和命運早已南轅北轍;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">另一條是繼續1957年以後的人生選擇。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;二</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 在集中營疲憊的漫長徒步行軍中,在冰冷的寒夜裡,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">點點孤燈透過黑暗偶</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 爾照亮了囚徒的隊伍。不只一次,我們渴望著,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">要向世界吐出長久哽塞在喉頭</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 的郁結&#8230;&#8230;。此刻,我們心裡非常清楚,代表我們的這位幸運使者,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他只需放</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 聲吶喊,整個世界必將報以回應。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &#8212;&#8212;【俄】亞歷山大&#8226;索爾仁尼琴</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1979年,摘掉右派帽子的劉賓雁飽經風霜的面容背後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">已經完成了一次深刻的內心革命:從&#8220;革命的良心&#8221;變成&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人民的良心&#8221;。劉賓雁永遠變換了歷史身份,他成了人民中的一員,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">被侮辱、被損害,被歧視、被踐踏的最底層成員。塞萬提斯、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">陀思妥耶夫斯基曾經在苦役和絞刑架下&#8220;設身處地、將心比己&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">地放棄了貴族意識和一切優越感。索爾仁尼琴寫道,只有&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在古拉格群島,則是幾百萬人的頭腦和靈魂,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">真實而且永遠地陷入奴隸、囚徒、伐木工和礦工的境地,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在世界歷史上第一次(在這樣的規模上)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">使社會的上層和下層的經驗融合起來了!</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">只有群島的知識分子犯人才最終失卻了由於憐憫下層而出現的優越感</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&#8221;,從而在世界文學史上出現了一個嶄新的領域:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">下層人描繪下層人。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;比斯大林主義更恐怖的毛澤東主義已經以&#8220;物質的、鐵一般&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">的形式在中國建立起來了。直到這時劉賓雁也沒有與革命告別(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">革命對於劉賓雁,猶如初戀,永遠不可能告別,至於後來《</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">告別革命》一書中那種理性、詩意、布爾喬亞式的&#8220;告別&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在劉賓雁的人生哲學和辭藻裡,不可能出現),更沒有與革命&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">決裂&#8221;(他一生都沒有&#8220;拋棄&#8221;馬克思和共產主義,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">也許他最終也沒有找到比他當年遭遇後者更使自己覺得這個世界值得</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">為之奮鬥乃至犧牲的那種啟示)。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但劉賓雁發現了對革命的可怕背叛和革命自身的異化。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;民國肇始,孫中山、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">蔣中正等國民黨人對中國和世界大勢已有較清晰和客觀的認識,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國可能走上逐步自由、民主、憲政的道路,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">正面滿足中國民族主義(&#8220;恢復中華&#8221;,收回失地,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">廢除列強不平等條約&#8230;&#8230;)和社會正義與進步(法律、經濟、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">政治平等、個人權利與自由&#8230;&#8230;)的歷史性要求。借助孫、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">蔣二人的儒家和基督教背景,中國還有可能在東、西方文明對話、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">交融的偉大進程中,扮演不可或缺的重要角色。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">由於一系列外來因緣和偶發事變(主要是凡爾賽條約、西安事變、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">日本入侵、蘇軍出兵東北),代表中國主流傳統和歷史方向,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">以知識界、新興資產階級、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">社會賢達和富裕守法農民為主體的現代化進程,被可悲地阻斷。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇美冷戰和國共內戰把中國推向另一種命運。毛澤東對馬克思、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">列寧和斯大林主義的創造性貢獻在於,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">把人民提高到無產階級和共產黨之上,再把自己封為人民領袖。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他發現並堅信,中國數以億計的人民(其基本成員是毫無現代意識,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">缺少文化教養,對世界無所貢獻而充滿疑惑和仇恨的無賴痞子),</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">正是這些缺乏獨立思想、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人道關懷和自由精神而數量巨大的芸芸群氓,相對於馬克思的&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">生產力&#8221;、&#8220;歷史規律&#8221;,列寧的&#8220;職業革命家&#8221;、&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">布爾什維克鐵的紀律&#8221;,斯大林的&#8220;無產階級專政&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">和內務部行刑隊,具有不可比擬的破壞性力量。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;人類歷史上,還沒有第二個人像毛澤東那樣,把&#8220;人民&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">推舉到如此令人眩目的地位,毛澤東的所有想像力、創造性、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">靈感和力量,都是在&#8220;人民&#8221;的名義下獲得的,&#8220;人民&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">代替了上帝、真理、永恆和無限,毛澤東發明和制造了&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人民拜物教&#8221;。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;勿庸贅述,人民從來是毛澤東的工具,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">玩弄人民於股掌間的毛澤東是中國現代最大的劫數,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而要最終化解這個劫數,擺脫和摒棄毛澤東的幽靈,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">需要特殊的智慧和罕見的勇氣。堂堂中華,偌大中國,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">只有劉賓雁將毛澤東強加於中國的&#8220;遺產&#8221;分撿於光天化日之下。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國人第一次看到了自己的真正面目,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">明白了他們遭受著什麼力量的支配,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他們的命運坎陷到了什麼樣的田地。與索爾仁尼琴一樣,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁親身領教了毛澤東們直接加諸的磨難,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他已經從這場革命的血腥過程和恐怖前景,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">將當年的懷疑和憂慮轉變為批判和抗議,&#8212;&#8212;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他已經在精神世界和道德王國與中國共產黨分道揚鑣了。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;無論如何禁絕,無論中國如何被虛無主義征服到何種田地,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">1979年《人民文學》九月號發表的《人妖之間》都像一道鋒刃,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">割開了中國層層密織的面紗,堪稱中國文學、歷史、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">新聞和政治思想史上劃時代的作品。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;這是1949年以後三十年間第一聲洪鐘大呂,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">是1957年中國萬馬齊鳴二十二年以後振聾發聵的稀世警鐘,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">是對全面奴化狀態依然籠罩中國的混沌昏庸時世的當頭棒喝。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">近三十年過去,它所激起的排空巨浪依然高懸於中國歷史天空。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 《人妖之間》主人公王守信,與權力人物結為死黨,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">幾年間由一名土匪姘頭、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">媒建公司收款員上升為黑龍江賓縣事實上的統治者之一,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">具體而微地完成了權力結構、功能及其交換的全部過程,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">完成了中國社會的&#8220;大顛倒&#8221;。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 異化(Entfremdung),無論在黑格爾、費爾巴哈,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">還是馬克思那裡,主體外化為異己力量,都是&#8220;上帝本質&#8221;、&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">絕對觀念&#8221;和&#8220;歷史規律&#8221;中最重要的現像。《人妖之間》</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">第一次發現,國家最高權力的異化,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">乃是天下底下最深重的災變和最可怕的倒退。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;馬克思從解剖商品入手,對資本主義進行了獨特的分析批判,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">被恩格斯概括為對人類文明的重大貢獻。劉賓雁從權力異化開始,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">對中國無疑是對當代中國具有顛覆意義的重大發現。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;考茨基、盧森堡、魏特林、吉拉斯、盧卡奇、葛朗西、馬爾庫塞、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">弗洛姆等東西方馬克思主義者都曾對共產主義走向極權主義和絕對主</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">義作過研究,劉賓雁的獨特貢獻在於,他把晦澀抽像的哲學概念&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">還原&#8221;到了二十世紀人類最大一片試驗地&#8212;&#8212;中國社會,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">提示了權力異化這個籠罩在億萬性靈命運之上的時代之謎。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 劉賓雁指出,&#8220;王守信絕不是一種獨立的社會現像,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">她不過是一團污水中的一顆泡沫,貧瘠土壤上的一株莠草。&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">通過對這顆泡沫和這株莠草的解剖,劉賓雁以其簡潔的文字,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">對中國人民發出了前所未有的危機信號:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;這種&#8220;社會主義&#8221;交換,比起資本主義交換確實有相當大的&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">優越性&#8221;:交換雙</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;方個人不須擁有資本,不須支出任何私有財物,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">不冒任何虧損或破產的危險,而各有</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;所得。事情非常明顯,每一次這種交換,都不能不突破政策界限,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">都不能不間接或直</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;接給社會主義公有財產損害,或都使黨紀國法失靈,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">往往又是二者兼而有之。而在這</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;種反復不已的交換中,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">黨政干部本身也就逐漸蛻化為吞噬人民脂膏和吞食社會主義制</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;度的蛀蟲。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;中國權力異化的一大惡果,是人民的普遍物化和道德淪喪。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">連王守信這樣一名毫無任何現代文明意識的半文盲,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">居然發自本能地運用毛澤東們發明的枷鎖,鉗制對手,總攬大局,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">實行&#8220;全面專政&#8221;。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;在形式上,劉賓雁與毛澤東一樣,信奉&#8220;人民至上&#8221;、&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人民萬能&#8221;。但二人之間的分歧卻如天壤之別。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁從來沒有任何利用人民以謀私欲的陰暗心理,他為人厚道、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">正直、真誠,一生沒有任何損人利己的劣行。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他們之間的差異不僅在道德上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而且在對歷史真實和人性本質的洞察和理解上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁遠比毛澤東深刻、坦蕩、富於真知卓見。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;在當代中國,劉賓雁第一個指出,人民與共產黨、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">毛澤東並不等同,也並不一致,如果兩者出現矛盾、衝突,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">責任全在後者。劉賓雁更深刻的發現是,人民也可能蛻化,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">甚至可能墮落,而這正是毛澤東們不可寬恕的罪過。能使&#8220;廣義上、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">宏觀意義上不會出錯&#8221;的人民變壞,這是中國獨有的悲劇,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁由此臨近了中國命運最復雜最令人驚心動魄的歷史內幕。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;事實上,從1949年、1957年、1966年、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">1989年以來,毛澤東們在相當程度和規模上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">不僅限於社會制度和意識形態領域,而且在道德、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">精神和人性上征服了中國。在《人妖之間》,小小賓縣裡的人民,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">已經在精神上瀕臨破產了。正是毛澤東在天安門城樓上高呼&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人民萬歲&#8221;的時代,中國社會發生了大分化,人民出現了大變異、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">大墮落。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;三</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 在這個世界上,如同黑暗中朦朧的閃光,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我們由黑暗的沒有意識的物質存在的</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 無有之中出現了片刻。我們必須好好利用理性的要求,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">創造一個對得起我們自己,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 對得起那我們只是朦朧察覺到了其目標的生活。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &#8212;&#8212;【俄】安德烈&#8226;薩哈羅夫</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;魯迅曾被人稱為&#8220;民族魂&#8221;。他的最大貢獻,是寫下了《</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">狂人日記》和《阿Q正傳》兩篇揭示中國國民性的小說。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">日益增加的檔案材料表明,魯迅關於國民性的&#8220;發現&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">來自北一輝、藤田劍鋒、大隈重信、宮崎滔天、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">幸得秋水和內藤湖南等日本近代軍國主義精英的&#8220;支那觀&#8221;、&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國印像&#8221;。在魯迅那裡,中國人愚昧、自私、冷漠,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">已經無藥可救。惟有仰仗&#8220;外力&#8221;(日本入侵和斯大林主義入主),</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國這所&#8220;鐵屋子&#8221;才可能打破。他對中國歷史的詛咒:&#8220;吃人&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">被奉為對中國的最大發現。魯迅精神的西方譜系源自尼采、叔本華、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">易蔔生、波德萊爾、王爾德等近代虛無主義和價值取消派。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">魯迅在中國的得勢,他在1949年以後的至尊地位,他對仇恨、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">暴力、專制的公開頌揚,他對溫情、諒解、懺悔、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">寬恕和一切人道主義的公開進攻,完全契合毛澤東們的需要。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">毛澤東革命造反的第一根據,就是舊中國人民的&#8220;悲慘命運&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">它是新中國人民偉大的必要前提和自然反題。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">魯迅和毛澤東對中國國民性的論斷,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">正是他們設計的歷史天秤的兩端。魯迅深得毛澤東青睞,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">尤其在文革時期被抬高到與馬恩列斯並列(其實更高)的地位,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">豈非偶然!當年的狂人、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">阿Q們已經被毛澤東改造和培養成了一代又一代共產主義接班人:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">土改和鎮反的劊子手,反右運動的打手和積極分子,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">文革中的造反派和紅衛兵,《人妖之間》裡的王守信。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">魯迅的貢獻在於為革命捏造了一個奴隸式的自然基礎,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">毛澤東則把這個基礎發展和上升為一代禽獸、法西斯黨徒和奴隸主。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">從1936年魯迅去世到1976年毛澤東去世40年間,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一部分中國人從奴隸變成了主子,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這就是中國二十世紀下半葉上演的變形記。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">魯迅污陷孔子是由權勢者們捧起來的偶像。今天,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">稍有歷史常識的中國人都清楚,從他病逝到文化大革命,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">先被上海地下黨和左翼文人包裝成&#8220;民族魂&#8221;,既而被先在延安、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">後在北京的毛澤東冊封為&#8220;中國一等聖人&#8221;。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而他虛構的狂人和阿Q們,已經早已衝決&#8220;禮教&#8221;和&#8220;封建&#8221;羅網,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">成為天安門廣場山呼海嘯般地向全世界公開顯示神權浩蕩的現代奴隸</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">,進而演變成現代極權主義的巨大肉身。他們愚昧、自私、冷漠、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">滑稽依然,卻平添了狂妄、殘忍、無恥、虛偽,這就是這位&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">代表中華民族新文化的&#8221;&#8220;最正確、最勇敢、最堅決、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">最熱忱的空前的民族英雄&#8221;,&#8220;中國文化革命的偉人&#8221;、&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國第一聖人&#8221;、&#8220;真正的馬克思主義者&#8221;、&#8220;徹底的唯物主義者&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">,對現代中國的貢獻。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;劉賓雁痛心疾首地發現,與共產黨一樣,人民出現了大退化。&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">經過反右和文革,許多中國人良心消失,懺悔意識消失,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">不能獨立思考,不信守諾言,相互仇恨、猜忌,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">冷酷和仇恨成為主要人性,弄虛作假,嫉妒成性,告密成風,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">刑訊逼供,野蠻殘忍,沒有思想,健忘,易滿足,因幻覺代表現實&#8230;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&#8230;&#8221;。&#8220;中國人不承認傑出的天才人物,不承認才智上的豪傑,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但他們承認暴力的豪傑,越是優秀的人、越是傑出的人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在中國越難生存,中國為什麼會成為一個庸才的天堂?&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 在王守信的&#8220;學習班&#8221;、&#8220;賽師會&#8221;上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁為後人留下了一幅風俗白描:&#8220;又擊起鼓來,又接著作詩。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人人心裡也有個鼓,咚咚敲個不停,都是成天鼓搗煤的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">會做啥詩呀?有人只好硬憋,直冒汗,准保一輩子倒了胃口,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">以後聽見詩就和發抖。你不作詩,不罵得蠍虎點,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">就要懷疑到你頭上來,那可不是鬧著玩的呢。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">有人偷偷溜到別人背後,看人家編個啥,沒文化,憋不出來的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">索性站起來朗誦散文&#8212;&#8212;破口大罵&#8230;&#8230;,祖國啊,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這就是人民共和國的主人,無產階級的主人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這就是我們的工人階級嗎?王守信&#8212;&#8212;這就是工人階級的先進部隊,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">共產黨員嗎?&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;劉賓雁借助外語優勢達到的理論高度,在中國作家極為罕見。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但是&#8220;對馬克思主義理論的興趣,隨著據說是它的偉大勝利(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國的解放)而同時淡化消失,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">又因為對中國和蘇聯的教條主義而厭惡透了&#8221;。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他卻因此悟出另一個重要得多的真理:在中國,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">由於中共當局不可與言,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">又由於理論界普遍缺乏道德擔當和理論勇氣,因此,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">關於制度和意識形態的論爭,既不可能又無價值。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而中國社會的演變和人民的真實狀態,則是比理論問題、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">包括上層政治重要得多,真正值得關注和分析的大問題。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &#8220;二十二年與世隔絕,得天之助,一是體驗了人民的苦難,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">養成點平民意識;同時不受官場沾染,保持了感覺的&#8216;童真&#8217;。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">因而,1979年初一旦&#8216;改正&#8217;,仍用三十歲時的眼睛看現實,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">遂覺得不可容忍,寫出《人妖之間》。於是,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">重演一遍二十三年前的故事,一舉成名&#8221;。安徒生的天才之作《</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">皇帝的新裝》在二百年後的中國找到了知音。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁撕裂了新中國冠冕堂皇的面具:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這個國家一天也沒有屬於人民,正相反,名義上、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">法律上的國家主人&#8212;&#8212;人民,已經異化為被欺騙、被利用的群氓,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">淪落為被蹂躪、被驅使的奴僕,被剝奪、被出賣的草菅鯨首。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 一個新的統治集團、新的特權階級,已經凌駕於人民之上。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國社會統治者與被統治者之間,主人與僕人之間,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">共產黨與人民之間,人與妖之間,已經通過各種形式的分化和組合,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">完成了一次歷史上絕無僅有的異位與復辟。《人妖之間》</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">發行了140萬份。由於人人要看,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">所以無論圖書館的或個人訂閱的,都被人們借走。每次以幾小時計,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">連續傳閱,直至被磨搓得不像樣子為止。在有些工廠和學校,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">由於大家都急於先睹為快,而雜志只有一份,於是便在下班、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">放學之後不回家,集聚起來,由一人朗讀。&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一九七九年中國的文學作品第一次走進普通人的生活,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">成為很多人生活裡不可缺少的一個部分。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">大部分小說或揭露文化大革命的悲劇,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">或揭示現實中影響千百萬人命運的矛盾,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">因而受到從知識分子到普通青年勞動者的歡迎。但是直接描述、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">分析共產黨組織的腐敗和社會的嚴重病患,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">並且寫的就是仍然發生在眼前的現像,又是紀實性的,《人妖之間》</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">是第一篇。&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;富於原創力和獨立精神的美學家高爾泰指出:&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">如果不聯系當代中國的社會現實,不聯系中國人民在與&#8216;極右&#8217;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">勢力進行的艱難困苦而又百折不撓的鬥爭中形成的價值觀念&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">那麼中國的現代派們&#8220;是連接受美學也接受不了的&#8221;。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他以其獨有的精神視野評價劉賓雁作品的獨特意義:&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">如果說西方美學的諸流派要比我們的文學評論更科學些,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">那麼我願意指出,無論是唯美主義的佩特還是未來主義的馬裡內蒂;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">是意識流派的詹姆斯還是表現主義的布萊希特;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">是超現實主義的布列東還是新小說派的葛利葉;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">是結構主義的弗拉亥還是語言學派的瑞恰茲,都不能說明,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">為什麼劉賓雁的報告文學,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">以馬蒂斯式的粗線條而能如此以雷霆萬鈞的力量,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">震撼著億萬人的心靈。&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;近三十年過去,中國和世界發生了巨大變化,劉賓雁在《</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人妖之間》裡對中國的&#8220;發現&#8221;,不但沒有&#8220;過時&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">反而為權力異化的歷史性災難所證實。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">當年王守信似乎無師自通獲得的膽量和能耐,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">已經被整個政權和全社會(尤其1989&#8220;六&#8226;四&#8221;後)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">接受並極度恢宏堂皇地發展了。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">今日中國權力與金錢的神聖聯盟已經成為現代世界最大極權制度抵御</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一切壓力、危機、風險,拒絕自由、民主、人權最強大的力量。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一個新的、龐大無朋的幽靈在東方徘徊,馬克思、恩格斯、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">列寧們地下有知,當會目瞪口呆,用&#8220;龍種生下跳蚤&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">已不能比喻其間的變異。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">全世界神智正常的人們對這個戴著各種面具的歷史怪物,除了迷茫、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">厭惡外,似乎無能為力。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;在八十壽筵答謝辭中,劉賓雁再次把目光凝聚在人民身上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">當下中國充斥著對帝王將相歌功頌德的作品,引起他極大的失望。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">激憤之極,劉賓雁厲聲譴責中國人遭受專制是&#8220;活該!&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;中國人先在毛澤東統治下淪為狂熱、極端愚昧的政治性物種,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">後在鄧小平、江澤民的權錢聯盟裡,集體墮落,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">乃是中外歷史上絕無僅有的歷史大潰退。盡管如此,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁還是把希望寄放在人民身上。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">四</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;冥辰高懸在我們頭頂,無辜的</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;俄羅斯在痛苦掙扎;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8230;&#8230;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;假如他們真要封住我受傷的嘴,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;就讓那些我為他們說話的千百萬人</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;讓他們來代替我。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;並讓他們每年記住</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;每當我的祭日來臨。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;我不只為我自己祈禱</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;我的呼聲是為了那兒所有和我在一起的人們</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8212;&#8212;為了所有的人。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;他們在寒冬腊月裡,在七月的熱浪中,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;站在那堵不通風的深紅色的牆下。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&#8212;&#8212;【俄】阿赫瑪托娃</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1985年1月,《第二種忠誠》在《鐘山》發表,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">立即引起海內外強烈反響。是年,文革結束已近十年,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國歷史道路危情潛伏,准備復辟倒退、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">收拾殘局的舊勢力磨刀霍霍。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">時代亟需的對國家基本制度和意識形態體系進行嚴肅反思的局面一再</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">被阻斷,毛派&#8220;極左&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">勢力的反撲和復活已經直接危及到艱難步履的中國。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">不對毛澤東的罪過進行揭露,不檢討那個時代駭人聽聞的悲劇,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">不發現與那些罪過和悲劇相對峙、相抗衡的精神,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國就不可能在精神上前進半步,隨時可能出現專制復辟。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;正是出於對中國歷史與現實命運的雙重關切,劉賓雁以&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">第二種忠誠&#8221;為名,在近半個世紀中無人敢於問津的政治、歷史、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">法律、外交、司法、軍隊、人性和毛澤東以及雷鋒等領域縱橫激越,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">鋒芒所向,盡在要害。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;彭德懷給毛澤東的萬言書,是中共上層裡&#8220;革命良心&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">對獨裁者的一次罕見的譎諫,後來演變成殘酷的政治陷害。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在此之外,兩代中國人只能傾聽和仰視最高領袖。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">聽憑他們指點江山,品評歷史,裁斷是非,制定國家大法,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">操控億萬人命運,一切天經地義。劉賓雁將兩封&#8220;萬言書&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">公諸於眾,直截了當地拷問毛澤東亡靈和當政的鄧小平。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1881年3月,亞歷山大二世被謀刺後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">俄國民意黨執行委員會把一封致亞歷山大三世的公開信印在&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">富有光澤的羊皮紙上&#8221;,投進涅瓦大街郵筒裡。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">同時有一萬三千份復印件在俄國各地散發。民意黨人指出,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">現在俄國&#8220;並不存在真正意義的政府,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">政府按其本質來說只應當表達人民的願望,只應當實現人民的意志。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&#8221;然而,在俄國,&#8220;政府已墮落為清一色的奸黨,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">並且比起執行委員會來更加適合於稱之為一幫篡位的匪徒。&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他們提出了兩個條件:一、大赦政治犯;二、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">由俄國人民的代表重新審查現行國家和社會生活方式,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">並按照人民的意願進行改造。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;亞歷山大三世不顧警告,對五名謀刺人士(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">其中一名是著名女革命家索菲亞)判處絞刑。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;奉行非暴力主義的托爾斯泰致信亞歷山大三世,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">指出俄國面臨著三條道路:&#8220;以惡報惡的鎮壓之路;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">自由主義的縱容之路;沙皇以一個基督徒的身份,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">履行上帝旨意的寬恕之路。&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;亞歷山大三世拒絕了托爾斯泰(同時給沙皇寫信的還有二十余名&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">俄羅斯的良知&#8221;,他們也都遭到拒絕)。二十年後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">托氏再次致信沙皇(尼古拉二世),措辭已不再是懇求,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他的警告直率而嚴厲:&#8220;歷代沙皇都可能並確實是怪物和瘋子,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">獨裁是一種過時的政府形式,&#8230;&#8230;最重要的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">是整整一億人民會異口同聲地要求自由。&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;羅曼諾夫王朝當然不是因為民意黨人的謀刺、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">傳單和托爾斯泰伯爵的信函而倒台,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">卻是後者的告誡一再被置若罔聞的必然後果。將近四十年後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">沙俄帝制在戰爭和革命的血泊中土崩瓦解,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">末代沙皇尼古拉二世在和平遜位之後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">還未能免於被布爾什維克滿門屠殺的噩運。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;二十世紀七十年代初,諾貝爾文學獎獲得者索爾仁尼琴、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">諾貝爾和平獎獲得者薩哈羅夫等蘇聯著名持不同政見者先後致信蘇聯</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">領導人,就一系列涉及蘇俄重大命運的問題提出告誡和建議。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">與沙皇俄國一樣,蘇聯共產黨統治集團對這些最無私最坦率、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">也最有價值的告誡視若無睹。不到二十年,在沒有外來戰爭、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人民起義和恐怖刺殺的情況下,第一個社會主義超級大國、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">世界共產主義運動的策源地戲劇般地崩潰了。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;全球最大一片土地先後相續的兩個帝國,沒有被拿破侖、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">希特勒的戰爭機器摧毀,卻在歷史真理、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">時代良知和人的自由本性面前分崩離析了,而真理、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">良知和自由通常是由知識人來表達的。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;向暴君和獨裁者公開或私下致書,提出勸諷和告誡,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">是古今中外所有專制社會的特有現像。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁本人就曾經以信函方式提醒毛澤東&#8220;一個特權階層已經形成,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">黨內占優勢的是權條主義與宗派主義,黨內高級干部存在&#8216;變色龍&#8217;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">,黨群關系惡遍惡化&#8230;&#8230;&#8221;,他那時不可能知道,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">毛澤東就是中國最大的特權人物和變色龍。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;在《第二種忠誠裡》,劉賓雁公布的兩封&#8220;萬言書&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">均出自普通士兵。它們的公諸於世,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">像兩把利斧劈開了中國最高統治者的世襲領地和政治黑箱,以&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">民不畏死,奈何以死懼之&#8221;的勇氣,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">以真正的人民名義和個人的良知高度指控和質問毛澤東:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 我認為,中共中央近來在國內外的路線、方針、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">政策方面取得重大成績的同時,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 犯有一系列嚴重的錯誤,其中有一些屬於原則性方向性錯誤。本來,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">任何政黨和個</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 人在漫長的歷史征途中犯這樣那樣的錯誤是不足為怪的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但是最危險最可怕的是中</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 共中央至今根本沒有意識到自己犯了什麼嚴重錯誤&#8230;&#8230;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 造成這些錯誤的原因是多方面的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但是其中最主要的就是對毛主席的個人崇拜</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 或個人迷信&#8230;&#8230;你老人家實質上不允許別人批評你的缺點錯誤,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">對於稍微尖銳一些</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 的原則性批評,馬上翻臉,進行殘酷鬥爭和打擊。&#8230;&#8230;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">什麼南斯拉夫、蘇聯、波蘭、</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 匈牙利、法國、意大利、美國、印度&#8230;&#8230;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">那些國家的共產黨都會犯錯誤,唯獨中國</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 共產黨是唯一的例外&#8230;&#8230;,你口口聲聲說馬克思主義是不怕批評的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但事實恰恰相</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 反,遠的不說,1957年到現在,哪一個&#8216;批評&#8217;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">毛澤東思想的人有過什麼好的結局</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 呢?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 接下來,&#8220;萬言書&#8221;滿懷憂慮地預感到,遲早總有一天,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">包括劉少奇、周恩來、朱德、陳雲、林彪、鄧小平&#8230;&#8230;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">等等在內的許多中央領導人都可能被打成反黨、反革命、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">修正主義分子!最後,作者告誡毛澤東&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">千萬不要重蹈斯大林的覆轍!&#8221;否則,&#8220;不錯則已,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一犯錯誤就錯到底,後患無窮&#8221;。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 毫無疑問,這是對共產極權的最高權威的挑戰,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">意味著一個被掩蓋的歷史進程早已存在於表面鐵板一塊式的中國社會</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中。&#8220;萬言書&#8221;作者之一陳世忠明確拒絕充當雷鋒式的工具,&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他唯上級命令是從,他預先就斷定了你(毛澤東)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">永遠是絕對正確的。&#8230;&#8230;一旦你說錯了話,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">你代表黨中央做出了錯誤決定,又有誰能夠幫助你們糾正呢?&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 雷鋒作為毛澤東精心培養的奴隸典型,其反人性、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">反文明更甚於王守信。它作為毛澤東絕對權威和權力狂的必要陪襯,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">作為公然變人為齒輪、螺絲釘、耳目、鷹犬的標本,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在道德和倫理上發生過異常虛偽和卑劣的影響。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">雷鋒式共產主義道德楷模的無恥和可怕,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">使中國歷史的偽君子和宦閹之徒都會自愧弗如。在《人妖之間》裡,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁發現的是中國令人絕望的最大陰暗面,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">毛澤東極權主義帶給中國社會的人民分化,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">權力異化帶給人民的腐蝕和毒化惡果。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 《第二種忠誠》是中國現代文學和社會政治思想史的裡程碑作品,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">標志著中國歷史和精神發展中一種新範疇的出現,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">標志著中國人民在普遍奴化、獸化、物化過程中,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">同時出現的另一種重大變化。一種新思想和新人、新的人道主義和&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人民至上&#8221;觀的確立。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 《第二種忠誠》破天荒第一次把顛倒的歷史顛倒過來。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁把兩名死囚變成原告,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">把毛澤東和那直接濫殺無辜的劊子手還原成被告。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">歷史以其異常曲折的形式證明,兩封萬言書的公開展示,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">不僅大大拓展了中國人民的政治視野和人生境界,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">撕開了中國政治生活最厚密的帷幕、最森嚴的禁忌,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而且直接預告了中國現代民主運動的前景。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁將這種類似專制社會的&#8220;死諫&#8221;冠以&#8220;第二種忠誠&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">分明是對幾十年來肆虐成災的奴隸主義的鄙棄,而把真實的&#8220;人民&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">寫在時代的旗幟上。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">它是對極權統治的政治術語和語言符號的無畏挑戰,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在中國第一次公開頌揚獨立而非依附,清醒而非盲從,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">服膺真理而不崇拜任何偶像的人道主義和人民性,&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在中國政治原野上雖然貧弱而稀少&#8221;的新人和新思想。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 《第二種忠誠》同時把鋒芒指向&#8220;無產階級專政&#8221;本身。&#8220;萬言書&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">作者目睹了&#8220;在光天化日之下,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">當著一百多名犯人的面干下的殺人罪行。&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">目擊者陳世忠與死者非親非故,但在他本人冤案平反後第三天,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">就不斷奔走為死者鳴冤,要求懲罰凶手。他在《人血不是水》</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中呼吁中國人&#8220;想一想,死者的親屬&#9472;&#9472;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">年輕的寡婦和孤兒這些年是怎麼過來的!想一想,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人民鋼鐵長城的聲譽怎能讓殺人凶手玷污!想一想,這些制造假像、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">殺人邀功的敗類至今還隱藏在黨內、軍內,成為我們事業的接班人!</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">再想想,這件事本來很可能輪到你、我、他的頭上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">如果被害人是你的親屬,你又該怎麼想?&#8230;&#8230;還有,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這種事若不查個水落石出,連同&#8216;文化大革命&#8217;一切徹底否定掉,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">你能擔保今後不會再發生嗎?&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 劉賓雁評論道:&#8220;問得有理,&#8230;&#8230;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">然而引起我思索的卻不是他的這些觀點,而是他的那種感情,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">說起來似乎也很簡單,無非是古已有之的人對人的同情吧,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但是在陳世忠身上,這種感情為什麼這樣強烈,如此執著,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">本人二十年的凄涼遭遇沒能衝破它,幾千萬人經歷的曠古浩劫(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">那十年,死一個人又算得了什麼呢!)也未能使它麻木呢?&#8221;&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">陳世忠不可能是個先知先覺,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">黨內水平比他高出許多倍的有識之士多得很,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">難得的是他在那種境地竟然如此坦率地陳述自己的意見。&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 1962年,《伊凡&#8226;傑尼索維奇的一天》在《新世界》發表,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">主編特瓦爾多夫斯基在簡短的《代序》中寫道:&#8220;一個新的、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">獨特的並且是完全成熟的巨匠進入了我們的文壇。&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">索爾仁尼琴從此改寫了蘇俄文學史,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">並且在八年後摘取了諾貝爾文學獎。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 不難設想,劉賓雁即使沒有提到毛澤東,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">只是把那樁虐殺囚犯的事件非常&#8220;文學化&#8221;地展開為一個中篇,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">其藝術和社會成效也許與《一天》有同工異曲之妙。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 富於獨立精神的文學評論家劉再復認為,在中國,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">任何想感動世界的作品必須首先感動自己祖國的人民,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他認為劉賓雁的作品是中國文壇上的重大現像,&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">如果不是他們經歷過一個苦難的時代,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">如果不是他們經受過一次心靈的煉獄,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">如果不是他們本身所具備的高度的良知水平,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">如果不是他們有一種獻身於社會和獻身於文學事業的英勇精神和道義</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">力量,這種散文是無法出現的。這種散文的出現,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">標志著中國作家精神狀態的巨大轉變。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">它是我們民族心靈遭到巨大創傷之後的一種補償,&#8230;&#8230;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">是作家自由本質的一次光輝的實現。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">只有心靈受到十年震撼和折磨的中國人民,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">才知道這種散文是怎樣的寶貴和值得珍惜&#8221;。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 《第二種忠誠》是在歷史真理和道德理想的領域與毛澤東的決裂,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">其顛覆性的意義至今猶存:極權主義和暴君政治的彌天大謊&#8212;&#8212;&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">為人民服務&#8221;&#8212;&#8212;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">像舞台上紙糊的布景開始翻轉出它滿是灰塵和蛛網的背面。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 在此之前,從華沙到布拉格,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">東歐人民在匈牙利起義被血腥鎮壓二十多年後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">再次走上掙脫斯大林主義鎖鏈的&#8220;光榮荊棘路&#8221;。知識界、工人、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">教會和黨內改革派正式結成聯盟。瓦丘利克的《2000字宣言》、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">希克教授和裡赫塔博士的《行動綱領》、瓦文薩們的《21條要求》</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">以及哈維爾、昆德拉、米奇尼克們已把&#8220;自由&#8221;、&#8220;民主&#8221;、&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人道&#8221;、&#8220;自治&#8221;、&#8220;獨立&#8221;堂而皇之地寫入歷史的天空,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">東歐大地的自由解放運動已不可逆轉。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 《第二種忠誠》雖然還停留在對歷史的清算和反思上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但在歷史精神上與蘇聯、東歐的自由化浪潮卻存在根本的契合:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">必須用真理、正義、人道戰勝專制、邪惡和暴力。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 五</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;夜深人靜。我走上月台。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;我倚靠在門框上,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;細聽往事的余音,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;揣度今後的浮生。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;夜色像千百只望遠鏡</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;一齊對准了我。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;亞伯天父啊,如果可以的話,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;免去我這一苦杯吧!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8212;&#8212;接下來,&#8220;萬言書&#8221;滿懷憂慮地預感到,遲早總有一天,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">包括劉少奇、周恩來、朱德、陳雲、林彪、鄧小平&#8230;&#8230;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">等等在內的許多中央領導人都可能被打成反黨、反革命、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">修正主義分子!最後,作者告誡毛澤東&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">千萬不要重蹈斯大林的覆轍!&#8221;否則,&#8220;不錯則已,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一犯錯誤就錯到底,後患無窮&#8221;。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;毫無疑問,這是對共產極權的最高權威的挑戰,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">意味著一個被掩蓋的歷史進程早已存在於表面鐵板一塊式的中國社會</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中。&#8220;萬言書&#8221;作者之一陳世忠明確拒絕充當雷鋒式的工具,&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他唯上級命令是從,他預先就斷定了你(毛澤東)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">永遠是絕對正確的。&#8230;&#8230;一旦你說錯了話,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">你代表黨中央做出了錯誤決定,又有誰能夠幫助你們糾正呢?&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;雷鋒作為毛澤東精心培養的奴隸典型,其反人性、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">反文明更甚於王守信。它作為毛澤東絕對權威和權力狂的必要陪襯,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">作為公然變人為齒輪、螺絲釘、耳目、鷹犬的標本,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在道德和倫理上發生過異常虛偽和卑劣的影響。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">雷鋒式共產主義道德楷模的無恥和可怕,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">使中國歷史的偽君子和宦閹之徒都會自愧弗如。在《人妖之間》裡,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁發現的是中國令人絕望的最大陰暗面,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">毛澤東極權主義帶給中國社會的人民分化,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">權力異化帶給人民的腐蝕和毒化惡果。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;《第二種忠誠》是中國現代文學和社會政治思想史的裡程碑作品,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">標志著中國歷史和精神發展中一種新範疇的出現,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">標志著中國人民在普遍奴化、獸化、物化過程中,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">同時出現的另一種重大變化。一種新思想和新人、新的人道主義和&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人民至上&#8221;觀的確立。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;《第二種忠誠》破天荒第一次把顛倒的歷史顛倒過來。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁把兩名死囚變成原告,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">把毛澤東和那直接濫殺無辜的劊子手還原成被告。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">歷史以其異常曲折的形式證明,兩封萬言書的公開展示,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">不僅大大拓展了中國人民的政治視野和人生境界,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">撕開了中國政治生活最厚密的帷幕、最森嚴的禁忌,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而且直接預告了中國現代民主運動的前景。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁將這種類似專制社會的&#8220;死諫&#8221;冠以&#8220;第二種忠誠&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">分明是對幾十年來肆虐成災的奴隸主義的鄙棄,而把真實的&#8220;人民&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">寫在時代的旗幟上。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">它是對極權統治的政治術語和語言符號的無畏挑戰,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在中國第一次公開頌揚獨立而非依附,清醒而非盲從,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">服膺真理而不崇拜任何偶像的人道主義和人民性,&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在中國政治原野上雖然貧弱而稀少&#8221;的新人和新思想。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;《第二種忠誠》同時把鋒芒指向&#8220;無產階級專政&#8221;本身。&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">萬言書&#8221;作者目睹了&#8220;在光天化日之下,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">當著一百多名犯人的面干下的殺人罪行。&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">目擊者陳世忠與死者非親非故,但在他本人冤案平反後第三天,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">就不斷奔走為死者鳴冤,要求懲罰凶手。他在《人血不是水》</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中呼吁中國人&#8220;想一想,死者的親屬&#9472;&#9472;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">年輕的寡婦和孤兒這些年是怎麼過來的!想一想,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人民鋼鐵長城的聲譽怎能讓殺人凶手玷污!想一想,這些制造假像、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">殺人邀功的敗類至今還隱藏在黨內、軍內,成為我們事業的接班人!</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">再想想,這件事本來很可能輪到你、我、他的頭上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">如果被害人是你的親屬,你又該怎麼想?&#8230;&#8230;還有,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這種事若不查個水落石出,連同&#8216;文化大革命&#8217;一切徹底否定掉,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">你能擔保今後不會再發生嗎?&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;劉賓雁評論道:&#8220;問得有理,&#8230;&#8230;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">然而引起我思索的卻不是他的這些觀點,而是他的那種感情,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">說起來似乎也很簡單,無非是古已有之的人對人的同情吧,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但是在陳世忠身上,這種感情為什麼這樣強烈,如此執著,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">本人二十年的凄涼遭遇沒能衝破它,幾千萬人經歷的曠古浩劫(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">那十年,死一個人又算得了什麼呢!)也未能使它麻木呢?&#8221;&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">陳世忠不可能是個先知先覺,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">黨內水平比他高出許多倍的有識之士多得很,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">難得的是他在那種境地竟然如此坦率地陳述自己的意見。&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;1962年,《伊凡&#8226;傑尼索維奇的一天》在《新世界》發表,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">主編特瓦爾多夫斯基在簡短的《代序》中寫道:&#8220;一個新的、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">獨特的並且是完全成熟的巨匠進入了我們的文壇。&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">索爾仁尼琴從此改寫了蘇俄文學史,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">並且在八年後摘取了諾貝爾文學獎。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;不難設想,劉賓雁即使沒有提到毛澤東,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">只是把那樁虐殺囚犯的事件非常&#8220;文學化&#8221;地展開為一個中篇,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">其藝術和社會成效也許與《一天》有同工異曲之妙。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;富於獨立精神的文學評論家劉再復認為,在中國,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">任何想感動世界的作品必須首先感動自己祖國的人民,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他認為劉賓雁的作品是中國文壇上的重大現像,&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">如果不是他們經歷過一個苦難的時代,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">如果不是他們經受過一次心靈的煉獄,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">如果不是他們本身所具備的高度的良知水平,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">如果不是他們有一種獻身於社會和獻身於文學事業的英勇精神和道義</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">力量,這種散文是無法出現的。這種散文的出現,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">標志著中國作家精神狀態的巨大轉變。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">它是我們民族心靈遭到巨大創傷之後的一種補償,&#8230;&#8230;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">是作家自由本質的一次光輝的實現。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">只有心靈受到十年震撼和折磨的中國人民,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">才知道這種散文是怎樣的寶貴和值得珍惜&#8221;。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;《第二種忠誠》是在歷史真理和道德理想的領域與毛澤東的決裂,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">其顛覆性的意義至今猶存:極權主義和暴君政治的彌天大謊&#8212;&#8212;&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">為人民服務&#8221;&#8212;&#8212;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">像舞台上紙糊的布景開始翻轉出它滿是灰塵和蛛網的背面。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;在此之前,從華沙到布拉格,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">東歐人民在匈牙利起義被血腥鎮壓二十多年後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">再次走上掙脫斯大林主義鎖鏈的&#8220;光榮荊棘路&#8221;。知識界、工人、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">教會和黨內改革派正式結成聯盟。瓦丘利克的《2000字宣言》、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">希克教授和裡赫塔博士的《行動綱領》、瓦文薩們的《21條要求》</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">以及哈維爾、昆德拉、米奇尼克們已把&#8220;自由&#8221;、&#8220;民主&#8221;、&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人道&#8221;、&#8220;自治&#8221;、&#8220;獨立&#8221;堂而皇之地寫入歷史的天空,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">東歐大地的自由解放運動已不可逆轉。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;《第二種忠誠》雖然還停留在對歷史的清算和反思上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但在歷史精神上與蘇聯、東歐的自由化浪潮卻存在根本的契合:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">必須用真理、正義、人道戰勝專制、邪惡和暴力。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">五</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;夜深人靜。我走上月台。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;我倚靠在門框上,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;細聽往事的余音,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;揣度今後的浮生。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;夜色像千百只望遠鏡</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;一齊對准了我。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;亞伯天父啊,如果可以的話,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;免去我這一苦杯吧!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8212;&#8212;鮑里斯&#183;列昂尼多維奇&#183;帕斯捷爾納克</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 從五十年代胡風的&#8220;精神奴役創傷&#8221;開始,經過馮雪峰、秦兆陽、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">邵荃麟到八十年代李澤厚從康德那裡借來的&#8220;人是目的&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">王若水等人對&#8220;異化&#8221;、&#8220;人道主義&#8221;的馬克思主義解釋。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在當代中國,有關人道主義的論爭充滿了風險。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁獨特的貢獻在於,他深知,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人道主義在中國的特殊困境從來不是經院哲學問題,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而是鐵一般的物質性現實,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">是極權制度對人本身進攻的所有細節和惡果。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">它集中在毛澤東為首的&#8220;極左&#8221;勢力對人民的壓迫和剝奪上。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 1986年11月21日,在天津南開大學的演講中,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁對當代中國的十個方面坦率地闡述了自己的觀點。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在談到人道主義的命運時,他說:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;人道主義的地位是什麼?它到底是目的?還是手段?&#8230;&#8230;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在俄國發生十月革命時,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;當時在極其特殊的條件下,鬥爭是非常殘酷的。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">有一個清醒的政治家,當時在德國已</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;經被逮捕了的盧森堡,一個女革命家,給列寧寫信,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">寫了本小冊子,向俄國布爾什維</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;克黨提出忠告,說你們一定要注意,無論革命環境如何的艱苦、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">如何的殘酷,但是希</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;望你們注意你們采取的手段,不要太暴烈,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">手段應該是人道主義的&#8230;&#8230;回顧我們幾十</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;年的歷史、幾十年國際共產主義的歷史,我認為有這樣的問題,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">文化大革命就是一個</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;最好的例子。國際上,共產黨的威信是怎麼樣被破壞的?</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">頭一個就是斯大林的所謂肅</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;反擴大犯,&#8230;&#8230;這是對共產黨威信的第一次打擊;第二次打擊,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">就是文化大革命;第</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;三次是最厲害的一次,就是柬埔寨波爾布特,我們扶植起來的。&#8230;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&#8230;就是在78或者</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;77年,&#8216;四人幫&#8217;剛剛垮台不久,當時華國鋒當政,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">汪東興也去過一次柬埔寨吧。這</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;一次流血,這一次屠殺,我們是不知道&#8230;&#8230;手段和目的這個問題,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我們不能不考慮!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 把劉賓雁封為中國&#8220;極左&#8221;勢力的公訴人,大概符合實情。在&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">極左&#8221;勢力充滿罪惡陰謀、也所向披靡的歷史上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁沒有改變力量對比,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但他改寫了中國最肆無忌憚的黑暗勢力的精神病歷,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">並多次用劉賓雁式的簡潔寫好了他們的墓志銘:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 極左路線,中國的極左路線,跟外國的極左路線不一樣。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">因為他們是掌權的,掌權的極左,又是東方的國家,它核心的東西,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">就是對人的仇視,對人的輕蔑,對人的侮辱,對人的踐踏,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">和對人的殘害。這個事情,毛澤東早就總結了,殘酷鬥爭,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">無情打擊。簡單說:不把人當人。&#8230;&#8230;極左路線把人變成了非人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">把應該享受自由的人變成了沒有自由的人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">把應該是有獨立人格的人變成了所謂馴服工具,把人變成獸。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這個過程,就包括人的內心,中國民眾心裡良心的消失。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一種懺悔心情的消失。作為人的特征的許多東西,獨立思考,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">信守諾言,&#8230;&#8230;良心消失了。&#8230;&#8230;發展起來的是什麼呢?相互仇恨、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">相互猜疑,冷酷;冷酷和仇恨成為美德。&#8230;&#8230;在這個基礎上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">又造成了全民族的恐懼,對暴力的恐懼,對權威或者叫領導的恐懼。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">明明是在那裡大行不義,但是我們可以袖手旁觀,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我們可以退避三舍,為了保住自己的烏紗帽,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">可以把全世界都毀滅掉。&#8230;&#8230;所以我說左的核心,中國的左,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">東方的左,就是反人性。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 1949年之後的中國,一反人性常態和文明成法,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">歌功頌德成為億萬中國人的唯一表達。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">秦始皇以來專制傳統發明的感恩載德之辭已難敷大用。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">大小新式御用文人鑄造了無數新詞,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">將全中國連同每個大腦的任何角落統通打造成諛詞之海,頌歌之邦。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁一百多萬文字中,竟然沒有一個句式、一個單詞、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一個字曾經讓專制和既得利益者們賞心悅目。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁之所以不去寫可以證明他的創作才華、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">奠定他文學地位的小說,&#8220;明知報告文學更苦,更慢,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">還得為每一篇料理後事費大工夫,傷很多神經細胞,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但良心上卻輕松一些&#8221;,還有一個他屢次公開直言的目的:&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">報告文學能夠發揮小說無法發揮的作用,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">它能直接地對生活進程發生一點影響,能造成一點震撼,&#8212;&#8212;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">有時候,你簡直覺得那是一種能摸得著的物質一樣的東西。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">它可以對壞人多少起一點威懾作用,不然,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他們的日子也未免過於舒適了。&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 事實上,從《人妖之間》到《第二種忠誠》,劉賓雁在能&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">為中國寫作&#8221;的八年期間的每一篇作品,都引起&#8220;極左&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">勢力的憤怒和反撲。&#8220;一篇報告文學得罪一個省&#8221;,甚至有五、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">六個省聯名在北京&#8220;告狀&#8221;,以至連胡耀邦、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">萬裡一類黨內開明派領袖都被迫對劉賓雁發出告誡,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而他們在內心其實很贊成和欣賞劉賓雁。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 直到1987年1月24日,忍無可忍的鄧小平直接下令,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">開除劉賓雁中國共產黨黨籍,他第二次從中國共產黨&#8220;聖殿&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">被放逐。劉賓雁本人的文字記錄的歷史裁決,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">其含義已經勿需多寫一字:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 八年前也是這一天,一月二十四日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我結束了為期將近二十二年的政治僵屍生</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 活,重新回到中國共產黨內。兩次開除,一個原因:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我公開批評了共產黨內部的弊</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 端。這一生中,我因受難而得到過別人的同情,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">因成功而受到過人們的祝賀。我蒙</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 受過最大的屈辱,也享受過極高的榮譽。今天,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我卻同時經受著這兩種東西,這是</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 從未有過的體驗。這是幸福嗎?是的。我應感到幸運,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">因為只有極少的人有緣得到這</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 種享受。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 劉賓雁第二次為中國人民效勞的短短七年如此清晰、完美、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">波瀾壯闊,充滿史詩式悲劇特有的雄偉壯麗。&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">世界上沒有第二個地方像中國這樣發生著如此普遍、深刻、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劇烈的變化,而十幾億人民命運的改變,必定是具有全人類意義的&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">。毫無疑問,在這個最大的生命共體中,在這艘最大的生命方舟上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁始終據於中國歷史風浪的最前沿。在濁浪排空、雷鳴電閃、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">豪雨傾覆的生死關頭,劉賓雁是真正的大丈夫、男子漢,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">始終站在不幸、苦難和犧牲者一邊,對中國的危情、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">凶兆和險境不斷發出警示。在半個世紀裡,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他一直是中國悲劇檔案無畏的收集者,中國罪惡不妥協的公訴人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國命運和希望不知疲倦的代言人和預言家。在暴君、精神行刑隊、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">肖小庸人合謀挖掘的滔滔忘川之上,劉賓雁像珠穆朗瑪峰一樣,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">使中國保持著它的高度、尊嚴、蒼茫和生機。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;六</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;創作歡樂之杯</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;充盈溢滿,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;一切都已不是我們,而是我們的,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;與世界的聯系牢牢確立。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8212;&#8212;【俄】亞歷山大&#8226;亞山山大羅維奇&#8226;勃洛克</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 當代中國最令人匪夷所思的事像是,十數億人像逃避&#8220;薩斯&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">和海嘯一樣,懼怕與自己的歷史照面。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">無論美國一個多世紀以來對中國的友善與援助,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇俄對中國的算計傷害,還是日本對中國的入侵,都是一團亂麻。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國自己的&#8220;家史&#8221;更是一篇造假作弊的大作。國民黨、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">蔣中正的歷史功績(推翻滿清、結束帝制、兩次北伐打倒軍閥、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">領導抗戰、廢除不平等條約、晉身反法西斯四強、締造聯合國、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在台灣完成不流血土地改革、實行憲政&#8230;&#8230;)至今被抹黑,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">通盤否定。共產黨自己的黨史更是一片謊言,&#8220;掩蓋歷史,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">偽造歷史,隨著這次五十周年大慶的到來而登峰造極。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">五十年來民族的大恥辱、大災難統統不見了,這些大恥辱、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">大災難的罪魁禍首毛澤東一直沒有受到應有的清算和審判&#8221;(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">李慎之:《風雨蒼黃五十年》)。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 可以武斷地說,中國現代歷史盡管擁有不遜於蘇俄、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">西方和任何國家的豐富而獨特的內容,中國歷史科學卻是一片蒼白、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">滿目衰蕪。中國史學界的缺席和失職固然有一萬種理由,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">都無法擺脫因為對中國偉大史學傳統可悲的背離而理應受到的譴責。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &#8220;究天人之際,通古今之變,成一家之言&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">按其職業所屬不必問津歷史深淺真偽的劉賓雁,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">卻是中國歷史精神最忠誠的繼承人。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 1986年9月15日,劉賓雁在黑龍江記協新聞會上呼吁:&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">應該承認一個痛苦的現實,這個痛苦的現實是什麼呢?</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">就是我們常常不願看痛苦的現實,我們寧願生活在快樂的、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">美麗的幻想裡,而不願意張開眼睛看一看痛苦的現實,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">痛苦的現實並不是壞事情啊!&#8221;接著他譴責了&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我們民族的一個弱點&#8221;:&#8220;就是一件大災難,例如文化大革命,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">例如反右派運動,發生了多少年後,我們還不知道到底怎麼發生的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我們付出了那麼多鮮血、生命、時間、物質的和精神的財富,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">浪費了十年&#8230;&#8230;,現在竟沒有一個中國人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">包括社會科學各界的學者、哲學家&#8230;&#8230;,能馬上站到這裡來,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一二三四說清楚。沒一個人討論,誰能討論清楚?二十&#8216;大慶&#8217;(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">指&#8220;文化大革命&#8221;發動二十周年),沒人討論,這麼大的一個問題,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">不要說建國以來,是中華民族有史以來,人類歷史上,這樣的事情,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">不說是獨一無二的,也是很罕見的。我看是獨一無二的。&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁這段呼吁給了人們一個研究當代史的角度,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">即通過若干重大歷史事件把當代史統一起來。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">歷史事實本來是無數人的個體經驗的集合,然而在中國,單個的人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">從來就不是一種真實的充分存在。從原則上說,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">每個個人的人生經驗無論在現像過程中如何具體、真實,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">作為一種歷史存在,都只有在所有同樣傳統、種族、文化、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">經歷的同類構成的歷史共同體中才能獲得。1949年以後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">由於斯大林&#8212;毛澤東主義的絕對統治,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國人的同質化和齊整化已經使任何個人的獨特權利與完整性不復存</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在。不承認中國人在當代的共同命運,試圖用西方現代理論(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">文化人類學、解構主義、符號學、邏輯實證主義等)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">詮釋中國現代命運,乃是典型的&#8220;與其昏昏,使人昭昭&#8221;之舉。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國高尚精神的嚴重消散、專制主義和腐敗墮落的空前擴散,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">加上理論界自身的頹廢,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">都證明了任何回避中國歷史與現實重大事件的努力,都是徒勞的。&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">政治權力史&#8221;是一個社會進程中一種特殊的變形和虛假的現像,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">若干年來卻無恥地僭越為歷史核心。人們可以開出一系列的&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">政治權力史&#8221;為對像的書目清單。這些書絕大部分是&#8220;清官秘史&#8221;、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&#8220;野史&#8221;、&#8220;稗史&#8221;、&#8220;秘聞&#8221;一類,有的則墮落為&#8220;艷史&#8221;、&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">風月史&#8221;、&#8220;情史&#8221;等下流作品。劉賓雁對此有明確的見解:&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">寥寥無幾的所謂紀實作品,也僅僅寫一些上層鬥爭,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">什麼葉群怎樣跟江青勾結了,什麼二月逆流裡哪些老帥如何如何了,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">歷史是由這些人決定的嗎?&#8221;把歷史降格為&#8220;政治權力史&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">是中國的一大悲劇、一大荒誕。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">當歷史更趨向人性自由方向或者更為開明自信時,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這種情況有所改觀,如《史記》裡除帝王將相外,尚容忍&#8220;刺客&#8221;、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&#8220;游俠&#8221;、&#8220;滑稽&#8221;、&#8220;宦者&#8221;、&#8220;酷吏&#8221;等社會中人進入正史。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而宋代國事日急、權爭日劇時的《資治通鑒》則堅持帝王中心論,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">全部歷史就是政治權力消長史,其反歷史的功用十分明顯。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在當代中國,皇帝崇拜、偶像崇拜蛻變為領袖崇拜和權力崇拜,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一切歷史都歸結在&#8220;共運史&#8221;或&#8220;黨史&#8221;名下。於是,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">歷史健壯的身軀被閹割,成為政治權力人物的奴僕和倡優。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">由於中國當代政治權力史沒有多少值得誇耀的地方,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">政治權力及其演變並不是歷史真實的正確反映,因此,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">即或是嚴肅的政治權力史,要麼是無從下筆,要麼是流於無聊。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 把&#8220;反右&#8221;、&#8220;文革&#8221;作為重大政治事件,除了與&#8220;政治權力史&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">具有完全不同的研究內容和目標外,在劉賓雁,還有更重要的原因。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他從1979年發表《人妖之間》以來,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一刻沒有離開過對中國重大政治事件的思考和研究,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但是他從未涉及&#8220;上層&#8221;,相反,他的所有題材,都是中國最一般、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">最不起眼、最普通的社會現像和人物。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 1983年在上海《文彙月刊》第一期上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他對報告文學的性質作了劉賓雁式的概括:&#8220;我不反對寫名演員,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">名歌手,名畫家,名選手,名音樂家或舞蹈家,我只是有一點保留:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在寫名流、時代的成功者和幸運兒的同時,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">是否也應該寫一寫尚未成功,不是名流,置身於生活底層,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">肩負著中華民族成敗興亡重任而在第一線苦鬥著的人們呢?</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">就我個人而言,也許是一種偏愛吧,我寧願選擇其生活、其經歷、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">其思想最能反映時代的重要矛盾的人物,而這種人是大量的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">站在矛盾一方的,是真正的當代英雄,雖然也許終其一生,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">仍然籍籍無名;另一方,則是我們必須清醒認識、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">認真對待的各種人物&#9472;&#9472;研究並揭開其生存條件、活動規律、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">行動方式和心理狀態。&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 劉賓雁&#8220;偏愛&#8221;的&#8220;傾向性&#8221;是鮮明的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他為自己提出了一個重要的任務:表現人民&#9472;&#9472;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">下層人民在重大矛盾中的命運。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在文學領域恢復人民的歷史主人的地位,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">褪下幾十年來外加在人民身上的形形色色的偽裝,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">並把人民和歷史都&#8220;還原&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">到大大使他們走了樣的若干次重大政治事件中去。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 歷史感,就是對人民命運的關懷;離開億萬人民的命運,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">任何偉大的發明、運動和&#8220;革命&#8221;都是徒具空殼的歷史僵屍。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">從人民命運出發&#9472;&#9472;僅僅從人民命運出發,&#8220;反右運動&#8221;、&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">文化大革命&#8221;等政治事件才有意義,一切前提和結論&#9472;&#9472;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">包括毛澤東、林彪、江青這類曾經不可一世的&#8220;大人物&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">也只能是在涉及人民命運的意義上才有價值。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁毫不含糊地把他的歷史觀&#8220;還&#8221;給中國現實,&#8220;還&#8221;給人民:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&#8220;我認為,甚至把一個縣的文化大革命如實地記載下來,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">都比這些東西意義要大得多。到現在為止,究竟造反派是什麼人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">為什麼會起來造反,一哄而上,幾億人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">就叫一個人一下子號召起來,難道僅僅是個人迷信嗎?</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">能夠完全歸咎於毛澤東一個人嗎?那不是太簡單了麼!&#8221;於是,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在劉賓雁的作品中,使人陌生的,似乎怪裡怪氣、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">不合常情的人物出現了。《人妖之間》中,上上下下的&#8220;人物&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">都制造、掩護或避開王守信這個&#8220;人物&#8221;時,&#8220;小人物辦著大事&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">了!手工織布工人劉長春、藥材公司工人史懷亮&#9472;&#9472;&#8220;兩個小人物,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">卻敢於蔑視這張魔力無邊的網,向它挑戰&#8221;。在《罪人的背後》中,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">女民兵王廣香第一次對欺壓她的縣財貿辦主任寧光施加了&#8220;恐怖&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">行動&#9472;&#9472;投放炸藥包&#8230;&#8230;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">七</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;劃船的渡工,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;年輕的小伙子,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;請你送我到對岸,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;我要回家去。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8212;&#8212;【俄】亞歷山大&#8226;特裡方諾維奇&#8226;特瓦爾多夫斯基</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 當代中國人民的承受了重大的災難和不幸,這是一種歷史存在。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁對當代中國歷史的&#8220;剖析&#8221;之所以具有先驅的意義,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">並不在於他是否著力描寫了災難和不幸(在這一點上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">許多作家對類似題材作了十分精確和自然主義的描寫),</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而在於人民在重大的災難和不幸中是如何思想和行動的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">災難和不幸&#9472;&#9472;權力異化的各種形式&#8220;改造&#8221;了人民沒有?</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">最關鍵的是,從人民在歷史活動中的位置和遠景看,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他們是否已經心甘情願地承認和接受了嚴酷的現實?</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁正是在這一根本問題上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在人民的悲劇命運上看到了歷史的巨大生命力,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">看到了人民最終是歷史主體這一中國當代史的本質。在這方面,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他和他的朋友,尤其是無數的讀者是有堅定信念的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁對自己作品的命運和使命始終是清楚的:&#8220;寫鬥爭,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">必然觸及生活中陰暗的一面,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但只要作家的態度不是有意詆毀或消極旁觀,藝術中的&#8216;陰暗面&#8217;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">就會成為喚起人們去消滅它的精神力量。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這種作品的社會效果就會是對於邪惡努力的憤怒,對於鬥士的敬慕,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">對於縱容和庇護惡勢力者的鄙視和建立在科學認識基礎上的鬥爭能力</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">以及對於勝利的信心。&#8221;從1979年發表《人妖之間》</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">到1986年發表《未完成的埋葬》,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他寫了近一百萬字描寫中國當代史巨大變化和復雜情勢的報告文學,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">收到近七萬封讀者來信,除了十來封反對意見的信外,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">全都是熱烈而強烈的反應。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">從災難和不幸中走過來的當代史的承受者和創造者們的不斷溝通,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">使劉賓雁對自己在反映中國人民當代命運的艱苦探索中直接站在歷史</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">之中:&#8220;正是這種反應,堅定了我對於一條真理的信心:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">經過幾十年的風風雨雨,我們的人民更加清醒和更加成熟了。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他們為生活中一切光明的東西感到欣喜,但不會陶醉;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他們為生活中陰暗的一面憂慮和焦急,但又不絕望。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">只要我們真實地描寫我們所從事的鬥爭&#9472;&#9472;偉大而艱難的、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">令人振奮的鬥爭,就會使人們增強信心。&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 在嚴肅且正常的史學家眼裡,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">重大歷史事件的研究應當在五十年以後才能開始。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">需要留出時間發現、消化檔案,並降低當事人的狹隘和偏見,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">歷史自身有一個成熟期,等等。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而當代中國是一個靠意識形態支撐的社會,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">歷史學是共產政權安身立命的基石之一。由於許多當事人已經故去,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">由於恐怖心理仍然社會的基本現像,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國當代歷史的所有領域都面臨&#8220;緊急搶救&#8221;的困境,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">苦難和悲劇需要述說,罪惡和陰謀需要查證。專制主義的本性之一,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">就是銷毀和篡改歷史,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">歷史研究在中國因此成為需要勇氣的風險事業。此外,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">由於中國專制主義的特殊處境和內在邏輯,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">公正的歷史研究成為防範更大災變的重要減壓器。最後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">即使為將來純粹而客觀的歷史學著想,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">跟蹤和記錄中國當代社會的足跡,也具備基礎和工具的意義。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 劉賓雁在其報告文學中展示出來的,大都是社會底層、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">普通民眾的個別事例,同時保持著對中國社會和歷史的宏觀思索。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在劉賓雁身上,&#8220;一切歷史都是當代史&#8221;這句名言,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">具有比克羅齊本人所賦予的內容更直接、更豐富、更經典的含義。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 1986年11月7日,劉賓雁在上海《</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">改革中社會問題學術討論會》上發表講話說:&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我們長期生活在幻想之中,我們為幾個概念付出了巨大犧牲,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在世界上大概念是創紀錄的。幾十萬、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">幾百萬人喪生只是為了維護幾個錯誤、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">荒謬甚至是反動的概念和口號。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一個概念是社會主義是一個盡善盡美的社會制度。它一經建立就&#8216;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">牢不可破&#8217;,不容許任何人對它有任何非議,因為它是完美無缺的;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">第二個,中國共產黨是絕對不犯錯誤的,有的話,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">也只是九個指頭和一個指頭的關系;第三個,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">是社會主義和資本主義必須一刀兩斷,連一根血管、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">經絡都不能保留。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國三十多年就在進行著一場無聲的充滿血淚的大辯論。&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 1986年,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">正當劉賓雁幾乎單槍匹馬從南到北叩問中國現代歷史之門時,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯也正經歷著1956年赫魯曉夫秘密報告以來又一次向斯大林主</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">義衝擊的特殊歲月。亞&#8226;別克的長篇小說《新的使命》,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">提示了斯大林極權專橫管理體制的實質,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">格魯吉亞導演阿布拉澤的影片《懺悔》,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">用超現實主義手法暴露了斯大林主義的荒謬,特科諾夫的長篇小說《</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">消逝》,控訴了三十年代對老布爾什維克的血腥鎮壓,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">格拉寧和杜金采夫的《野牛》和《穿白外衣的人》,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">描述了斯大林和李森科對經典遺傳學的摧殘,亞&#8226;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">特瓦爾多夫斯基的長詩《以記憶的名義》,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">表現了在專制統治下蘇聯農村生活的悲慘,安&#8226;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">阿赫瑪托娃的著名長詩《安魂曲》抗議在列寧格勒進行的鎮壓,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">激起空前的反響,阿&#8226;普裡斯塔夫金發表了《</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">金色的彩雲歇過了一宿》,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">描寫1944年車臣人民被迫離開世代所居的故土的悲劇,阿&#8226;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">雷馬科夫的長篇小說《阿爾巴特街的孩子們》,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">為斯大林的政治面貌提供了精確的肖像描寫,鮑&#8226;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">皮利尼亞克1926年撰寫的著名反十月革命小說《</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">永不熄滅的月亮的故事》被重新發表,《新世界》</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">發表了帕斯捷爾納克的《日瓦戈醫生》,《十月》</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">登載了格羅斯曼氣勢恢宏的戰爭史詩小說《生活與命運》。(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這部小說曾被&#8220;查抄&#8221;,蘇共意識形態最高官員蘇斯洛夫對作者說,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這部小說要寫到兩三百年後才能發表,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但蘇聯人民在二十多年後就讀到了。)</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 這一年,蘇聯數千萬中小學生被告知,歷史課考試取消了。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯最高蘇維埃主席團發表聲明,熱烈贊揚這個決定,指出,&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">那些用謊言毒害人們的思想和心靈,欺騙了一代又一代的人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">其罪行是巨大的,罄竹難書!&#8221;1987年11月7日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">戈爾巴喬夫在十月革命70周年紀念會上向全世界公開宣告,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">斯大林及其幫凶對成千上萬共產黨員和非黨人士、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">經濟干部和軍事干部、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">科學家和文藝工作者以及普通人民的政治指控和借以鎮壓的罪名,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">全是蓄意捏造的;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">斯大林及其親信為大規模鎮壓和違法行為對祖國和人民所犯的罪行是</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">巨大和不可饒恕的。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &#8220;歷史從來不打招呼&#8221;,但歷史從來不會滯留在一種狀態中。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國始終在尾隨,在追趕。劉賓雁一直走在人民當中,&#8212;&#8212;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">有時走出去,又回到隊伍中來,再走出去&#8230;&#8230;。有了劉賓雁,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國當代社會、當代歷史才不至於那樣寂寞。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;八</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;我們仍然同心同德&#8230;&#8230;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;並將再度踏上孤獨而憂傷的征途。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;不倦地呼號真理&#8212;&#8212;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;哪怕希望揚長而去,人們毫不眷顧!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8212;&#8212;【俄】尼古拉&#183;普拉東諾維奇&#183;奧加遼夫</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 歐洲啟蒙運動的戰鬥口號是:Sapere</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">ande!(勇敢地成為智者吧!)大膽地運用自己的才智!</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">從斯大林到毛澤東,對武器和暴力的崇拜曾使人民血流成河。蘇俄、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國實行共產極權主義的國家,只能轉向新的唯一的生存之道、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">思維之道和言說之道。通過出自人性天良和善意的持續努力,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">使社會逐漸認同下述尋常而益於自己的道理:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">使用理智和言辭來代替仇恨和暴力,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">給思想和精神以足夠的自由與尊重,特別要容忍和善待異端,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">保護並鼓勵批判的權利。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 批判應成為&#8220;共同生存&#8221;最重要、最經常、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">最易於為全社會所接受的&#8220;生活方式&#8221;,高壓、順從、蒙蔽、盲動,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">空諾、憤懣、獨攬、疏遠&#8230;&#8230;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一切我們生活中惡性的社會循環被公正、積極、坦率、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">真誠的批判精神、批判意志、批判方法取代。權力等於真理、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">權力凌駕於真理之上的顛倒應當結束。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">權力首先應當成為批判的對像。從康德以來,從馬克思以來,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">歷史上正、反兩方面的經驗都指示著一條真理,脫離了批判的權力,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">無一幸免地會成為全社會最可怕的異己力量。任何政府、政黨、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">政治理論、社會生活、人際關系,都無權拒絕廣泛的批判。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在這個時代,批判不再只是純粹思辨中的揚棄,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">不再是少數人對世界的思維形式,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">更不應再是權力和利益侵占者維護私欲、實行思想鎮壓的工具,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而是大多數社會成員參予社會生活、體現自身價值的共同前提,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">批判將成為時代文明與進步的標志。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 判斷我們是否臨近(按歷史尺度計算)一個批判社會,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">除了我們時代的整體狀況外,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">另一個主要依據是一批批判先驅的出現。就批判的深刻、坦率、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">廣泛而言,劉賓雁是當代中國最值得注目的人物之一。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 偉大的康德把自主原則和獨立性作為批判精神的終極基礎,強調從&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">接受監護的狀態&#8221;中解放出來,履行個體生命的最高權威:自決。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一切文明、道德、理想和外在關系都建立在這個基礎上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而且只能由它來檢驗。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 獨立性在西方基督教神學中最終體現為&#8220;上帝在我心中&#8221;;在牛頓、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">萊布尼茨、愛因斯坦那裡,體現為相信物質世界是一種秩序,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在根本上與我們的精神世界可以統一;在哥白尼、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">伽利略那裡體現為否認認識最高真理是一種能夠壟斷的世俗權利;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在雨果、托爾斯泰、索爾仁尼琴那裡,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">體現為對人道主義和理性力量的肯定。在劉賓雁那裡,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">最高的獨立性乃是對當代中國最重大問題的關注、思考和批判上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這些問題是:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 一、從1917年俄國革命以來,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">七十年的共產主義運動和社會主義革命,&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在世界上還沒有一個像樣的說明,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這就是社會主義的優越性得到充分展示、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而且必將戰勝資本主義的一種國家、一種制度、一種模式&#8221;;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 二、我們長期生活在一個虛幻的世界中。幾十年來,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國人為了幾個概念付出了重大代價乃至生命的犧牲,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國進行著一聲無聲的充滿血和淚的大辯論:&#9352;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">社會主義制度從根本上說是完美無缺的嗎?&#9353;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">馬列主義的基本原理一成不變?&#9354;共產黨絕對永遠不犯錯誤?&#9355;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">社會主義與資本主義必須一刀兩斷?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 三、中國極左問題的實質、核心是否定人,它是一種東方的、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國的、掌權的極左;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 四、中國人道德、精神素質的歷史性退化;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 五、中國文學除了歌功頌德外,出現了&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">跟中國人民的革命沒有任何瓜葛,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">同大多數中國人所關心的問題沒有任何關系&#8221;、&#8220;遺忘中國人&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">的現像;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 六、廣義、宏觀意義上的人民是不會有錯誤的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">假如黨性和人民性發生了矛盾,那就是這個黨本身出了問題;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 七、1957年反右運動是中國歷史上的一個非常重要的事件,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">反右派運動要寫上五十年,文化大革命要寫一百年;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 八、在中國,有多大程度的公開,就有多大程度的民主,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">民主就是選擇的權利;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 九、當今中國有兩個歷史過程正在同時進行,一是自上而下、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">有目的、有計劃、有步驟、有組織的經濟改革,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">另一個是從下而上成千上萬的人從農民變為非農民,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">從人身依附或者人身半依附狀態下解放出來,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">可以說是土地改革以來第二次成為獨立、自由的人。中國的歷史,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">歸根結蒂決定後一個歷史過程。這個過程,是自發的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">不以任何人的意志為轉移,民間的、社會的力量,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">將越來越顯示其作用。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 十、用一句話為概括上述幾方面,就是必須跟蹤一個問題,研究、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">追尋它,它是怎樣形成的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">它今天在各個不同領域內什麼形式繼續干擾、破壞中國的進步,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">使多災多難的中國人民直到今天每邁出一步還要付出極大的代價。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 毫無疑問,劉賓雁批判思想的內容是可以商榷的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">其中有重要的遺漏,例如憲法問題、法制問題、知識分子問題、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">外交、宗教、經濟、性等,又如&#8220;人民不會出錯&#8221;、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">經濟改革與社會改革關系是否可以按&#8220;上&#8221;、&#8220;下&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這個概念來劃分,等等。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 而從批判這一當代中國人最欠缺的精神品質出發,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">應當高度評價劉賓雁身上體現出來的獨立性。許多人都注意到,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁很少對中國問題進行理論闡述,很少征引理論術語,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">以至於人們常常困惑於這個事實:劉賓雁批判思維的立場是什麼?</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">武器是什麼?方法是什麼?劉賓雁本人究竟屬於哪一種思想體系?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 對這些問題,人們可以做出完全不同的回答。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">然而有兩點不應當忽視,劉賓雁對若干中國大事進行批判思考,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">卻反常地缺乏理論分析,這決不是由於他不懂得理論,沒有思想。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">相反,劉賓雁在相當高的程度上諳熟社會科學。正因為如此,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他早已明白一個簡單的事實,古今中外任何理論都不能解釋中國,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">加在一起也不行。因為外部世界在自由發展理論的幾十年間(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人們通常認為,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">現代社會科學理論在西方建立主要還是在第二次世界大戰結束以後。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">如羅素、愛因斯坦、克羅齊、柏格森、弗洛伊德、懷特海、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">雅斯貝爾斯、海德格爾、卡那普、維特根斯坦、馬爾塞勒杜威、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">湯因比、蒂裡希、拉康、馬爾庫塞、弗洛姆波普、海森堡、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">薩特等西方知識分子,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他們對自己的時代一直保持著充分的批判態度,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">對人類的重大問題了解得十分透徹,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">對西方世界及人類社會的危機和發展保持著高度的道義責任感和深刻</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">的憂慮),中國以非常特別的方式發展出非常特殊的現實,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這一歷史的不平衡造成了對當代中國進行批判思考的&#8220;悖論&#8221;:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國當代史的批判反思不能沒有理論,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但任何理論都只能歪曲對中國當代史的批判反思。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 上面括號中的西方智者還可以羅列開去,其中像羅素、杜威、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">愛因斯坦等人都來過中國,他們的印像和分析基本不離譜。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">道理很簡單,舊中國是一個雖然積弊叢生但並不封閉、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">風雨飄搖卻從不拒絕自由與人道的社會。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而薩特在天安門觀禮台上傾倒於毛式極權狂歡表演,至今令人惡心。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">另一名法國人、法蘭克福派領袖列菲弗爾,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">盡管對斯大林主義有過批判,但對毛澤東的理解,實在乏善可陳。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他認為,毛澤東一系列政治運動(反右運動、人民公社、大躍進、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">文化革命)&#8220;表現了藝術和政治之間的一種融合&#8221;。文化大革命的&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">極端性&#8221;和&#8220;豐富性&#8221;、尤其是它的&#8220;暴力節日&#8221;,&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">應該列於世界性的經驗之中&#8221;。西方在認識新中國上,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">至今停留在隔靴搔癢、紙上談兵的水平上,&#8212;&#8212;探討中國命運,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">本來不是西方的責任。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 事實上,中國確實像一個巨大的試驗室,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人類歷史上各種理論都在這裡滲透,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">其中交織著兩種相互排斥又相互糾纏的分裂:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">傳統文化竭力抗拒西方文化的攻勢,但是經過1919年&#8220;五&#8226;四&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">以來的反復較量,中國人意識到,不大規模引進西方文化(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">廣義而言,包括科學、技術、國家結構、經濟制度、政黨組織、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">意識形態、生活方式、社會規則,等等),中國人就可能被開除&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">球籍&#8221;。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">於是綿延幾千年的歷史共同體分裂為民族生命和民族文化兩部分(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這一過程十分漫長,當代中國人正繼續處於這種分裂之中)。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">第二次分裂是在第一次分裂開始而遠未結束後,又在另一個領域、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">以另一種方式開始的。這就是中國共產黨奪取政權後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">把馬克思列寧主義定為中國國家生活的基礎。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而馬克思列寧主義無論如何與中國傳統文化有巨大的差別而與西方文</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">化有深刻的聯系。只是由於政治和歷史的原因,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國人才用馬克思列寧主義去反對西方文化,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國人又被迫接受西方文化內部經受著的新的分裂。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 總之,中國是如此一目了然,簡單至極,中國又是如此復雜神秘,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">難以理喻。在中國,每一個命題都可以很容易地找到反題,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國充滿了&#8220;悖論&#8221;,中國真是一個巨大的&#8220;莫比烏斯圈&#8221;(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">Mcoiusstrip)。於是,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">對中國問題有興趣的智者寧願相信直覺。獨立思考加上多年觀察、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">思考以及豐富坎坷的人生經驗、社會閱歷,是劉賓雁的主要武器。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;九</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;我愛我一無際涯的絕望</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;最後一滴總令我們意酣心醉。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;此刻,唯有一事我永志不忘:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;不論斟滿的是什麼,都要&#8212;&#8212;干杯</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&#8212;&#8212;【俄】季娜伊達&#8226;尼古拉耶夫娜&#8226;吉比烏斯</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 對獨立批判來說,除了理論麻煩之外,還有一個更重要的主觀因素,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一個看來似乎和智慧無涉的道德因素,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">也即康德所稱的運用才智的勇氣和決斷。智慧不入卑劣靈魂,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在中國,這是一句真理。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 劉賓雁1957年被定為極右分子,兩條罪狀之一,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">就是提倡獨立思考。獨立思考本身在中國就是一個在禁忌。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一般而論,敢於獨立思考的人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">或多或少能洞察到我們這個時代的一些隱密,敢於獨立批判的人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">必然獲得巨大的解釋權。獨立思考、獨立判斷、獨立批判,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">是通向真理的痛苦而有希望的道路,古今中外皆然。古有蘇格拉底,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">今有劉賓雁。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 由內在自主原則外推的自由表達權,是批判精神必需的條件和形式。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">討論的自由、論辯的自由、批判(反批判)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">的自由不僅是社會進步所必須的前提,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">也是人類內在精神發展的前提。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 劉賓雁反復提及的中國當代幾次規模巨大的政治運動,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">無一不是以取締這些自由為開端、為目的的。其結果就是一個&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">封建法西斯專政&#8221;、一個瀕於崩潰的經濟、一個人性普遍低落、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">精神衰化的大倒退。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 古往今來,批判者總能在精神世界中找到對世俗代價的補償。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">追求真理、反抗邪惡,而不會遭到苦難,這永遠是幻想。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在一個普遍無望,不負責任成為從上而下整個社會的律令時,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">更是如此。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 作為批判者的劉賓雁,他的意義已越過了內在判斷範圍,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">獲得廣泛的理解和支持。相識,不相識,底層、上流,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">人們以各自不同的方式對1987年1月那道決定表示他們的痛惜、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">困惑、失望和憤怒。全世界都知道,1987年&#8220;反自由化鬥爭&#8221;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">時,中國在美留學生一千多人聯名發出抗議書,要求停止這場鬥爭。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁本人收到的電報、信函、賀年片中,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">有兩個小學生寄來他們稚嫩美好的童心,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">使劉賓雁這位重感情的人感慨萬端。《老井》作者鄭義去看他,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">坐下來就哭得不能自已,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">對中國作家在劉賓雁身處危難而無所表示深感內疚。人民日報內,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">素不相識,甚至對他無甚好評的人,都在各種場合向他表示理解、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">同情和關切;一些人憤而要求辭職,一些人發誓不再撰文,只要&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">反自由化鬥爭&#8221;不停止,&#8230;&#8230;劉賓雁自己比誰都清楚,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這就是歷史的進步:如果退回三十年、二十年、甚至十年前,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這一切都是不可想像的。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這是中國許多批判先驅的沉重代價所換來的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他們由於歷史的局限進行的不成熟的批判,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在劉賓雁的批判成就中達到了新的高度;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他們困惑而堅強的批判精神,在劉賓雁身上,發展得更為健全、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">更為深刻而有力。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 然而,社會付出的代價是沉重的。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 在中國,對批判者的不公正和殘酷,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">已經超出歐洲中世紀的宗教裁判所。一伙靈魂卑污、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">智力低下的劊子手對批判者的圍剿中的醜惡表演,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">不僅暴露出他們的專制本質,而且敗壞人心,敗壞道德,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">敗壞中國人在世界上的形像,國家和社會蒙受了永恆的血污和惡名。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">蕭條的遠不只是官方意識形態,墮落的遠不只是幾個官員,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">喪失人性的遠不只是行刑者。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我們的先人和我們的後代都會指著我們這一代人說:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這就是我們的兒孫和父輩嗎?雨果說,歷史沒有垃圾堆。但是,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在中國,歷史有垃圾堆,可惜我們至今生活在其中而無力自拔!</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 1987年1月開始的對劉賓雁的又一次粗暴和侮辱性的批判,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">整個社會由此付出的代價可以由兩方面來估計。對於執政人物,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">它可能表現為忘記歷史教訓、維持歷史自大狂;對於人民,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">由於目睹他們寄於希望的、多年來全身心地與人民最強大的對立面&#9472;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&#9472;&#8220;極左&#8221;勢力進行激烈較量的劉賓雁終於倒下,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他們會對與其命運攸關的改革產生動搖和疑問,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國會不會又墮入極少數人的意志和需要當中?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 畢竟,劉賓雁更接近人民。歷史已經證明:對這個社會的成就,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">有劉賓雁辛勞的一分;對這個社會的不義,劉賓雁是心靈坦然,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">兩手干淨的。歷史還證明,他的憂慮、請求、沉思、憤怒和批判,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">並不是杞人憂天。1956年他就告誡自己的同志,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">要警惕官僚主義、家長作風,不是在更高的水平上應驗了嗎?</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">1979年他又告誡國人:大大小小的王守信還在各個角落存在,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">還不是慶賀勝利的時候,不也是應驗了嗎?1985年,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他告誡同胞:注意中國社會內部的分化和分裂,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">歷史將以什麼形式應驗?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 作一個比較,可以知道,中國人仍然處於多麼神經脆弱、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">多麼危機深沉的階段。蘇聯二十大後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">即使在死氣沉沉的勃列日涅夫時代,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">也基本上停止了對某個人進行大規模批判(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">當然又有了送瘋人院等新玩意);戈爾巴喬夫上台,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">則請教了薩哈羅夫,而後者是一個公開否定共產主義的科學家。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">這就不得不使人們懷疑,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">毛澤東不容異己的性格為什麼如此具有傳染性,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">由具有這種性格的人來領導現代化,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">由他們選定的接班人來領導現代化,不是太令人費解了嗎?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 這場後果不堪設想的政治運動終於流產,人們感到慶幸。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但是殷鑒不遠,中國人沒有半點理由高枕無憂。流產的原因,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">雖然不能全部為人知曉,但是,正如劉賓雁所說:中國畢竟不同了!</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而這裡面包含著批判者們慘重的代價。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我們終於懂得了一個最簡單的道理:對他人的苦難和厄運,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">對追求真理、向往自由的人的命運和處境漠然置之,是最大的愚蠢。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">幾十年歷史反復昭示的真理表明,奉行這種明哲保身主義的人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">沒有一個真正能逃脫可悲的結局,更不要說良心上的損失。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我們早該懂得,分而治之、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">各個擊破為什麼成為專制制度最嗜好的屢試不爽的伎倆,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">就在於我們的狹隘和自私心理。政治鬥爭造成人人自危的局面,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">全身遠禍、各自逃命正是它把鬥爭進行到底的最理想的狀態。於是,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">普遍災難就來臨了。僥幸心只會招致恥辱和災禍,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國人應當記住這個教訓。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 對於仍然生活在共產極權社會裡的中國,西方自由&#8212;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">民主之所以具有全球性普適價值,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">其中不可或缺的精神在於對異端審判這一歐洲中世紀野蠻制度的唾棄</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">轉而強調個人在天地之間不可以任何名義加以剝奪和奴役的現代原則</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">。無疑,對於同屬一個星球、一個時代的中國,這既是一種目標,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">又是一個實現廣泛自由的前提。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 自司馬遷、稽康、李贅以來,中國敢言直諫的異端之途,充滿屈辱、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">殺伐、自戕,其悲絕舛慘,更甚於歐洲中世紀,也甚於俄國。&#8212;&#8212;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">至少,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">伽俐略可以公開挑戰羅馬教庭的精神偶像托勒密和理論權威亞裡士多</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">德;布魯諾可以在宗教裁判所裡當著教皇使節和主審官&#8220;莊嚴宣告,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我同畢達哥拉斯一起認為,地球是個天體,它好像月亮,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">好像其他行星,好像其他恆星,它們的數目是無限的!&#8221;;至少,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">托爾斯泰可以公開指斥俄國的沙皇&#8220;不是白痴就是瘋子&#8221;,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">而當這名沙皇專制不倦的譴責者遁世時,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">沙皇的代表就站在他的靈柩前鞠躬。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 今天,這一頁終於快要翻過去了,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我們終於迎來了一個了不起的轉機:專制勢力無論如何花樣翻新,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">都已很難像在1957年、1966年、1983年、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">1987年年初那樣為所欲為了。劉賓雁指出:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國兩類人的較量將是激烈的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但形勢畢竟朝著有利於人民一邊的方向發展。1987年6月2日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">劉賓雁給友人寫信說:&#8220;運動開始時,有人估計要搞十年,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我則認為三年足矣。一年之內便會有變化。&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 劉賓雁的一位年輕朋友寫信給他,直言相告:&#8220;若我們還感覺委屈,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">冤枉,這就未免可笑了。鐘會使文帝誅嵇康,潛曰:&#8216;康言論放蕩,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">非毀典謨,帝王者所不宜容,宜因釁除之,以淳風俗。&#8217;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">結果嵇康就戮。但他毫無悔意,更不覺冤枉,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">只是將刑前命人取琴一張,撫廣陵散一曲,嘆曰:&#8216;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">廣陵散不復傳矣&#8217;。他明知無辜受害,卻只嘆美的價值無存,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">將自身榮辱置之度外。這是大胸懷。老劉,你要挺得住!</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">國家民族劫數未盡,我們這些愛國家愛民族的人只好含淚看它受難。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一個病毒性感冒患者非發高燒七天才能好轉。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在此期間中藥西藥全沒用。&#215;&#215;兄送你《尼采》一部,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">頗可於黑暗中慰你心靈。查拉圖斯特拉的精神正在你身上顯現。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我愛你至深,此刻更覺心痛。但硬漢子死了算,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">活著就只為掮著大痛苦,大悲哀,這是你老劉的命運,天命。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">你受難了,但別忘了,全民族也和你一起受難。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">基督死前只大喊了一聲:&#8216;人們不知道自己在干什麼。&#8217;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">苦難的民族從來不知道自己在作什麼。你代表全民族的精英受難。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">你替全民族受難。&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 劉賓雁因此有了他特有的感慨:&#8220;八年前也是這一天,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">一月二十四日,我結束了為期將近二十二年的政治僵屍生活,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">重新回到中國共產黨內。兩次開除,一個原因:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我公開批評了共產黨內部的弊端。這一生中,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我因受難而得到過別人的同情,因成功而受到過人們的祝賀。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我蒙受過最大的屈辱,也享受過極高的榮譽。今天,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">我卻同時經受著這兩種東西,這是從未有過的體驗。這是幸福嗎?</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">是的。我應感到幸運,因為只有極少的人有緣得到這種享受。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">當天在報社大院裡遇到一位工人,他說:&#8216;祝賀您,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">他們使您成了完人。&#8217;&#8221;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 具有諷刺意味,但也合符歷史慣例的是,在中國,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">為數不多的批判者將主要集中在執政黨內。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">有如俄國十九世紀十二革命黨人的貴族血統發生了變異一樣。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 以上關於劉賓雁獨立批判精神的文字出自筆者1989年為他訪美送</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">行的文章《劉賓雁與當代中國》。十八年過去,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">只想在劉賓雁的名字前面和後面,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">加上幾位值得中國人記住的曾經加入過共產黨的中國人的名字:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">陳獨秀、瞿秋白、張聞天、彭德懷、顧准、林昭、張志新、王若水、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">胡耀邦、李慎之、趙紫陽&#8230;&#8230;。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 俄國十九世紀的精神流程是,貴族的反叛氣概被平民知識分子繼承;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">在二十世紀,蘇聯持不同政見者也從氫彈之父、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">諾貝爾獎金獲得者演變成整個俄羅斯實現自由的浩大進軍。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">中國仍然晚了一個時代,但是在劉賓雁離開世界前後,李慎之、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">何家棟、劉曉波、余世存、廖亦武、余傑、焦國標、盧躍剛、王怡、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">綦彥臣、張林、胡傑、摩洛以及層出不窮的中國人,已在&#8220;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">大膽地運用自己的才智&#8221;了。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp; &nbsp; 劉賓雁的見解和批判方式,未必為他們全部認同,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;">但作為付出一生代價的批判者,劉賓雁是他們良師益友般的先驅。</span>