<center style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><br /></center><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"> 刘邦与陆贾有关治天下方式的对话不时被人提到,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">多数人已耳熟能详。刘邦之所以从善如流,接受陆贾的意见,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">承认在马上得的天下不能靠在马上治天下,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">大概已初步尝到了治天下的不易。但不易到什么程度,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">史书上没有明说,读史者往往缺乏具体了解,试比较如下:</span></div><div> </div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"> 在民主政治制度建立之前,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">中国历代一贯实行中央集权的专制政体。在这种条件下,要得天下,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">即推翻一个现存的政权,取而代之,自然只能使用武力和阴 谋,因为堂堂正正进行政治斗争无异与虎谋皮,不仅成不了气候,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">反而自取灭亡。但这恰恰成为得天下者的优势,因为只要达到目的,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">手段可以不论,无所不用其 极,反正不必承担什么政治、道义责任。即使真相暴露,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">也不难找到各种借口或替罪羊。治天下者行事却不能太过分,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">至少不能越过社会公认的底线。如清朝在关外 反明时可以行反间计,让崇祯皇帝上当杀了袁崇焕。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">但到了要治天下时,就不得不自己披露事实,为袁崇焕平反昭雪,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">否则就逃不掉恶名,与治天下的身分不相称。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"> </span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"> 得天下过程中可以以破坏为主,不计后果,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">而且破坏越严重对自己越有利,所以无论天灾还是人祸,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">巴不得闹大搞乱。治天下者则什么事都难辞其咎,人祸 固然是治理不当、防范不力、政策错误、吏治腐败所致,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">天灾则更是上天的警告和惩罚。任何时候,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">破坏不知比建设要容易多少。得天下过程中惯于用烧仓库结聚、 断粮、屠城、杀俘、以水代兵、散布流言、美人计、反间计等手段,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">而且握有主动权,可以随时随地应用,治天下者则防不胜防,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">只能被动挨打。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"> </span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"> 得天下者为了争取人心,煽动民怨,可以不顾实际可能,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">作出过高过多的承诺,或者给自己的支持者、拥护者予现成的利益。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">治天下者只能量力而行,在物 质基础有限的条件下只能满足一部分人的需求,还必须留有余地。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">王莽执政时给社会各阶层许诺,并且一律优待,顺利地得了天下。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">但到了他治天下时,面对空虚的 国库只能用空话假话应付天下人,号召臣民艰苦奋斗,以野菜代粮,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">结果原来的拥护者都成了反对者。李自成发动民众支持的口号是“</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">吃他娘,用他娘,闯王来了不 纳粮”,或者由文人加工为“盼闯王,迎闯王,闯王来了不纳粮”,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">反正开的是明朝的官仓,分的是别人的家产。但一旦进了北京,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">就忙着“追赃”,搜括金银财 宝,连仓皇出逃时都舍不得丢弃。要是真让他治了天下,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">百姓的负担绝不会比明朝时轻。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"> </span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"> 得天下时可以结成最广泛的统一战线,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">只要目标对着现政权,都能相互利用。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">其他方面的分歧或冲突可以暂且不论。内部的权力斗争虽难避免,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">但大敌当 前,首领还不能当孤家寡人,专制和残暴的手段不得不有所收敛。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">但在治天下时,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">皇帝和现政权就成了另一些人的惟一目标和夺取的对象。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">赵匡胤杯酒释兵权时对老 部下说:“皇帝谁不想当?”“你们不想当,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">谁能保证你们的部下不想当?”话虽说得绝了些,却是至理名言。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">五代时那些短命皇帝都算得了天下,可是却治不了天 下,一个个像走马灯般下台或丧命。另一方面,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">当了皇帝就有了至高无上的绝对权力,以往的袍泽、同乡、师生、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">兄弟关系一笔勾销,更不必有什么顾忌,于是大开 杀戒,数万以至数十万不在话下。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"> </span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"> 得天下过程中从上到下都还没有过多的要求,原来的贫民、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">罪犯只求活命,因种种原因投奔者志在长远利益,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">被武力收降或阴谋收买者会暂时隐忍。在物资 有限和战事频繁时,各级首领还没有条件、或来不及太腐败。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">到治天下时各人都要得到满足,统治者也不能一直提倡艰苦朴素,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">老是要求臣民“共度时艰”又不像个 太平盛世,要天下太平往往还得对一部分人实行赎卖政策,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">对豪强作些让步。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"> </span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"> 正因为如此,英明的开国皇帝往往在治天下时成为暴君,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">当现成皇帝的人不少是昏君,或者成了权臣或宦官的玩物,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; background-color: #ffffff;">不幸当了末代皇帝下场更惨,这都是专制制度治天下的产物。</span><br />