<p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><br /></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">一</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">对国家成就,我们中国人过去有个著名的双重标准,一个标准专用于本国,另一个专用于欧美。前一个标准是,只要中国取得某些成绩,根本原因必定是社会主义制度优越和党中央英明领导;后一个标准是,凡是欧美国家取得的成绩,必定是自然资源和条件优越所致,因为他们是</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">万恶的资本主义制度</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">,是资产阶级在统治和领导,制度既不可能优越,领导也只会极端自私自利,不可能英明。对这样的标准,现在的年轻人听着感到很荒唐,很搞笑,是不是?可在我们年轻的年代,这个标准曾经是主流观点,并且我们很多人当年确实相信过。按这种逻辑,今天的所谓主流观点,明天的年轻人会不会同样感到可笑</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">?</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">这些是</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">花絮</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">,不多说,关键是,我们在探讨英国成就时,从逻辑周延的角度讲,需要先采用排除法,把那些似是而非的观点排除掉,然后找出的原因将更有说服力</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">英国取得如此巨大的成绩,是不是该国自然条件格外优越和资源极为丰富所致</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">?</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">我们先看看英国的气候和地理条件。英国地处北纬</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">50°-60°</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">之间,最北北纬</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">61</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">度,最南北纬</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">50</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">度,共跨</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">11</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">个纬度。</span> <span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">相当于中国新疆伊犁地区、阿勒泰地区的北部,以及黑龙江省的最北端。英国大部分地区的纬度比上面说到的中国地方的纬度更高,也就是更靠北。相比之下,湖南省的纬度在</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">27</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">度附近,属低纬度地区。我们知道,纬度越高,气温越低,全年日照时间也会缩短。湖南地处低纬度地区,属热带气候,常年气温、日照,可能还包括降雨等许多自然条件比英国优越得多。在气候条件方面,英国与湖南省相比,明显居于劣势。再看地理条件,英国是个位于欧洲西部的岛国,由大不列颠岛(包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士)、爱尔兰岛东北部和一些小岛组成。全境分为四部分:英格兰东南部平原、中西部山区、苏格兰山区、北爱尔兰高原和山区。凡是了解英国地理结构者几乎没有人会认为英国是个天生福地,是个上帝格外垂青的地方。英国甚至不如以色列。以色列还有</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">流着蜜和奶</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">之地一说,而在欧洲人眼中,</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">英国这个可怜的小海岛,土地稀少,气候糟糕。</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">(《欧洲史》,</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">[</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">英</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">]</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">诺曼</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">·</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">戴维斯著,郭方、刘北成等译,世界知识出版社</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">2007</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年版,</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">P1</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">)英国的地理跟湖南倒是有点相像。湖南也是山地与平原大体各占一半。所以,从地理条件角度比较,英国对湖南也不占优势。其它自然资源方面,英国既没有南非那样的大型金矿和宝石矿藏,也没有格外出名的其它大型矿藏,比湖南优越的只有其北海石油,和四面环海、海产品较湖南丰富。不过,北海油田迟至</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1970</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年代才开始产油,英国崛起则早在两三百年前。英国的崛起,经济上靠的是工业革命,是工业品畅销全世界,而不是渔货。显然,北海石油和渔业资源与英国取得的成就二者之间关系不大</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">综上所述,英国式成就与自然资源和条件缺乏显著相关性</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">二</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">除了自然条件和资源,还有一个问题也需要排除。这就是种族优越论。我们中国人还有一个习惯,就是把外国人的成就归功于人种好、素质高。直到今天,这种观点在网络上都还颇有市场。英国人取得如此巨大的成就,是不是因为英国人种优越</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">?</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">为了回答英国人的成就是不是人种优越这个问题,有必要先揭揭英国的丑,只有这样才可以破除种族迷信,也破除某些中国人根深蒂固的人种自傲和自卑</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">是否因为我所读的两本英国通史都不是英格兰人所撰写的缘故,一本的作者休谟是苏格兰人,另一本作者是美国人,所以对英格兰人没有格外美化,两本通史中,丝毫没有避讳英国历史上的屈辱和英国人种的丑陋</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">英国殖民地面积一度是英国本土的</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">111</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">倍,在亚洲、非洲、美洲、澳洲建立过许多殖民地,其海军曾打遍全球无敌手,在某些中国人的意识上,似乎英国从来就只有光荣的征服史,而没有遭受过被征服的屈辱。其实,英国历史上曾多次遭到外敌入侵和异族奴役。历史学家一般认为,英国可追溯的史上最早居民是伊比利亚人与皮克特人,公元前</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">2000-1500</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年,古印欧人的一支</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">——</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">凯尔特人(罗马人称其为高卢人)开始西进。</span> <span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">公元前</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1200-1000</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年,凯尔特人在日耳曼人的逼迫之下继续西进到了不列颠岛。公元前</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">55</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年与</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">54</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年:朱利叶斯</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">·</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">凯撒首次率军入侵不列颠。公元</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">43</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年,罗马皇帝克劳迪厄斯率军征服不列颠,英国屈服在罗马统治之下直到</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">442</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年罗马人主动撤离。英国被罗马人统治长达四百余年。接下来是盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人相继入侵,并成为英国的统治者,英国本土居民遭到屠杀和奴役,盎格鲁-撒克逊语言中表示</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">不列颠人</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">的单词的含义就是奴隶。不甘屈辱的土著人逃离到了老少边穷地区,也就是现在的威尔士和爱尔兰。威尔士人和爱尔兰人可谓英国土著。现在的</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">盎格鲁</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">—</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">撒克逊</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">人是外来人种。我们中国相传从《禹贡》时代起的九州的地名基本上沿袭至今,说明中国这些地方没有被外来民族完全征服,起码原住民没有遭到大规模的驱逐清洗。相比之下,英格兰土著的命运悲惨得多,几乎整个英格兰全被大陆来的</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">武装侵略者</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">据为己有,以至于现在全英格兰的凯尔特人地名只保留下来</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">15</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">个,其余全是征服者命名的,说明当时英格兰全境几乎被外来民族彻底侵占。从大陆来的侵略者在英国实行封建制度,分封了许多小国,经过类似中国春秋时代的兼并战争,合并成七个王国,所以英国历史上跟我们一样,也曾有战国七雄。中国战国七雄争霸的时间是</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">254</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年,英国战国七雄也争战了长达</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">200</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年之久,史称</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">盎格鲁</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">—</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">撒克逊时代</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">,直到</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;"> 829</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年威塞克斯国王爱格伯特统一整个英格兰。英国的统一距秦始皇公元前</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">221</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年统一中国晚了</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">1050</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年。秦始皇统一后,虽经内战,中国并没有被匈奴等异族奴役,而是重新统一于汉帝统治之下。英国人则再次沦为亡国奴,</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">8</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">世纪末又遭到丹麦人侵袭,</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">1016</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年至</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1042</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年沦为丹麦海盗帝国的一部分。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">1066</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年:丹麦海盗又败给了诺曼底公爵威廉。诺曼底公爵征服给英国人带来的是极端残酷与严重不公正。史书记载:</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">那时,诺曼人在英格兰作威作福。如此放肆的民族不可能享有真正合格的自由</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">,</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">他制定的法律对诺曼人和英格兰人区别对待,有利于前者。他对土著行使绝对权力,完全不考虑后者的利益和感情。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">……</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">他们彻底臣服土著,将征服者的权力推向极端。</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">虽然诺曼征服用残酷无情的专制独裁统治英国,却也自被诺曼征服开始,英国主权才正式站稳脚跟。从此以后,英国虽然经过许多内战外战和王朝更迭,遭受过来自法国一次失败的入侵,一次拿破仑的入侵威胁,一次德意志帝国的空中侵袭,但再也没有遭受过外来民族的占领和奴役。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1066</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年是北宋英宗治平三年,大辽第八位皇帝辽道宗在位(</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1055-1101</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">)。三年后,</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1069</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年王安石变法。英国文明如以诺曼征服建立起独立国家为界,则与契丹人建立的辽国相当,如以</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1150</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年英文正式形成算作起步,则大体上与大金完颜希尹</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1119</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">制作女真字年代相当。然而,英国文明自此以后不断发展壮大,契丹文明和女真文明却走向了衰败和毁灭</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">三</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">英国人种不优越,不仅体现在曾遭屈服于异族侵略和奴役,而且还曾体现为野蛮愚昧</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">、英国古代政治非常野蛮,一样有中国式的为所欲为和横征暴敛的独裁君主。史书记载,英王的权力曾经是无限制的,有些英王也如同商纣王和隋炀帝,极其荒淫、残忍。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">他习惯于武断勒索其臣民。他的法庭权威及于王国全境。他可以运用权力或无论有没有依据的司法判决,粉碎忤逆的贵族。虽然英格兰和其他王国一样奉行封建宪法,但其他王国倾向于提升贵族、削弱王权。而英国目前的宪制中,所有贵族联合起来才能与王权匹敌。单个贵族向国王开战,保护其封臣,迄今为止仍然闻所未闻。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">然而,只要把他(英王埃德伽)对在俗牧师的辱骂、修道士党徒对他圣德的颂词和他恣睢无度、践踏一切成例和戒律的行为对照一下,就充分暴露了他的伪善。不过,据古代史官英格尔记载,这些僧众除了贞洁和服从以外,没有任何美德可言。就是这些僧众党附埃德伽,不仅一起犯下了滔天大罪,还文过饰非,把他塑造为完人。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">埃德伽以武力闯入女修道院,抢走修女埃迪莎,强暴了她。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">埃德伽还有另一个情妇,他们的奸情产生于偶然事件。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">埃德伽与埃尔弗雷达的联姻更简单、更邪恶。埃尔弗雷达美名惊艳全英格兰,埃德伽让宠臣埃塞伍尔德伯爵先邀请埃尔弗雷达父母及一家人光临伯爵府第,结果,埃塞伍尔德伯爵对美女一见倾心,欺骗国王,将美女据为己有。骗局被人揭穿,国王以打猎的名义在森林里将埃塞伍尔德伯爵亲手刺死,然后公开迎娶埃尔弗雷达为王后。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">2</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">、英国政府也曾肆意侵犯人权。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“1799</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年和</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1800</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年的《禁止结社法》,宣称工会为非法。甚至到</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">1824</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年这些法令被废除后,工会还在遭受广泛的敌视和打击,并常常遇到法律方面的阻力。工人的罢工被破坏,活动费拮据。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">英国历史上同样发生过许多反宪政的事例,仅举数例:</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">此刻(</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1819</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年),地方行政官们可以禁止任何</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">50</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">人以上的户外集会,与本郡事务有关的集会除外。他们也可以搜查民居以清查武器,没收煽动叛乱和毁谤性的出版物,拘禁其作者,通过重税禁绝廉价出版物。政府下决心要压制公众集会和出版自由</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">——</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">这是工人阶级表达自己意见的两种主要手段。</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”“1791</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年,在伯明翰,一群暴徒在托利党教士和治安法官的怂恿下,捣毁了许多改革派人士的住宅,其中包括科学家、哲学家约瑟夫</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">·</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">普里斯特利的家。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">强大的法国产生的恐惧,增强了英国人对法国人的外来思想</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">——</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">以前是天主教、如今是雅各宾</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">——</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">的恐惧。书店被清查、住宅被搜查、学校教师被开除、非国教徒被盘诘、出版界被责难。在萨默塞特,一个编筐工人因为说了</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">‘</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">我希望法国人获胜</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">’</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">的话而被投进监狱。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">1799</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年和</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1800</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年,皮特要求议会通过《结社法案》,该法案规定,除了促进友谊和互助物资的会社之外,工会和其他一切工人阶级组织都是违法的。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">3</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">、英国法治史上也曾野蛮、残暴、专制。中国历史上法家的严刑峻法,英国</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1820</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年前也有过。史书上有大量记载:</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">他们认为重刑可以阻吓犯罪,犹如宽恕和慈悲能使人谦恭服从。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1688</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年只有</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">50</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">条绞刑法令;至</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1820</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">年,这种法令已增至</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">200</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">余条。如偷窃别人身上物品价值</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">1</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">先令或偷窃商店商品价值</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">5</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">先令者,都要上绞刑。统治阶级也喜欢使用立枷、鞭笞和监禁等刑罚,用立枷来处罚酗酒者,用鞭笞来处罚盲流:</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">‘</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">直抽至背部流血为止</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">’</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">,用监禁来处罚盗窃犯。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">在</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1827</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年之前,英国大约有</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">200</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">条法令规定,约</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">600</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">种罪行要被判处绞刑。之后逐渐减少死刑。</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">杰弗里治诺曼底,斯兹教区未经他同意就自行选举主教,他下令阉割他们全体,包括主教,把睾丸放在盘子里带给他。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">英国人虽然喜欢(理查德)国王的军事天才带来的光荣,但他的王朝充满压迫,近乎专制。赋敛苛重,经常不经国家或大议事会同意。他在位第九年,向每海德土地征收五先令。教士不肯缴纳,他下令剥夺他们受法律保护的权利,命令世俗法庭不得判决他们收回债务。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">乱世,公共安全压倒一切。和平年代后,某些君主或政治家出于统治需要,可以不受阻碍地延续使用动荡时期的做法,即要求人们像服从公共安全需要一样,无条件服从自己的统治。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">约翰王喜欢亲自作出判决,尽管大多情况下,只要他感到满意,就会赋予法律效力。他曾经说:</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">‘</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">法律就在我的嘴里。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">’”</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">(</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1453</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年)这些豪强使用武力的目的不仅在于夺取城堡和庄园,而且想要威吓法院。一个大领主可能会带着</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">40</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">到</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">50</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">个雇员出现在法院,意在</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">‘</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">维持</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">’</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">他自己事业的利益或者他所依赖事业的利益。任何有足够胆量起诉大领主的人都会发现,没有人为他辩护,没有证人为他作证,而且由大领主提名的法官将会对他进行审判。有权势的领主可能会买通陪审团成员或者威吓法官,或者像范霍普勋爵在贝德福德市政厅采取的终极手段一样:干脆召来士兵中断法院的会议。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">4</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">、英国人曾残酷迫害和清洗犹太人。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1290</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年爱德华一世在热忱和贪婪的驱使下,决心做国内唯一的掠夺者,把犹太人斩草除根,</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">在王国境内彻底清除犹太人这个可恶的种族,</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">以他们的全部财产酬劳自己的辛勤。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">他随心所欲地启用严刑峻法,迫害这个不幸的民族(犹太人)。国王仅仅在伦敦一地就以伪造货币罪绞死了二百八十名犹太人,王国其他地方还不计入内。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">爱德华国王只给犹太人留下投奔外国的路费,在那些国家里,他们只会面对新的迫害和勒索。然而,逃出英国港口时,港口居民效法他们君主的偏执和贪婪,又抢走了犹太人的大部分路费,甚至将许多人扔进海里。这次种族清洗,至少造成一万五千犹太人倾家荡产、背井离乡。从此,犹太人几乎在英格兰绝迹</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">5</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">、基督教在英国也曾造成许多野蛮愚蠢。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">十字军东征时,欧洲深陷于蒙昧和迷信之中。神职人员主宰着人类的心灵。人民很少受到荣誉的约束,更少受到法律的约束,陷于最恶劣的罪行和混乱中,除了他们精神导师举行的仪式以外,不知道别的救赎之道。他们很容易相信圣战可以赎清一切罪过,补赎侵犯正义和人道的一切罪恶。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">撒克逊人的入侵虽然为时已久,对艺术、礼法、学术、人道、公义、守法的认识似乎并不比他们的日耳曼祖先进步多少。等到他们皈依基督教,本来应该架起一道桥梁,与比较开化的欧洲大陆各国建立联系。然而,基督教在消除蒙昧,对于求知修德,为害匪浅。对造物主的虔诚几乎被偷换成对圣人和圣迹的崇拜。在修道院里,静修比积极行善更称得上美德。由于普世信仰奇迹的干预和裁断,自然科学知识就此荒疏。教会对反社会的暴行滥施宽典,凶、残、诡、暴一切倒行逆施无不可以赦免,不以其生赎罪,而以捐赠、供奉修道院为补赎,这样的奉献自然流于狭隘和卑下。撒克逊人对神职人员的礼敬也近乎不伦不类。只要修道士从路上经过,人们就会围拢,报以最高的礼仪,把他们的只言片语视为神谕。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">6</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">、许多丹麦人和</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">盎格鲁-撒克逊</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">人曾当过强盗暴徒。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">尽管丹麦人的大军已经瓦解,但王国境内到处都是他们的游兵散勇。他们习惯于靠掠夺为务,即使走出了他们的真实需求。英国人屡遭践踏,早已身无长物,濒临无政府状态。有些人一开始遭到掠夺,后来却习惯了无法无天的生活,绝望地加入了盗贼的行列,掠夺自己的同辈公民。这一切邪恶都要依靠阿尔弗雷德监督和干预才能治愈。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">而</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1459</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年向议会提交的一份请愿书使其更加清晰。请愿书中对当时普遍存在的盗窃抢劫、强奸、敲诈勒索、压迫、暴动、误囚等现象抱怨连连。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">7</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">、英国监狱也曾野蛮。史书给我们提供了英国</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">19</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">世纪</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">336</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">所监狱里的状况,比之今天中国的看守所和监狱更为恶劣:</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">监狱生活是罪恶的起源,是不加区分地将各色犯人囚禁在同一个阴冷、沉闷、脏得难以置信的监牢里。在监牢里,老练的犯人会教新的罪犯犯罪技巧。监狱里没有罪犯区分、没有教育、没有隐私、也几乎没有什么纪律。有的只是相当严重的酗酒、赌博、斗殴和不道德的性行为。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">8</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">、英国历史上也有过编户齐民和连坐制。中国历史上据说由管子开始的极端专制的编户齐民和商鞅实施的连坐制,在近代广受批评,被讥为专制独裁的极端,然而,这种专制制度在英国也曾存在过。史书记载:</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">国王乞灵于严格规范的法政。他把英格兰划分成各郡,各郡划分成各乡(百户邑),各乡划分成各里(十户)。每个家长都必须为他的家人、奴仆、甚至宾客的行为负责,只要他们在自己家里住过三天以上。十户联保,称为一里、一保或一邻,彼此负责,由里长或保长监督。没有编入各里的人视为亡命之徒,受到惩罚。没有里长的许可或证明,任何人都不得改变原来的住所。任何一里或一保的居民犯罪,里长必须负责。如果他不能出面洗清自己的罪名,就必须拘押在监狱里等待审判。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">他们有责任把任何一个被控告犯罪的成员送往法庭。这种制度被称为</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">‘</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">十家连保制</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">’</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">,它要求所有年满</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">12</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">岁的非自由人组成一个团体,如果一个成员被怀疑有罪,其他成员必须把这个人送入法庭。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">9</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">、英国的骑士并不格外高贵。经过小说家夸张式描述出来的英国中世纪骑士在某些中国人眼中具有格外意义,似乎是英国贵族精神和文明的渊源。其实,骑士们的真实面貌远没有那么美好。他们的光辉形象,美好传说,多是后世文人骚客夸张出来的</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">确实,教会对骑士的定义堪称完美:骑士必须是一位虔诚的基督教徒,忠实于法定的王子,且拥有除暴安良、惩恶扬善、扶贫济弱的美德。在传奇文学中,骑士美好的一面更是受到大力誉扬:</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">骑士的生活及其道德观念都在城堡中孕育而生。这个道德体系是针对以战斗为事业的骑士,赞扬骑士在战场上表现出的杰出才能:勇气、忠诚、坚贞以及慷慨。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">但是,教会和传奇文学没有告诉你,骑士们几乎全是文盲,未脱野蛮人习气,毕生只有靠武勇出人头地,军功是荣誉的唯一源泉,</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">盎格鲁-撒克逊人是异教徒,而且不能识文断字。但他们擅长于打仗和治理。这是一个武士社会,赋有贵族和英雄气质。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">当时社会的两大支柱是家族关系和领主权威。对家族的忠诚是生存的必要条件,因为安全是建立在亲属为被杀家族成员复仇的基础之上。但领主和平民的关系更为重要。每一位酋长或国王的周围都有一群追随自己的武士,塔西佗称他们为亲兵(</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">comitatus</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">)</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">,在这种社会里,骑士的身份不可避免地兼具主人和奴才的两面性。其中首要的一面是奴才,他们必须找到一位领主作为一生效忠的对象,这点与刘备关羽张飞生存年代的伦理几乎如出一辙。骑士必须向主人称臣纳贡,</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">封建习俗规定的称臣纳贡礼是:封臣双膝跪下,交叉双手,放在宗主的双手之间,以这个姿态向宗主宣誓效忠。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">另一面,骑士们又是主人,他们据地自养,凌驾于附庸、家臣、佃客、奴隶之上。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">13</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">世纪,英国骑士的数量大约是</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">500</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">到</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1000</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">名,其中大部分都是国内显赫的权贵</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">骑士的主业是在战场上卖力地厮杀,不管战争是正义的,还是纯粹抢劫掠夺性的,只要主人命令参战,就必须唯命是从。战场上,骑士们比杀敌更重要的职责是保护主人,主人死了而自己活着是耻辱,主人战死尸体没抢回,也是耻辱。这些骑士们与刘邦手下拔剑击柱的</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">贩夫走卒之徒</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">并没有多少高明之处,与梁山好汉也强不到哪去,除打仗之外的工作可概括为五句:大块吃肉,大碗喝酒,论亩分田地,论头数抢奴隶,按颜值找女人。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">盎格鲁-撒克逊武士并不知晓耶稣的允诺,也不可能寄予永生的希望。对他们而言,生命只不过是黑暗之间的一段历程。人无法掌握自己的命运,因为命运充满了反复无常、不可知晓和在劫难逃的路数。在这样的世界里,英雄美德成为最受推崇的美德;在战场上要具有勇气、坚忍、慷慨和威力;在餐桌上要能谈天说地、海阔天空;在宴会上需能开怀畅饮、一醉方休;在服饰上应当雍容华贵、光鲜别致。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">10</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">、英国人也曾极其贫穷愚昧。英国</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">13</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">世纪农民们的屋顶是泥土、树技、草的混合物,</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">房子里充满了烟熏味,并且昏暗、潮湿、寒冷。成堆的稻草铺在地面上作为床被。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">(休谟,</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">P153</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。英国人的农作物是麦子,不生产稻谷,不明白为什么会有稻草。)中世纪英国农民生病,靠自己在田边种植的草药医治,以及给自己放血,当时欧洲人的医学理论断定许多医病可通过放血治愈</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">大概是</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">15</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">世纪英国的某位大臣曾在议会里自豪地说,他走遍英国,没见到一个五岁以上的儿童游手好闲。这话揭示出,当时的儿童基本不上学读书。而通过阅读《马克思恩格斯选集》第四卷,我们早就知道,至少在马克思逝世的</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1882</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年之前,英国贫民的儿童八岁左右就进入血汗工厂作童工,每周的收入仅有几便士,一旦得病便只有沟死沟埋路死路埋,与野狗无异。当时伦敦有很多贫民窟,污水横流,臭气熏天,妓女和小偷到处游荡</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">不再多举,总之,在英国的历史上,我们可以看到各种各样的负面内容:有残酷对待,有用枪逼议会表决,有一次残杀政治对手数百人,有残杀法军俘虏上万人,有四马分尸,有掘墓,有将罪犯头颅砍下悬挂城门,有奸臣弄权,有虚伪诡诈,有父权制,有夫权制,有森严的等级制,有恶行、阴谋诡计和伤风败俗</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">……</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">一句话,中国人干过的罪孽,做过的错事,玩过的蠢事,英国人基本上全干过。被命名为中国劣根性的东西,英国人历史上照样存在,只是程度有所不同,花样有所翻新。高大、蓝眼睛、浅肤色、金发碧眼等外部特征,并没有给予英国人的大脑更多特殊性或优势。这样一个丑陋的民族,如果说她格外优越,你信吗</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">?</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">反正我是不信的</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">四</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">本来种族问题在今天根本就不应成为一个问题。之所以成为今天我们要面对的问题之一,需要单独拿出来讨论,原因在于,它仍然在场。它还隐藏在二十四史里面,在故纸堆里,并且通过历史教科书,好好地活着,活在我们当下。到今天为止,除去台湾香港人编写的史书,我们这个国家真正的正史只有一部,就是二十四史。范文澜,包括白寿彝等大陆官用史学家的史学研究成果,也许不是完全无益的,但确实受意识形态影响太大。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">1949</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">年之后活在大陆的这一代史学家,不论他们是否愿意,都必须迎合被称之为历史唯物主义的官方意识形态。用一个拟人化的说法就是,当他们的史学还没长成人,还在少女年代,也许还在幼女时,就必须主动送给马克思这位洋死人破处,再送给共产党权要一一睡过,获得同意,才可面世。否则,其本人不被整死,其史学成果也会胎死腹中。所以,白寿彝的《中国通史》甫一问世,就得到江泽民、李鹏赞许,我们马上就知道坏事了,不必读就知道,已经被奸污得不成人样了。江泽民、李鹏懂什么史学?他们懂的只有图样图森破</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">——</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">不年轻了,却真的是很傻很天真。而且很喜欢奸你,不论是不是</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">CCTV</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">的美女主持,也不论男女,都照奸不误。思想上强奸。那种被迫或自愿带着马克思历史唯物主义观念先行,从浩瀚典籍中寻找阶级斗争的蛛丝马迹,然后再据以循环证明历史唯物主义是真理的史学,这种努力迎合马克思这个三流史家都排不上号的洋死人的洋死(史)学,其真实性和价值反而不如二十四史</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">从民族主义的视角看,对我们的这部二十四史可以这么说,它纯粹就是一部关于中华的英雄、胜利和成就的叙述,全部围绕一个狭隘的中华中心撰写。这个中华既是普天之下的中心,也是率土之上的中心,同时还是宇宙间所有国家都理当前来朝拜的至高无上的唯一主宰,是文明的最高级。至少直到乾隆皇帝回复英国国王特使马夏尔尼为止,中华帝国的世界观一向是唯我独尊的,除我之外,其他全是蛮夷。这种历史潜伏着一个井底之蛙的异想天开的中华优越信仰。这种信仰应该是因为缺乏与地中海文明之间的交流,千万年间于东亚区域内在与周围文明落后的弱小民族角逐中持续胜出,逐渐积累起来的得天独厚的自信。如今其主要作用便是</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">被精心设计用来训练学校的儿童,使他们将来在国家的战争中充当杀人者和死伤者的角色。</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">(《欧洲史》,</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">P54</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。)。自</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">《春秋》严夷夏之辨</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">以来,直到今天,我们一直就是华夏优越论者和种族主义者。这种种族优越主义可谓根深蒂固,比之西欧自拿破仑以后才高涨起来的民族主义,以及美国的种族歧视和德国希特勒时期达到颠峰的种族主义,要深远得多,牢固得多。今天,</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">黑鬼</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">、</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">老毛子</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">、</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">小日本</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">等浓厚种族主义色彩的词语在中国仍然是常用词,对藏族、维族人的各种侮辱性对待也可在西藏、新疆大行其道。当然,种族主义偏见在世界上其他多数民族都存在,也许可以说任何一个民族多多少少都存在</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">我族中心主义</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。在种族主义问题上,谁都好不到哪去。要想观念上从</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">我族中心主义</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">迷雾中脱身出来,有两本书值得向大家推荐,一本是阿马蒂亚</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">·</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">森的《身份与认同》,一本是戴维</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">·</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">迈尔斯的《社会心理学》。不过,在</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">我族中心主义</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman"; color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">这点上,中国人,特别是汉人的表现更为突出,而且至今仍然严重缺乏自觉和反思。中国人的历史主要是汉族史。汉人中央政权对周围少数民族进行的征服、奴役、统治,都还被津津乐道</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">大陆的民族主义基本上是一种精神分裂的状态,存在两个极端,一个是官方的光荣伟大的中华民族,宣传中出现频率最高的就是民族自豪,中国崛起,中国已经是世界第二,马上就要超过美国成为世界老大。这些人显然严重缺乏历史眼光,不懂得百余年来在面对英国等西方文明时,中国之所以弱小,挨打,几乎全是我们自身的原因占主导,是愚昧无知,还愣要充老大。另一方面,民间则对中国人种极其鄙视,网络上见得最多的词汇之一便是</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">中国猪</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">、</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">“</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">中国人素质太差</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;">”</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。相当一部分中国人甚至羡慕、崇拜犹太人。记得几年前有次一位八零后找到我家里,跟我说犹太人如何如何伟大。我对他讲了犹太民族在过去漫长的两千年间当亡国奴,寄居于欧洲各国所遭受的歧视和迫害,中华在同一时段内则大体上备享尊荣繁华,问他:你我的祖先是否愿意将自己在故土上安居,去与当亡国奴的犹太人换一换?在这里,我想强调一点,所有把英国美国的成就归因于人种好,把中国的落后归因于人种不行的,都是洋奴,都不配称中国人</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">今天,我们作为《春秋》以来华夏文明的传承人,必要的学习内容之一就是要反思种族偏见。人类发展到现在,没有哪一支是永远的胜者,没有哪一个民族在长达数千数万年的时间里长盛不衰,一直是老大,或一直是弱小任人欺负。整个人类的历史上,从来还没有看到有哪个民族只有光明面,没有阴暗面,只有胜利和征服他人,而从未被异族打败过。每一种文明,每一个人类分支,在历经千百万年与自然、与其他种族的残酷竞争后,仍能存活下来,仍能发展壮大,都必定有其绝活,都曾经阔过,都值得我们尊重。人类今天的文明成就不是某一个单一文明包打天下成就的,而是人类不断交流、合作、冲突、试错,一步一步发展而来的。但在人类文明史上,确曾有些民族贡献大,有些民族贡献小</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family: "Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">在一个名为全人类正日益变得熟悉和休戚相关的被称为地球村的世界上,在一个彼此间残酷对待、特别是战争遭到全人类共同反对的文明年代,寻找中国人与英国人的共同点,寻找人类的共同点,比寻找中国人与其他族群间的优缺点更为重要,让不同种族的人和平合作,比之相互残杀需要更高的智慧。人与动物都有共同需要,比如都需要空气、水、食物、地盘、住所、配偶、后代,何况人类的各种族与种族之间?种族间的差异、分歧、冲突是无庸讳言和不可避免的,但是,种族间的相通、共识、合作更是不可缺乏的。每一个族群都既带有个性特征,也带有人类群体特征,既有自身特别的需要和偏好,也有共同的需要和价值取向。商业、互联网、科学、联合国、飞机、导弹、航天器、雾霾、瘟疫、生态灾难等等让基于肤色、语言、气候等的差异和地理隔离显得无关紧要,现代教育、移民等则可以夷平文化传统的鸿沟</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei";color:#222222;">。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"> </p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;Times New Roman";Microsoft YaHei"; color:#222222;">在清除了自然条件优越论和人种优越论两个路障之后,下面,我们将探讨英国文明成就的成因。</span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; background: white;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;Times New Roman";color:#222222;"><!–[if gte vml 1]> <![endif]–><img width="1" height="1" src="file:///C:/Users/KUIDEC~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="https://ci6.googleusercontent.com/proxy/RnNZfQn2o2xpggJQqefCOervMbPIci5mujDPJnvl43kv6Rtxjyh5gHN_JKVzeU-aaGz3pePFgxfoAAtZJZNx8mveVTc-11j98EfuAJVcumUenA=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/ui/v1/icons/mail/images/cleardot.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" /></span></p> <p> </p>