<h4><p><strong> 1956<span style="font-family:SimSun">年匈牙利人民起义</span></strong></p><p> <span style="font-family:SimSun">第二次世界大战，匈牙利参加了国家社会主义德国集团</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span>1<wbr>945<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>2<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>13<span style="font-family:SimSun">日</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">苏军占领匈牙利。</span>1945<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>2<span style="font-family:SimSun">月美英苏三国<wbr>在雅尔塔议定：</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">所有被解放的欧洲国家都应举行民主选举。</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">但苏军元<wbr>帅伏罗希洛夫领导的盟军管制委员会拒不执行，</span>1948<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun">月，<wbr>他迫使社会民主党与共产党合并，成立匈牙利劳动人民党，<wbr>共产党人拉科西</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">（</span>Rakosi Matyas<span style="font-family:SimSun">）为</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">党的总书记，听命于苏联，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">建立起斯大林式的政权<wbr>。</span></p><p><span> 1948</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">拉科西遵依苏联指示清洗铁托分子</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，进行政治镇压。</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">在<wbr>他统治时期</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">（</span>1948-1956<span style="font-family:SimSun">），</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">约有</span>35<span style="font-family:SimSun">万匈牙利官员和知识<wbr>分子遭到清洗；有</span>60<span style="font-family:SimSun">万人被送进社会劳改营，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">有</span>2<span style="font-family:SimSun">千人被处死，有</span><wbr>10<span style="font-family:SimSun">多万人被投进监狱，约有</span>44 000<span style="font-family:SimSun">人死在劳改营。</span><sup>1,2 </sup><span style="font-family:SimSun">匈牙利</span>350<span style="font-family:SimSun">万成人当中就有</span>150<span style="font-family:SimSun">万人遭到各种不同形式的政治镇<wbr>压。</span><sup>3 </sup></p><p style="text-indent:24pt">1953<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>3<span style="font-family:SimSun">月斯大林逝世后，匈牙利纳吉</span>•<span style="font-family:SimSun">伊姆雷（</span>Nagy Imre<span style="font-family:SimSun">）出任政府总理，开啟了“非苏联模式社会主义化”进程。<wbr>由于苏联的干预，</span>1955<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>4<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>1<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，纳吉被解除总理职务，<wbr>由赫格久斯（</span>Hegedüs Andras<span style="font-family:SimSun">）出任总理。匈牙利向旧政策复归，国内的政治、<wbr>经济形势随之恶化。</span></p><p><strong> </strong>1956<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>4<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，人们开始</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">讨论匈牙利面临的极尖锐的敏感<wbr>问题</span><strong><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span></strong><span style="font-family:SimSun">猛烈抨击拉科西的错误，迫使拉科西下台。</span>7<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>18<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，<wbr>由国家安全部长格罗（</span>Gerő Ernő<span style="font-family:SimSun">）接替拉科西出任党的第一书记，但局势依然不稳。</span> </p><p style="text-indent:24pt">1956<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>10<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>22<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun">布达佩斯建筑工业大学的大学生和知识分子集会，他们提出“<wbr>十六点要求”，主要有：</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 3.75pt;line-height:15.6pt"> 1<span style="font-family:SimSun">．苏军立即撤出匈牙利。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 3.75pt;line-height:15.6pt"> 2<span style="font-family:SimSun">．以秘密投票方式选举党的各级新的领导人。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 3.75pt;line-height:15.6pt"> 3<span style="font-family:SimSun">．在纳吉同志领导下改组政府，<wbr>立即免除拉科西时代有罪的领导人的职务。</span> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 3.75pt;line-height:15.6pt"> 5<span style="font-family:SimSun">．国家实行普选，多党参加竟选，秘密投票选举国会，<wbr>工人有权罢工。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 3.75pt;line-height:15.6pt"> 11<span style="font-family:SimSun">．司法独立，释放无辜者，为他们恢复名誉。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 3.75pt;line-height:15.6pt"> 12<span style="font-family:SimSun">．言论自由、出版自由、电台广播自由。</span></p><p> 13<span style="font-family:SimSun">．拆除斯大林鋳像，它是暴政和政治迫害的标志。</span><sup>4</sup></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt">10<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>23<span style="font-family:SimSun">日下午</span>3<span style="font-family:SimSun">点，建筑工业大学的学生开始和平游行，<wbr>到布达佩斯广场集会，要求匈牙利政治和经济上独立，<wbr>结束苏联对匈牙利的占领，学生还要求取消军训，<wbr>停止在大学教授马克思列宁主义。学生锯断斯大林的青铜像，<wbr>然后向匈牙利革命诗人裴多菲的雕像纪念碑行进。<wbr>沿途不断有人加入，匈牙利士兵也加入了游行队伍，下午</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun">时，<wbr>到目的地时人数已达</span>20-30<span style="font-family:SimSun">万人。游行人群高呼“言论自由！”<wbr>“选举自由！”“是匈牙利人就站过來！”、“俄国人回家去！”、<wbr>“把拉科西扔进多瑙河！”、“我们要纳吉！”等口号。</span><sup>5,6</sup></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><span> 23</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">日晚上</span>7<span style="font-family:SimSun">点，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">格罗向苏联驻匈牙利大使安德罗波夫</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">（</span><wbr>Ю<strong>.</strong> В<strong>. </strong>Андропов<span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span>1982<span style="font-family:SimSun">年为苏共总书记）</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">请求苏联派军队镇压<wbr>起义者</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，安德罗波夫立即给特别独立军司令部打电话：“<wbr>我们的朋友要求苏军进入布达佩斯支援他们”。<wbr>特别独立军司令拉什琴科（</span>П<strong>.</strong> H<strong>. </strong>Лащенко<span style="font-family:SimSun">）说：“我没得到莫斯科的命令，不动一兵一卒”。<wbr>安德罗波夫立即与莫斯科联系。</span><sup>7,8</sup></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun">特别独立军根据</span>1947<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>2<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>10<span style="font-family:SimSun">日第二次世界大战盟国与匈牙利<wbr>签订的和约驻在匈牙利。</span>1955<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>5<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>14<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，<wbr>欧洲社会主义国家签订华沙条约，苏军继续留驻匈牙利，<wbr>由莫斯科直接指挥。</span>1956<span style="font-family:SimSun">年夏，<wbr>苏联制定了应对匈牙利紧急形势的“波涛”作战计划</span><sup>8</sup><span style="font-family:SimSun">。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><br /> <span> </span><span style="font-family:SimSun">晚上</span>8<span style="font-family:SimSun">点，格罗</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">发表广播讲话</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">严厉谴责人们对匈苏不平等<wbr>关系的批评是</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun">“</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">恶意的杜撰</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">卑鄙的谎言</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">”，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">称示威游行群众</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">“</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">是匈牙利人民的敌<wbr>人</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">”，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">威胁进行镇压。</span><sup>9,10</sup></p><p> <span style="font-family:SimSun">被格罗的讲话激怒的示威游行的人们</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">试图冲进电台</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">要求广播他们<wbr>的</span>16<span style="font-family:SimSun">点要求</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">人们冲击电台，从卫兵手中夺取武器，<wbr>在民兵军需仓库和被占领的派出所夺得武器，<wbr>在工程兵营的驻地获得武器，许多工程兵也加入了起义者的队伍。<wbr>布达佩斯警察局局长山道尔</span>•<span style="font-family:SimSun">科帕奇（</span>Sándor Kopaci<span style="font-family:SimSun">）</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">中校下令不得向起义者开枪。<wbr>起义者占领了广播电台和一些军事和工业目标，控制了市中心。</span><sup>9,<wbr>11</sup> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> <span style="font-family:SimSun">格罗给赫鲁晓夫打电话，强烈要求苏联帮助布达佩斯恢复秩序。</span><sup> 5</sup></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt">23<span style="font-family:SimSun">日深夜</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">苏共中央主席团召开会议</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><sup> </sup><span style="font-family:SimSun">主席团关于出兵问题意见分歧。赫鲁晓夫决定派</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">苏共主席团成员米高<wbr>扬、苏斯洛夫、国家安全委员主席谢罗夫</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">（</span>И<strong>.</strong> А<strong>.</strong> Серов<span style="font-family:SimSun">）</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">和苏军副总参谋长马林宁（</span>М<strong>.</strong> С<strong>.</strong><strong> </strong>Малинин<span style="font-family:SimSun">）大将到布达佩斯了解研究匈牙利形势</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">。<wbr>最终苏共中央主席团决定出兵镇压布达佩的造反者。</span><sup>12,13</sup></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt 0.5in"> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun">匈牙利时间</span>23<span style="font-family:SimSun">日</span>21<strong>:</strong>30<span style="font-family:SimSun">（莫斯科时间</span>23<strong>:</strong>30<span style="font-family:SimSun">）<wbr>苏军总参谋长索科洛夫斯基元帅（</span>В<strong>.</strong><span> Д<strong>. </strong>Соколовский</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">）<wbr>命令特别独立军司令立即率兵进入布达佩斯，帮助匈牙利军队“<wbr>恢复秩序”，实施“波涛”的作战计划。</span><sup>9</sup></p><p style="margin:14pt 0in;text-indent:24pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">24</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">日凌晨</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">4<strong>:</strong>00</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，匈牙利劳动人民党中央全会闭幕，<wbr>决定由纳吉取代赫格久斯重新出任政府总理。</span><sup><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">7</span>,</sup><sup><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">9</span></sup> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt">24<span style="font-family:SimSun">日早</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun">时前，特别独立军</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">进入布达佩斯</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">镇压起义者</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">。<wbr>匈牙利人奋起抵抗苏军的干预，匈牙利军队纷纷倒戈。“<wbr>一场匈牙利和苏联之间的战争开始了”。</span><sup>14</sup></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt">24<span style="font-family:SimSun">日上午</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">纳吉通过电台发表</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">“</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">告匈牙利人民书</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">”，“</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">布达佩斯的<wbr>公民们</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">！</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">我宣布</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">为了避免继续流血</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">在今天下午兩点钟之前</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">所有<wbr>停止战斗放下武器的人都将免除军法惩处。”<wbr>他承诺政府将全力实现在党的生活、国家生活、政治生活、<wbr>经济生活等方面彻底民主化。他呼吁，“<wbr>为了我们的民族和国家未來，停止战斗，回归和平创造性的工作！”</span><sup> 15</sup> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><span> 25</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">日早晨，特别独立军到达布达佩斯，傍晚，<wbr>苏军与匈牙利人交火，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">向示威游行集会者开枪，死</span>61<span style="font-family:SimSun">人，伤</span>284<span style="font-family:SimSun"><wbr>人。</span><sup>9</sup> </p><p style="margin:14pt 0in;text-indent:24pt">25<span style="font-family:SimSun">日流血事件发生后</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">匈党中央罢免了格罗的第一书记职务</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">由卡<wbr>达尔</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">（</span>Kadar Janos <span style="font-family:SimSun">）出</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">任第一书记。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><span> </span>10<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>26<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，纳吉宣布成立新政府，<wbr>内阁成员中有卡达尔、纳吉等六名劳动人民党员。<wbr>卡达尔会见苏斯洛夫和米高扬，他说：“<wbr>因为我们过去犯的错误使党的威信在工人阶级中急剧下降。”<wbr>他还指出反苏情緒正在民众中扩散。</span> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun">纳吉向苏联代表团申明匈牙利领导打算在用武力镇压叛乱的同时实行<wbr>与知识分子及人民大众和解和好的政策。<wbr>苏斯洛夫和米高扬向莫斯科报告，<wbr>他们赞成纳吉用和平的方法解决冲突。</span><sup>16</sup></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> <span style="font-family:SimSun">匈牙利政府与苏联就苏军撤出匈牙利的问题开始谈判。</span>1<wbr>0<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>29<span style="font-family:SimSun">日苏军奉命停火。</span>30<span style="font-family:SimSun">日</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">纳吉政府要求苏军立即全部撤出<wbr>布达佩斯。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><span> 10</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>30<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，起义者占领监狱，释放囚犯；<wbr>各地成立了工人委员会和地方委员会；起义者占领了</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">匈牙利劳动人民<wbr>党</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">布达佩斯市委员会。他们追捕共产党负责人、<wbr>安全委员会和内务部的特工。</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">匈牙利起义者“人民法庭”处决</span>28<span style="font-family:SimSun">人<wbr>，其中</span>26<span style="font-family:SimSun">人是国家安全局的特工</span><sup>9</sup><span style="font-family:SimSun">。</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">有的人被处死后用大釘子釘在<wbr>地上，有的人被处死后头朝下吊在樹上。</span> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun">纳吉再次发表广播讲话，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">他说</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，“</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">政府已要求苏军立即撤出布达佩斯</span><span style="font-family:SimSun"><wbr>，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">同时我们准备要求苏联从匈牙利撤走它的全部军队。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun">政府承认革命成立的民主自治地方政府，要求他们的充分支持政府。<wbr>匈牙利的弟兄们，要保卫革命成果，我们首先要恢复秩序，<wbr>同胞不应互相残杀流血，要竭尽所能保护生命财产。弟兄们，<wbr>在此命运攸关的时刻，要团结起來！自由民主独立的匈牙利万岁！”</span><sup> 15</sup></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun">这天纳吉政府通过决议：恢复多党制，成立联合政府，<wbr>将进行自由选举。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt">10<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>30<span style="font-family:SimSun">日晚上，刘少奇率中国代表团到逹克里姆林宫，<wbr>以中共中央委员会的名义建议：“军队绝不能撤出匈牙利，<wbr>也绝不能撤出布逹佩斯”；毛泽东认为匈牙利事件不仅有反苏倾向，<wbr>也有反共倾向。</span><sup>17</sup></p><p> 31<span style="font-family:SimSun">日</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">苏军撤出布达佩斯，国防部长</span>Г<strong>.</strong> К<strong>. </strong><span style="font-family:SimSun">朱可夫依苏共中央的指示“制定应对匈牙利国内事件的“旋风”<wbr>作战计划。”</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt">10<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>31<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，苏共中央主席团一致通过决议：出兵推翻纳吉政府，<wbr>成立以卡达尔为首的“工农革命政府”。</span>Г<strong>.</strong> К<strong>. </strong><span style="font-family:SimSun">朱可夫命令国防部副部长、华沙条约国联合武装力量总司令科涅夫</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">（</span><wbr>И<strong>.</strong> С<strong>.</strong> Конев<strong><span style="font-family:SimSun">）</span></strong><span style="font-family:SimSun">前往匈牙利实施“旋风”计划，<wbr>镇压匈牙利的革命运动。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><strong> </strong></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun">米高扬回到莫斯科，他主张支持纳吉政府，再观察</span>10-15<span style="font-family:SimSun">天。<wbr>但主席团不支持纳吉。</span></p><p><span> </span><span style="font-family:SimSun">卡达尔发表广播讲话，宣布建立新的匈牙利社会主义党。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><span> 11</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>1<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，匈牙利政府要求苏军撤出匈牙利，并</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">决定退出<wbr>华沙条约，把决定送交苏联大使舘，<wbr>同时呼吁联合国帮助保护匈牙利的中立地位。<wbr>匈牙利政府为保卫布达佩斯，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">市内匈牙利军队增加到</span>5<span style="font-family:SimSun">万人，还有</span>1<span style="font-family:SimSun"><wbr>万“民族近卫军”，约</span>100<span style="font-family:SimSun">辆战车。</span><sup>9</sup></p><p style="text-indent:24pt">11<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>1<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">科涅夫到达位于布达佩斯东南</span>100<span style="font-family:SimSun">公里的索里瑙克（</span><wbr>Szolnok<span style="font-family:SimSun">），</span>2<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，召特别独立军司令拉什琴科<span style="color:#000063">，</span>布置战斗任<wbr>务。</span></p><p style="text-indent:24pt">11<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>1<span style="font-family:SimSun">日晚，卡达尔到达特别独立军司令部。</span>11<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>2<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，<wbr>卡达尔在苏联国家安全委员会军官护送下到达莫斯科，<wbr>赫鲁晓夫会见卡达尔和布达佩斯警察总长</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">费伦茨</span>•<span style="font-family:SimSun">明尼赫（</span>Fere<wbr>nc Münnich<span style="font-family:SimSun">），</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">建议卡达尔在“武力镇压反革命”<wbr>后领导匈牙利，确定新政府成员名单。</span>11<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>3<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，<wbr>以卡达尔为首组成亲苏政府。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun">苏军为掩蔽作战准备，<wbr>口头照会匈牙利政府同意立即就撤军问题进行谈判。</span>3<span style="font-family:SimSun">日晚</span>10<span style="font-family:SimSun">时，<wbr>纳吉派出的匈牙利代表团到苏军司令部与苏军开始谈判。</span>4<span style="font-family:SimSun">日</span>1<strong>:</strong>3<wbr>0<span style="font-family:SimSun">，<wbr>苏联国家安全委员会主席谢罗夫命令特工逮捕匈牙利政府谈判代表团<wbr>。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"> 4<span style="font-family:SimSun">日凌晨</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">以卡达尔为首的匈牙利工农革命政府宣告成立。</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">索里瑙<wbr>克电台广播匈牙利工农革命政府告人民书：<wbr>革命政府为了匈牙利人民、<wbr>工人阶级和祖国的利益请求苏军司令部帮助粉碎反革命黑暗势力，<wbr>重建人民的社会主义制度，恢复国内秩序。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun">苏军入境的消息使匈各政党和社会各阶层与政府表现出空前的团结。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><br /></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><span> 11</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>4<span style="font-family:SimSun">日</span>4<strong>:</strong>15<span style="font-family:SimSun">（中欧时间），苏军开始实施“<wbr>旋风”作战计划，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">科涅夫</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">指挥苏军分别向布逹佩斯和向其它发生起义<wbr>的城市前进。</span><sup>18,19<span> </span></sup><span style="color:black;font-family:SimSun">直到</span><span style="color:black">11</span><span style="color:black;font-family:SimSun">月</span><span style="color:black">6</span><span style="color:black;font-family:SimSun">日晚上，匈牙利战士弹药竭尽，战斗才停止。</span><sup>9</sup></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><span> </span><span style="font-family:SimSun">苏联国家安全部的特工参加先头部队</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">准备逮纳吉政府成<wbr>员和武装起义的领导人。</span><span> </span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt">11<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>4<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，纳吉及政府成员携家人共</span>47<span style="font-family:SimSun">人进入南斯拉夫大使舘寻<wbr>求政治避难，匈牙利民族近卫军和个别部队继续抗击苏军。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> 11<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>7<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，<wbr>卡达尔及其政府成员乘坐苏军装甲车在两辆战车护送下由索里瑙克回<wbr>到布达佩斯。苏军逐个城市“恢复”秩序，到</span>11<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>11<span style="font-family:SimSun">日结束。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> 1956<span style="font-family:SimSun">年匈牙利事件（</span>1956<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>10<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>23<span style="font-family:SimSun">日</span>-<wbr>1956<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>12<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>31<span style="font-family:SimSun">日），匈牙利有</span>2652<span style="font-family:SimSun">人死亡，</span>19 226<span style="font-family:SimSun">人受伤，</span><sup>8 </sup><span style="font-family:SimSun">苏军死亡</span>669<span style="font-family:SimSun">人</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span>51<span style="font-family:SimSun">人失踪</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">伤</span>1540<span style="font-family:SimSun">人。</span><sup>19</sup></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt">11<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>22<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">在得到卡达尔允许纳吉等人可以安全离开匈牙利的承<wbr>诺后</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">南斯拉夫同意纳吉等人离开使舘。<wbr>但纳吉等人座车刚驶离使舘便被苏军劫持</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">苏军将纳吉等人移交给匈<wbr>牙利。</span>1958<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>1<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>28 <span style="font-family:SimSun">日，布达佩斯正式审理“纳吉案件”，法院指控纳吉犯有“<wbr>发动并领导阴谋推翻人民民主制度的罪行和叛国罪”，<wbr>判处纳吉死刑。纳吉在他最后陈述中说，对他的<span style="color:black">死刑判决是毫无理由<wbr>的，匈牙利人民和世界工人阶级迟早会撤消强加给他的罪名，</span>历史将<wbr>证明他是正确的。纳吉拒绝写要求赦免的申请书，</span>1958<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>1<wbr>6<span style="font-family:SimSun">日</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">纳吉被绞死。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun">根据不同的数据，起义者有</span>350-500<span style="font-family:SimSun">人被判处死刑，</span><sup>9</sup><sup> </sup><span style="font-family:SimSun">另有</span>1300<span style="font-family:SimSun">人被判处徒刑，</span><sup>18 </sup><span style="font-family:SimSun">有</span>20<span style="font-family:SimSun">万人（大多数是青年人）逃离匈牙利进入奥地利。</span><sup>9</sup></p><p style="text-indent:24pt"><span style="font-family:SimSun">苏军平息匈牙利人民起义后</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span>1957<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>5<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>28<span style="font-family:SimSun">日</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">苏联与匈牙利<wbr>签订了驻匈苏军法律地位协议书。</span></p><p style="margin:14pt 0in"><strong> </strong><strong><span style="font-family:SimSun">匈牙利的社会主义危机和民主改革</span></strong><strong> </strong></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><span> 1956</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>10<span style="font-family:SimSun">月匈牙利人民起义</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">使劳动人民党瓦解，</span><sup>2<wbr>0 </sup>11<span style="font-family:SimSun">月，卡达尔等人重建党组织</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">改称匈牙利社会主义工人党</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span> 1957<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">卡达尔当选为党中央第一书记。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> <span style="font-family:SimSun">自八十年代以來，匈牙利的经济发展下降，外债达</span>200<span style="font-family:SimSun">亿<wbr>美元，通货膨胀率高达</span>20% <span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span>1988<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span> 5<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>20<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，社会主义工人党召开全国代表会议，会议通过“<wbr>关于实行社会主义多元化的决议”，卡达尔等</span>8<span style="font-family:SimSun">名老政治局委员落选<wbr>，主张实行民主社会主义的总理卡罗伊</span>•<span style="font-family:SimSun">格罗斯（</span>Karoly Grosz<strong><span style="font-family:SimSun">）</span></strong><span style="font-family:SimSun">当选为总书记，<wbr>坚持党的领导的卡达尔被选为党的主席，结束了他担任总书记将近</span>3<wbr>2<span style="font-family:SimSun">年的历史。<wbr>匈党全国代表会议后成立了重新审查匈党四十年历史事件委员会。</span><sup>2<wbr>1-a</sup></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> 1988<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>29<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，<wbr>匈国民议会选举党外人士生物化学家</span>Bruno Ferenc Straub<span style="font-family:SimSun">为匈牙利人民共和国主席团主席，<wbr>匈党政治局委员波日高伊（</span>Pozsgay Imre<span style="font-family:SimSun">）为国务部长，他们都明确表示：匈牙利将实行多党制，<wbr>确立行政、立法和司法三权分立的民主体制。<wbr>匈牙利青年团中央第一书记说：“共产主义是乌托邦空想，<wbr>没有科学基础，<wbr>在共产主义价值基础上不可能使匈牙利实现社会现代化。”</span><sup> </sup><sup>21-b</sup></p><p> 1988<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>9<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>3<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，匈牙利民主论坛集会，<wbr>公开宣布它是独立的社会组织，主张建立多党制，推进民主化。</span>11<span style="font-family:SimSun"><wbr>月</span>3<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，自由民主联盟在布达佩斯宣布成立，<wbr>宣布它将致力于推进匈牙利实现民主，使匈牙利退出华沙条约组织。</span><wbr>11<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>18<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，匈牙利小农党恢复活动。</span></p><p> 1989<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>2<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>10-11<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，<wbr>社会主义工人党举行中央全会，决定在匈牙利实行多党制，建立“<wbr>民主社会主义的新模式”。全会就重新评价</span>1956<span style="font-family:SimSun">年事件做出了新<wbr>的结论，“</span>1956<span style="font-family:SimSun">年党的领导在革新方面无能为力导致了政治性爆<wbr>发，爆发了真正的人民起义。”</span><sup>21-c</sup></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> 1989<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>3<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>15<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，为纪念</span>1848<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>3<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>15<span style="font-family:SimSun">日民<wbr>族独立日，布达佩斯有兩个纪念大会同时举行：<wbr>一个是执政党匈牙利社会主义工人党官方召开的纪念大会，<wbr>约有千人参加；一个是反对派组织的纪念大会，约有近十万人参加，<wbr>会场上有数十面横幅，上面写着“我们不能放弃</span>1956<span style="font-family:SimSun">年的目标！<wbr>”“苏军撤出匈牙利！”“拉科西、卡达尔和格罗斯是一丘之貉！”<wbr>等类标语。</span></p><p style="margin:14pt 0in;text-indent:24pt">5<span style="font-family:SimSun">月，卡达尔被免去党的主席和中央委员的职务。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> 1989<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun">月，匈党讨论</span>1956<span style="font-family:SimSun">年处死纳吉事件，<wbr>决定重新安葬纳吉，并发表公报：“处死纳吉是非法的。<wbr>纳吉的名字是永远与民族独立、<wbr>自治和多党制的民主社会主义联系在一起的”。在纳吉被处死的</span>6<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span><wbr>16<span style="font-family:SimSun">日</span>31<span style="font-family:SimSun">周年纪念日，匈牙利为纳吉举行国葬，有</span>25-30<span style="font-family:SimSun">万人<wbr>参加安葬仪式</span><sup>22</sup><span style="font-family:SimSun">，中午全国为纳吉默哀一分钟，<wbr>同时全国教堂钟声齐鸣，民众尊纳吉为民族英雄。在安葬仪式上，<wbr>有人喊出：“结束共产党专政！”“埋葬早已失败了的社会制度！”</span><sup> </sup><sup>21-e</sup></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> 6<span style="font-family:SimSun">月，涅尔斯（</span>Nyers Rezso<em> </em><span style="font-family:SimSun">）当选为匈牙利社会主义工人党中央委员会主席，并增设由涅尔什、<wbr>格罗斯、内梅特（</span>Németh<span style="font-family:SimSun">）<wbr>和波日高伊四人组成的党中央主席团。</span> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> 1989<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>7-8<span style="font-family:SimSun">月，匈牙利在四个选区选</span>4<span style="font-family:SimSun">名国会代表，<wbr>匈牙利社会主义工人党的候选人全部落选，<wbr>当选的都是匈牙利民主论坛的候选人。</span> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> 10<span style="font-family:SimSun">月上旬，匈牙利社会主义工人党召开第十四次非常代表大会，<wbr>大会通过决议，将匈牙利社会主义工人党改名为匈牙利社会党，<wbr>提出要在匈牙利建立民主社会主义。涅尔斯当选为主席。<wbr>匈党因改名而分裂，又先后成立了匈牙利工人党、匈牙利共产党、<wbr>新的匈牙利社会主义工人党。</span> </p><p style="margin:14pt 0in"> 1989<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>10<span style="font-family:SimSun">月，匈国会通过宪法修正案，<wbr>决定实行总统制，确立多党议会民主制和市场经济，<wbr>在国家机构中体现分权原则，<wbr>取消马列主义政党在国家机构中的领导作用的规定。<wbr>国会是立法机关和国家最高权力机构，共设</span>386<span style="font-family:SimSun">席，<wbr>每四年普选一次。</span>10<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>23<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，根据宪法修正案，<wbr>匈牙利人民共和国改名匈牙利共和国。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> 1990<span style="font-family:SimSun">年</span>3<span style="font-family:SimSun">月</span>25<span style="font-family:SimSun">日，举行国会议员选举，<wbr>民主论坛获得</span>165<span style="font-family:SimSun">席，自由民主战士联盟获</span>92<span style="font-family:SimSun">席，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">独立小农党获</span><wbr>44<span style="font-family:SimSun">席</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，社会党获</span>33<span style="font-family:SimSun">席，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">基督教民主人民党获</span>21<span style="font-family:SimSun">席</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">青年民主战<wbr>士联盟获</span>21<span style="font-family:SimSun">席。</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">社会主义工人党一席未得。</span><sup>21-f </sup>5<span style="font-family:SimSun">月初，国会推举自由民主战士联盟成员著名作家根茨（</span>Göncz Arpad<span style="font-family:SimSun">）为匈牙利共和国总统。根茨授权民主论坛主席安托尔（</span><wbr>Antall Jozsef<span style="font-family:SimSun">）组阁，出任政府总理。</span><sup>21-g </sup><span style="font-family:SimSun">自此匈牙利进入了民主共和时代。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><span style="color:black"> 1996</span><span style="color:black;font-family:SimSun">年</span><span style="color:black">6</span><span style="color:black;font-family:SimSun">月匈牙利国会通过法律，<wbr>尊纳吉为匈牙利民族烈士总理。</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> <span style="font-family:SimSun">参考文献与网上检索词语</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">1<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span>a-History of Hungary<span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> b-Hungary<span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> c-Hungarian Working People\’s Party/ Венгерская партия трудящихся</p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> d-The Hungarian Socialist Workers\’ Party/Венгерская социалистическая рабочая </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> партия </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">2<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span>The People\’s Republic of Hungary</p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/<wbr>wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_<wbr>Hungary</a></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">3<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span>История Венгрии в XX<span style="font-family:SimSun">；</span><a href="http://vengriya.org/istoriya-vengrii/istoriya-vengrii-v-xx-" target="_blank">http<span>://vengriya.org/istoriy<wbr>a-vengrii/istoriya-vengrii-v-x<wbr>x-</span></a></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> <span> </span>-veke.html </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">4<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span>Demands of Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1956/Sixteen Political, Economic, and </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> Ideological Points, Budapest, October 22, 1956<span style="font-family:SimSun">；</span> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://halloweenfiles.com/wiki.php?title=Demands_of_Hungarian_Revolutionaries_of_1956" target="_blank">http://halloweenfiles.com/<wbr>wiki.php?title=Demands_of_<wbr>Hungarian_Revolutionaries_of_<wbr>1956</a></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">5<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span><span style="color:black">Расстрелянная революция</span><span style="color:black;font-family:SimSun">；</span><a href="http://www.polit.ru/analytics/2006/10/24/1956.html" target="_blank">http://www.polit.ru/<wbr>analytics/2006/10/24/1956.html</a><span style="font-family:SimSun"><wbr>；</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">6<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span>Кризис 1956г. в Венгрии<strong><span style="font-family:SimSun">；</span></strong><a href="http://revolution.allbest.ru/history/00018484_0.html" target="_blank">http://revolution.allb<wbr>est.ru/history/00018484_0.html</a></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">7<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span>The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents</p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><span style="color:black"> A National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book Edited by Malcolm Byrne, </span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><span style="color:black"> November 4, 2002</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> Working Notes and Attached Extract from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> Meeting, October 31, 1956 </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> <a href="http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc5.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/<wbr>NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc5.pdf</a></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">8<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span>Bенгерский кризис<span style="font-family:SimSun">；</span><a href="http://legion.wplus.net/others/vengr.shtml" target="_blank">http://legion.wplus.net<wbr>/others/vengr.shtml</a><span style="font-family:SimSun">；</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><span style="color:#333333"> </span><span style="color:#333333"><a href="http://www.redstar.ru/2001/12/08_12/5_01.html" target="_blank">Красная ззвезда, 8 декабря 2001 г.</a></span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">9<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span><em>Лавренов С. Я, Попов И. М</em>. Советский Союз в локальных войнах и </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt">конфликтах. — М.: ACT; Астрель, 2003<span style="color:black"> /Глава 8. /«Вихрь» в Будапеште, год <span> </span></span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><span style="color:black">1956</span><span style="color:black;font-family:SimSun">；</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><span> </span><a href="http://militera.lib.ru/h/lavrenov_popov/08.html" target="_blank">http://militera.lib.ru/h<wbr>/lavrenov_popov/08.html</a></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">10<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">孔寒冰</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun">郭洁</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">：</span>1956<span style="font-family:SimSun">年匈牙利事件真相</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">；</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> <span> </span><a href="http://news.21cn.com/today/legend/2006/10/27/3015700.shtml" target="_blank">http://news.21cn.com/tod<wbr>ay/legend/2006/10/27/3015700.s<wbr>html</a></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">11<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span><strong>Венгерское восстание 1956 года</strong></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">12<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span><a href="http://artofwar.ru/c/chekmarew_w_a/" target="_blank">Чекмарев Владимир Альбертович</a><span style="font-family:SimSun">：</span>Танковая Осень В Будапеште<span style="font-family:SimSun">；</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><span> <a href="http://artofwar.ru/c/chekmarew_w_a/text_0360.shtml" target="_blank">http://artofwar.ru/c/<wbr>chekmarew_w_a/text_0360.shtml</a></span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">13<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span>Коллектив авторов. Россия (СССР) в войнах второй половины XX века — М.: </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt">Триада-фарм, 2002/<span style="color:black">Роль СССР и его вооруженных сил в сохранении единства </span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><span style="color:black">стран-участниц Варшавского Договора/</span> <span style="color:black">Венгерские события (1956г.)</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><a href="http://militera.lib.ru/h/20c2/08.html" target="_blank">http://militera.lib.ru/h/20c2/<wbr>08.html</a></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">14<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span>Советский «Вихрь» над Венгрией<span style="font-family:SimSun">；</span> независимое военное обозрение 2006-11-</p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"><span> </span>03<span style="font-family:SimSun">；</span><a href="http://nvo.ng.ru/history/2006-11-03/5_hungary.html" target="_blank"><span>http://nvo.ng.ru/history/<wbr>2006-11-03/5_hungary.html</span></a> <br /> 15<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span>Imre Nagy, Radio Kossuth<span style="font-family:SimSun">（</span>25th October, 1956<span style="font-family:SimSun">）；</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> <a href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDnagy.htm" target="_blank">http://www.spartacus.schoolnet<wbr>.co.uk/COLDnagy.htm</a> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;line-height:12.75pt">16<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span><strong><span style="color:black">Телефонограмма </span><span style="color:black"><a><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">А.И.</span> <span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Микояна</span></a></span></strong><strong><span style="color:black"> и</span><span style="color:black"> <a><span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">М.А.</span> <span style="color:#336699;text-decoration:none">Суслова</span></a></span></strong><strong><span style="color:black"> из</span> </strong><strong><span style="color:black">Будапешта в</span> </strong><strong><span style="color:black">ЦК КПСС </span></strong></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;line-height:12.75pt;text-indent:24pt"><strong><span style="color:black">о</span> </strong><strong><span style="color:black">создании директории и</span> </strong><strong><span style="color:black">планах венгерского руководства </span></strong></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;line-height:12.75pt;text-indent:24pt"><strong><span style="color:black">по</span> </strong><strong><span style="color:black">стабилизации политической обстановки </span></strong><em>26.10.1956</em></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">17<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span>Венгерское восстание 1956г. <strong><a href="http://inwar.info/jur/jur_stat_veng.html" target="_blank">http://inwar.info/jur/jur_stat<wbr>_veng.html</a></strong><strong> </strong></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">18<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span>18 Дней Венгерского востания 1956 года</p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><a href="http://uargument.com.ua/index.php?id=3870&show=news&newsid=48199" target="_blank">http://uargument.com.ua/index.<wbr>php?id=3870&show=news&newsid=<wbr>48199</a> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">19<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span>Боевой состав ВС СССР – ввод войск в Венгрию (1956 г., операция «Вихрь»<span style="font-family:SimSun">）</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><a>http</a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">://</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext">www</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext">.</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext">waronline</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext">.</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext">org</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext">/</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext">write</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none"><wbr>/</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">world</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">-</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">military</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">/</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">russian</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">-</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">milita<wbr>ry</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">-</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">abroad</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">/</span></a><a href="http://www.waronline.org/write/world-military/russian-military-abroad/hungary/" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">hungary</span></a></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">20<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">黄宏</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun">谷松主编</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun">《东欧剧变与执政党的建设》书摘之六</span> </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt;text-indent:24pt"><a href="http://www.globalview.cn/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=1513" target="_blank"><span>http://www.globalview.cn/<wbr>ReadNews.asp?NewsID=1513</span></a></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">21<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">丁维陵</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun">李东雨</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun">赵连章</span> <span style="font-family:SimSun">《苏联东欧剧变啟示录》</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">吉林人民出版社</span><span style="font-family:SimSun">，</span>1992<span style="font-family:SimSun">年，</span></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> <span style="font-family:SimSun">页</span> a-23<span style="font-family:SimSun">；</span>b-24<span style="font-family:SimSun">；</span>c-29<span style="font-family:SimSun">；</span>d-31<span style="font-family:SimSun">；</span>e-31<span style="font-family:SimSun">；</span>f-35<span style="font-family:SimSun">；</span><wbr>g-36</p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt">22<span style="font-family:SimSun">．</span>Tony Judt: Postwar A history of Europe since 1945 The Penguin Press 2006 </p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0pt"> p.610 <br /></p></h4>