<h1><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/660/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2014/12/27/141227133346_china_water_624x351_afp.jpg" width="624" height="351" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; -webkit-user-select: none; width: 645.775024414063px; display: block;" alt="" /></h1><div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; line-height: 12.8000001907349px; margin: 0px 53.7750015258789px 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;"><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px -54.2249984741211px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #111111;"><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">北京人均水资源目前仅为100立方米左右，不足世界平均的1/80。</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 28px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">耗时11年建设的中国南水北调工程供水周六（27日）正式进京，但专家称这只能暂时缓解首都的缺水现象。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 23px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">目历经50年论证、规划，耗资330亿美元的南水北调工程始于湖北中部的丹江口水库，是中国历史上最具雄心的输水工程项目之一。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">全长超过1000公里的引水道包括在黄河底下铺设的一条7.2公里长的河底隧道以及在河南省境内搭建的一条12公里长的世界最长的空中输水渡槽。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">据中国媒体报道，试运行期间，北京的丰台、大兴部分区域的56万余人已用上南水，且用水状况平稳。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">报道称，今后北京将优先使用南水，北京的人均水资源量将从此前的100立方米/年，提升到150立方米/年。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中国是一个贫水国，人均水资源占有量仅为世界平均水平的1/4，北方人口密集的黄淮海流域多年来深受缺水困扰。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">北京人均水资源目前仅为100立方米左右，不足世界平均的1/80。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">报道还说，由于江水是首次进入北京自来水管网，供水区域内管线因铺设年代不同、材质复杂，并不能完全避免新旧水源切换引起的局部、短期的“水黄”现象。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">但专家称“水黄”形成主要由于水中含有较高的铁离子，不会对人体健康产生影响。</p><h2>短视工程</h2><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6375007629395px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #111111;"><img alt="丹江口水库大坝" src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/625/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2014/12/27/141227134355_china_water_624x351_afp.jpg" width="624" height="351" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; -webkit-user-select: none; width: 616.1875px; display: block;" /><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 14.3999996185303px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.2rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">据报中国官方已近关闭了丹江口库区上游水源沿线的数千家工厂，并于今年宣布水质达到饮用标准。</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">不过，批评人士说，该工程的成功将受到南方降雨减少的影响，而且只能暂时缓解北方的不稳定的供水需求。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中国中央电视台去年曾报道说，由于人们随意向丹江口库区水源排放污水，丹江口水库已经成了一个“污水坑”。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">为此，官方据报已近关闭了丹江口库区上游水源沿线的数千家工厂，并于今年宣布水质达到饮用标准。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">但中国南方近年来降雨减少意味着丹江口库区水源面临枯竭的问题。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">法新社武汉大学经济与管理学院教授伍新木的话说，中国南方降雨逐年减少已经成为一个基本趋势。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">这也意味着，南水北调工程将“威胁到中国中部地区的河流下段饮用水和耕灌溉以及工业生产的用水供应。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">随着中国的城市变得更富裕，公共用水量飙升。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">环保人士说，节约用水是当务之急，而且目前远低于全球平均水平的每立方米约4元的水价需要上调。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">研究南水北调工程的美国波特兰州立大学地理学助理教授布里特说乌鸦·米勒说，该项目“并没有解决该地区的用水紧张的根本原因”。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.6rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“中国目前的发展模式是非常短视的，”她补充说。“这是不惜一切代价让问题越积越多，而且不顾未来可能出现的后果。”</p></div>