与陶达士商榷法治与中国

<p><br /></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:SimSun;">前些时王岐山会见福山一行(记录见【</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: SimSun;">1】)。看到陶达士一篇相关文章【2】以后,我写了一篇文章表达一些不同意见【3】。后来<span style="background:white;">陶达士又写了一篇文章【</span><span style="background:white;">4】,回应与我的讨论。但文章中没有给出我的见解和意见。我觉得应该讲几句以澄清事实。</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:SimSun;">首先世界上最早文明从哪里发源?毫无疑问是从中东的</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: SimSun;">Fertile Crescent(肥沃新月地带,包括埃及和美索不达米亚)。世界上第一个城邦,第一个帝国,文字的发明,轮子的发明等等都在这个地区。法制也发源在美索不达米亚。<span style="color:#222222;background:white;">许多华人不懂什么是法治,常常把法治与法制混淆起来。法治(</span><span style="color:#222222;background:white;">Rule of Law)意思是法律高于统治者,或者说统治者也必须遵守法律。而法制(Rule by Law)的意思是统治者以法律来治理国家,但是统治者本身却不受法律限制。世界上</span><span style="background:#EFEFEF">法制的起源比雅典法治至少早一千六百年。根据【</span><span style="background:#EFEFEF">5】,世界上最早的成文法律(Codified Law)在公元前大约2100年Ur-Nammu时期出现在美索不达米亚。成文法律后来导致西方社会的公平(Justice)概念,希伯来圣经中灵魂的道德感,和罗马法典,其重要性可见一斑。【5】指出那时的文化环境流行多神教(基督教称之为异教,Pagan),保护弱小者和公正。除了Ur-Nammu Code(Ur-Nammu法典), 稍后一些那个地区还有Bilalama法典, Attakhushu法典, Lipit-Ishtar法典。在这些法典以后,经典的Hammurabi法典出现,后来它在美索不达米亚广泛使用。更多请参考【6,7】。</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:SimSun;">法治的起源有几种说法。福山的《政治秩序的起源》一书【</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: SimSun;">8】也提到这点。福山采用的说法与著名历史学家<span style="color:#333333;background:#EFEFEF">William McNeill的说法近似【9】,我曾经摘译了他的经典著作中关于法治起源的部分【10】。读者可以参考【8】的第十章或是【10】,这里不再重复。一本法学院的教科书给出法治的起源的另一种说法【11】。&nbsp; 按照【11】,</span><span style="background:#EFEFEF">柏拉图和亚里斯多德先提出<span style="color:#333333">法治。</span>一个事件特别显明公众统治的危险:柏拉图的老师,苏格拉底,被雅典的民主派处死。在这种情况下,柏拉图和亚里斯多德尖锐地关切公众民主暴政的潜在可能。因此他们强调法律以代表一种持久不变的秩序。柏拉图坚持政府应该为法律所限制:</span><span style="background:#EFEFEF">&#8220;当法律被置于某个其它权威下而没有它自己的权威,我的看法是国家的垮台就不远了。如果法律是政府的主人同时政府是法律的奴隶,那么情况就大有希望,人们就可以享受众神的祝福。&#8221;亚里斯多德有一段讨论法治时谈法律与政府:(大意如下)政治平等下的自治;政府官员受法律管制;把法律与理性联系起来,防止统治权力内在的滥权。亚里斯多德把法治作为理性,这对照于人治系于热情。这个观点在历史上有长远的影响。</span></span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:SimSun;">法治与法制虽然只有一字之差,但是人类这一步可能需要走</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: SimSun;">1600年(雅典)甚至3000多年(欧洲)。这岂是商鞅忘了某点【4】就可以解释的?</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:SimSun; background:white;">福山的另一本关于政治秩序和衰败【</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: SimSun;background:white;">12】有一段与这里的讨论相关。【12】的357-358页对中国历史上的法治有以下的描述。(我只是简略介绍而不是照原文翻译。)<strong>中国是一个从来没有发展过真正法治的世界文明。</strong>在古以色列,基督教西方,穆斯林世界,和印度,法是从一个超越(transcendental)的宗教而来,同时被一个有级别架构的宗教学者们和法学家们所解释和实施。法律的持守者们独立于政治权威(犹太教法官,印度教的Brahamins,天主教神职人员,和穆斯林的Ulama)。最明确的这种分离在西欧。法治早在西方国家正式形成以前就有,这与中国形成了鲜明对比。所以西方的国家建立的过程与中国不同。但是对比下因为中国从来没有一个超越的宗教,因而法在中国从来没有一种神圣的根源。法在中国被认为是一种人的理性工具,国家利用法来行使它的权威,维持公共秩序。所以中国和日本只有法制而没有法治。</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:SimSun; background:white;">我写【</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:SimSun;background:white;">3】和这篇主要是想提醒大家中国现在的局势并不利于法治。王岐山可能想给大家一个开明的形象尊重知识的形象,但并不想真正实行法治,或是没有能力实行法治。</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:SimSun;"><em>注释:</em></span></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;color:#333333">【</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;color:#333333">1】難忘的會談&#8212;&#8212;記王岐山與福山、青木的會見 </span><a href="http://www.chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=43971"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;color:windowtext; background:#FFFCF6">http://www.chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=43971</span></a> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif">【</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif">2】</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:SimSun;color:#663300;background:white;">陶达士:</span><a href="http://www.chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=44020"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;color:#1155CC; background:white;">王岐山与福山会谈的四个看点</span></a><a href="http://www.chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=44020"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;color:#1155CC">http://www.chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=44020</span></a></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif">【</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif">3】韩家亮:关于王岐山会见福山等人之我见 </span><a href="http://han-jialiang.hxwk.org/?p=1166"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;color:#1155CC">http://han-jialiang.hxwk.org/?p=1166</span></a> </em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif">【</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif">4】</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%; font-family:SimSun;color:#663300;background:white;">陶达士:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:SimSun;color:#333333">毛泽东都说上帝保佑美国,不保佑我们共产主义者</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:SimSun;color:#333333">–&#8212;-回应韩家亮的几点讨论&nbsp; </span><a href="http://www.chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=45259"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;color:#1155CC">http://www.chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=45259</span></a>&nbsp;</em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;color:#333333; background:#EFEFEF">【</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;color:#333333; background:#EFEFEF">5】</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">Robert K. Logan, "The Alphabet Effect: The Impact of the Phonetic Alphabet on the Development of Western Civilization" , St Martins Pr, 1987, pp.74-79. </span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;color:#333333; background:#EFEFEF">【</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;color:#333333; background:#EFEFEF">6】韩家亮:美索不达米亚的成文法律、法治、阿奎那的贡献 </span><a href="http://my.cnd.org/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=35091"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;color:#1155CC; background:#EFEFEF">http://my.cnd.org/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=35091</span></a></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;color:#333333; background:#EFEFEF">【</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;color:#333333; background:#EFEFEF">7】Hyslop, Stephen G. and Garrison, Stephen, "Great Empires : an Illustrated Atlas," National Geographic, 2012。这本通俗易读,但有些地方不一定准确。</span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;color:#333333; background:#EFEFEF">【</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;color:#333333; background:#EFEFEF">8】Francis Fukuyama, "The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,"Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011. </span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;color:#333333; background:#EFEFEF">【</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;color:#333333; background:#EFEFEF">9】William McNeill, "The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community", University Of Chicago Press, 1992.&nbsp; </span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;color:#333333; background:#EFEFEF">【</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;color:#333333; background:#EFEFEF">10】韩家亮:法治,法制,三权分立 </span><a href="http://my.cnd.org/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=28078"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;color:#1155CC; background:#EFEFEF">http://my.cnd.org/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=28078</span></a></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;color:#333333; background:#EFEFEF">【</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;color:#333333; background:#EFEFEF">11】</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;Times New Roman&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">Brian Z. Tamanaha, "On the Rule of Law: History, Politics, Theory," Cambridge University Press, 2004. </span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;background: #EFEFEF">【</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;,sans-serif;background:#EFEFEF">12】Francis Fukuyama, "Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy," Farrar, Straus and Giroux,&nbsp; 2014</span></em></p> <p><em>&nbsp;</em></p>