中美能找到共同点吗?

<p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 28px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">中国国家主席习近平本月将前往美国进行访问。虽然过去三年习近平与奥巴马的见面并不少,但作为国家主席身份访美,还是习的第一次。这次访问除了赴白宫拜访奥巴马外,习近平也将在联合国大会上发表演说,这也是他的第一次。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 23px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">习近平的到访已经成了美国2016年总统大选参选人的谈资。就在习近平即将启程前夕,美国政界一些人士对此颇有腹诽,一些人士还说希望奥巴马取消此次访问。当然,这样的建议不切实际,但近来的一些评论,倒给中美两国都提出了这样一个问题:两国应当如何继续交往?</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">&#8220;美国政府正对一些中国议题感到受挫 。在未来一年多的时间里,我认为奥巴马会在一些领域采取更多具体行动,从网络安全到海事争端,&#8221; 美国耶鲁大学中国中心的高级研究员魏光明(Graham Webster)对BBC中文网说,&#8220;(两国关系)真正的进步要双方都能够参与其中。&#8221;</p><h2>中美难以协调?</h2><figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.7778px; margin: 24px -24.6354px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #111111;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2015/01/21/150121065355_cn_barack_obama_xi_jinping_624x351_ap.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2015/01/21/150121065355_cn_barack_obama_xi_jinping_624x351_ap.jpg" width="624" height="351" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; -webkit-user-select: none; width: 616.198px; display: block;" alt="" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image copyright</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.5625rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);">AP</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">实用主义思维也是奥巴马两个任期以来的中国政策指导思想。</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">一些鹰派人士认为,在奥巴马任期的最后一年,美国应当对中国采取更加强硬的态度,因为在习近平自2012年上台以来,中国同美国亚洲盟友的关系不断恶化,北京还不断被指责对美国发动网络袭击,其国内的人权状况也没有改善。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">另一派观点则认为,虽然今日中国的内政外交并不如此前主流舆论所愿,但由于中美在经济(两国双边贸易达6000亿美元,中国在美国投资总额达540亿美元)和区域安全(朝鲜核问题,打击恐怖主义等)上互黏度极高,因此美国应当继续与中国加深交往,并且寻找两国可以突破的议题。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">这一实用主义思维也是奥巴马两个任期以来的中国政策指导思想。但曾任美国助理副国务卿,目前任保尔森政策研究院(Paulson Institute)副主席的方艾文(Evan A. Feigenbaum)却认为,从目前两国关系的走向看,一些中美间哪怕有共同利益的议题也正变得难以协调。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.7778px; margin: 24px -24.6354px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #111111;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2015/08/03/150803083035_fishing_boats_624x351_xinhua.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2015/08/03/150803083035_fishing_boats_624x351_xinhua.jpg" width="624" height="351" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; -webkit-user-select: none; width: 616.198px; display: block;" alt="" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image copyright</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.5625rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);">Xinhua</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">方艾文说,在南海问题上,两国都知妥善解决符合各方利益,但实际操作中,北京与华盛顿却对国际法的解释存在根本分歧。</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">方艾文在近期发表于纽约亚洲协会(Asia Society)网站上的一篇文章指出中美间四个难以协调的议题。这其中包括华盛顿与北京在亚洲&#8220;安全&#8221;这一概念上存在的认识冲突。比如在南海问题上,两国都知妥善解决符合各方利益,但实际操作中,北京与华盛顿却对国际法的解释存在根本分歧。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">&#8220;即便两国都有共同利益,&#8221; 方艾文说,&#8220;这些(议题)也通常是本质上十分概括性的,比如&#8216;和平&#8217;,&#8216;稳定&#8217;,&#8216;安全&#8217;,&#8216;不挑衅&#8217;等等&#8221;,在具体政策的实施上,两国又有着各自不同的解释。比如,中美两国虽都希望维护中亚安全与稳定,但美国长期在中亚推行的政治改革,却被中方认为不利于地区稳定。</p><h2>气候变化为突破</h2><figure style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.7778px; margin: 24px -24.6354px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #111111;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2015/08/03/150803064607_green_house_gasses_climate_change_power_house_america__624x351__nocredit.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2015/08/03/150803064607_green_house_gasses_climate_change_power_house_america__624x351__nocredit.jpg" width="624" height="351" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; -webkit-user-select: none; width: 616.198px; display: block;" alt="" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image copyright</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">纽约亚洲协会的夏伟说,虽然中美在许多议题上正各说各话,但在气候变化这一议题上,北京与华盛顿却能够找到共同利益所在。</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">不过,耶鲁大学中国中心的高级研究员魏光明认为,虽然中美在上述议题上空谈多于实质,但这并不意味着两国合作可能正在消失。&#8220;奥巴马与习近平需要在有共同利益的议题上努力合作,具体来说诸如气候变化(议题),两国还需要弥合能够产生重要冲突的差异。&#8221;</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">&#8220;认识到中美两国需要和平与稳定的共同利益,两国政府在这次会谈中需要聚焦于最难达成一致的议题上,并相互合作,比如海事问题和网络安全议题,&#8221;魏光明对BBC中文网表示。他说,若在这些议题上无法合作,那么两国间的军事竞争可能加剧;即便存在共同利益,中美也有可能导致冲突。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">纽约亚洲协会美中关系研究中心的夏伟(Orville Schell)也认为中美两国的关系对目前的国际格局十分重要,但这段关系目前正处于一个困难时期。不过他表示,这并不说明本月的习奥会无法扭转局势。他说,虽然中美在许多议题上正各说各话,但在气候变化这一议题上,北京与华盛顿却能够找到共同利益所在。</p><p style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;">&#8220;若两国在这一关键上成功展开建设性的合作,这不仅能够将中国与美国带到一起,而且能够将整个国际社会从这一生存环境僵局中带出来,&#8221;夏伟在近期的一篇评论文章中写道。不过他也承认,无人能够保证这次习奥会的正面成果,&#8220;但中美关系的另一种结局却是惨淡的。&#8221;</p>


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