毛时代中国贱民阶层“四类分子”

<p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px;">  对于中国当今大多数年青的一代来说,并不清楚四类分子是何物。然而这是一个人数以千万计,实际受影响的人口超过一亿人的庞大社会群体,是一个从1949年到1984年在中国政治生活中活生生存在了35年的特殊社会阶层。一般地说,四类分子指的是地主分子、富农分子、反革命分子和坏分子。其实在1957年到1979年的22年间,四类分子是加上右派分子,被简称为&#8220;五类分子&#8221;。由于今天大部分文献习惯称四类分子,因此本文也采用四类分子这一称呼。虽然本文用的是四类分子这一最流行的提法,但是从社会事实出发,论文中的内容涉及到的是&#8220;五类分子&#8221;。</span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    一引言<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    写这篇论文的动机可以追溯到30多年前。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    20世纪70年代初期,笔者在一个没有公路,偏僻贫困的山村插队。刚到农村时,农民住房的墙壁上还遗留着文革初期&#8220;红海洋&#8221;(到处刷毛泽东的语录)的成绩,凡是墙上写着&#8220;凡是反动的东西,你不打他就不倒,这也和扫地一样,扫帚不到,灰尘不会自己跑掉&#8221;,据这条语录就可以知道,这一户人家不是地主就是富农。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    后来农民告诉笔者说,解放前村里的几户地主富农只是生活相对好一些的富裕农民,平常自己也劳动,只是到收获季节要收那些出租土地的地租。因此一般农民,甚至农村干部平常与地主富农也没有什么过不去。笔者曾经听一位驻村的路线教育工作队员私下说村里的干部政治觉悟低,在农民婚嫁的宴席上与地主同桌,甚至于让家族内辈位高的地主坐上座。不过一般农民对这些地主富农也没有什么好感,一位农民告诉笔者说,有一个地主特别吝啬,用农民的原话说就是&#8220;煮菜时盐都不得舍不得多放一粒&#8221;。</span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    有一年春耕季节,恰好有一个赶集的日子,许多农民不下田去赶集,引起驻村的路线教育工作队员愤怒。去赶集的人中恰好有一名年过七旬的老地主,尽管老地主早就不能参加生产队的劳动,但是路线教育工作队认定是老地主煽动农民去赶集,破坏春耕生产。第二天晚上,生产大队召开大会批斗老地主,老地主站在大队礼堂舞台的一角接受批判,中途老地主支撑不住,由地主的儿子代替他站在台上接受了一个多小时的批判(由于老地主身体不好,平常对四类分子的训话和劳役大多数由他的儿子代替,而这种做法当年农村是相当普遍,以至于中共中央的一个文件中曾经批评这种作法1)。批判老地主的效果显着,农民的出工率迅速上升。其实在集体化的年代,农民对集体生产没有积极性,不出工去赶集与老地主完全无关,工作队只是拿老地主来杀鸡吓猴,也因此这件事情给笔者很深刻的印象。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    在某种意义上说,笔者所见到的事情只是这些人命运的一个缩影。今天如果从社会学的角度分析这件事情和其它类似问题,对了解中国文化与社会结构会有所帮助,同时也可以为当代中国社会研究弥补一点不足。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    不过由于四类分子阶层的特殊性,特别是完全中国特色的社会阶层,因此很难从现有的学术研究中得到理论上的启迪。存在着一个庞大的四类分子阶层这种情况,并非是社会主义国家的共同特征。前苏联与东欧地区,并没有四类分子阶层,相反,他们强调的是消灭阶级。在20世纪30年代的农业集体化后,苏联没有制造出一个社会异类阶层,反而是宣布消灭了剥削阶级,农民的分化已经结束。2不过有研究者指出,在前苏联这些人及其后代是得不到信任的,属于&#8220;不可靠&#8221;的人。3同时也因为国内对这一阶层的研究很少,目前见到的文献大多数是一些痛苦的回忆之类文章,因此本文只是初步的探索,谈不上有什么理论上的深入讨论。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    二作为贱民阶层的四类分子<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    笔者开始认为,以自己的经历来说,四类分子似乎是一个不太复杂的概念,然而随着资料收集与分析,发现这是一个让人糊涂的概念,因此不得不对相关概念作一些梳理,否则无法进一步讨论。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (一)几个基本概念<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    在讨论四类分子阶层之前,有几个中国特色的政治概念需要澄清。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    按官方语言,成份与出生的含义如下:<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    本人成份:指本人参加工作或土地改革前的社会地位。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    家庭出身:指本人取得独立经济地位前或参加工作前的家庭阶级成份。根据上述含义,家庭出身是可以追溯到土改前家庭成份,并且随着血缘而向下传递。在文革中因发表《出身论》而被处死的遇罗克把成份与出生分别界定为&#8220;出身和成份是完全不同的两件事,老子的成份是儿子的出身。&#8221;4遇罗克定义的关键就在于想切断出身与成份之间的纽带,也因此打破了当年制度设计中的潜在意图,这可能是导致他被处决的原因之一。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    管制:中国大陆创造的一种刑罚,用于处理最轻度的犯罪或者被认定有罪者。对犯罪分子不予关押,在公安机关管束和民众监督下进行劳动的刑罚。1952年《管制反革命分子暂行办法》规定对被管制分子,应剥夺下列政治权利:选举权与被选举权;担任国家机关行政职务之权;参加入民武装与人民团体之权;言论、出版、集会、结社、通讯、居住、迁移及示威游行之自由权;享受人民荣誉之权。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    决定何人被管制,管制时间多长,在法律上管制由人民法院判决,由公安机关执行。但是实际上发生过有些基层干部滥用职权,私自管制他人。大跃进时期不少基层成立&#8220;学好队&#8221;,随意关押不服的民众,强迫他们劳动。被管制者的数量是相当庞大的,由于没有全国性资料,只能就局部资料来说明。例如四川省绵阳县1952年被管制人口占总人口2.9%。5由于当时有的公社、大队和下乡干部就可决定将一部分人管制起来。有些地方将一些四类分子的子女亦管制起来。河北定县1972年4月,统计登记全县有五类分子7750人,到当年12月就猛增到1.25万人。6有一农民1961年被认为参与盗窃判处管制五年,宣判时因病未到庭,既没有审理也没有宣判,以后再未处理。直到1973年清理专政对象时,发现曾经批准判其管制,才在群众&#9633;&#9633;布。宣布后,此农民不服,提出申诉。1975年县公安局以闹翻案为由,下达了戴帽通知书,并告知按原判管制执行。7<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    监督劳动:虽然没有被管制,或者已经解除管制,但是依然要在其它民众和基层干部的监督下从事劳动改造。谁有权让人受到监督劳动,没有明文规定,是一个法律上的盲区,然而实际这个权力操纵在基层干部手中。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    &#8220;帽子&#8221;、&#8220;戴帽&#8221;和&#8220;摘帽&#8221;:口语化的政治名词,虽然经常出现在官方的文献当中,但是笔者从没有见到官方的定义。根据社会上对这几个概念的理解,&#8220;帽子&#8221;是指政治上的异己者,比如中国存在过四类分子、&#8220;右倾机会主义分子&#8221;、&#8220;叛乱分子&#8221;等称号;&#8220;戴帽&#8221;就是被贴上政治异己者的标签,然而谁有权让人&#8220;戴帽&#8221;,没有明文规定,也是一个法律上的盲区。;&#8220;摘帽&#8221;就是被解除政治异己者的标签,虽然给人&#8220;戴帽&#8221;的权力不清楚,但是&#8220;摘帽&#8221;的权力却是比较明白的,一般基层是无权给人&#8220;摘帽&#8221;。尽管摘了&#8220;帽&#8221;,&#8220;摘帽&#8221;者本身也是一种标签,比如1979年以前的&#8220;摘帽右派&#8221;,其社会地位高于没有&#8220;摘帽&#8221;的右派分子,但是还无法真正成为普通民众。</span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    根据上述定义,四类分子中可以分两大类,一类是由于本人成份而成为&#8220;分子&#8221;的,属于这种情况的有地主分子和富农分子,这些人的后代的家庭出身是地主或者富农,并且往后传递家庭出身。另一类是由于自己的行为而成为&#8220;分子&#8221;的,属于这种情况的有反革命分子、坏分子和右派分子,这些人本人成份比较复杂,可以是贫下中农,也可以是地主富农或者其它成份。反革命分子和坏分子不是成份,他们的亲属被称为反革命分子、坏分子、右派分子家属。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    从法理的角度看,本人成份并不等于&#8220;分子&#8221;,严格意义上说,四类分子是那些被管制的人,至少要监督劳动的人才够格,但是实际上大多数本人成份是地主、富农的人,或者曾经是&#8220;反革命&#8221;的人,尽管没有管制,也不是处于所谓的&#8220;监督劳动&#8221;状态下的人,依然被视为四类分子。例如1958年青海省的四类分子当中,管制的占22.2%,监督劳动的占26.7%,仅仅是戴帽的占51.1%,成为人数最多的一部分。8<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (二)四类分子是什么样的人<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    要搞清四类分子是什么人、有多少人、是一件非常困难的工作。虽然四类分子是一个活生生存在着的庞大人群,但是从学术的角度给四类分子阶层一个明确的界定是非常困难的,这种困难主要有几方面:(1)四类分子阶层是一个随着时间改变而有所改变的群体;(2)划分四类分子的标准含糊不清;(3)相关法规执行非常随意,人为因素突出。(4)也是最重要的一点,就是四类分子本来就不是一个有共同特征的群体,而是一个人为的群体。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (1)四类分子没有一个延续的内涵<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    要意识到,四类分子的含义实际上是一个处于社会底层的另类阶层,因此是随着不同年代,社会对另类的定义不同,内涵也不断变化。在解放初期,在一些地区,最初只有&#8220;三类分子&#8221;这一称呼(地主、富农、反革命);后来加上&#8220;坏分子&#8221;成为四类分子;1957年反右运动后,四类分子的群体中增加了&#8220;右派分子&#8221;后变成了&#8220;五类分子&#8221;,今天社会上成为戏谑语言的&#8220;黑五类&#8221;就源于此。文化大革命运动中,&#8220;五类分子&#8221;中增加了&#8220;走资本主义道路的当权派、反动学术权威、叛徒、特务&#8221;四类,变成了所谓的&#8220;黑九类&#8221;。文化大革命中后期,&#8220;黑九类&#8221;这一称呼销声匿迹,到了1979年绝大部分右派得到平反,因此&#8220;五类分子&#8221;又变成四类分子。由于从意识形态的角度看,地主、富农、反革命分子和坏分子依然是阶级敌对的成份,因此今天的论述基本上用四类分子这一称呼,实际上,大部分时间内,&#8220;五类分子&#8221;的称呼远远超过四类分子。</span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (2)四类分子的标准不清楚。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    标准的含糊性,最突出的体现在划分&#8220;右派分子&#8221;的标准。耐人寻味的是划定&#8220;右派&#8221;与给&#8220;右派分子摘帽&#8221;居然根据的是同一份文件的不同两段文字。1957年10月中共中央关于《划分右派分子的标准》这一文件,文字内容含糊,缺乏可操作性,因此是一个让基层干部可以随意判定右派的文件,以其中划定右派和不划为右派的相应两段话为例:<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    。。。。。。反对社会主义制度。反对城市和农村中的社会主义革命,反对***和人民Z/F关于社会经济的基本政策(如工业化、统购统销等);否定社会主义革命和社会主义建设的成就;坚持资本主义立场,宣扬资本主义制度和资产阶级剥削。。。。。。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    。。。。。。在根本立场上并不反对社会主义和党的领导,而只是对于局部性的工作制度,局部性的不属于根本原则的政策,工作中的问题,学术性的问题,***的个别组织、个别工作人员表示不满,提出批评的人,即使意见错误,措词尖锐,也不应划为右派分子;同样,在根本立场上并不反对社会主义和党的领导,而只是在思想意识上有某些错误的人,也不应划为右派分子。。。。。。9<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    问题在于如何确定一个人的根本立场,谁来确定一个人的根本立场。因此在不同的政治气氛下,一个人可以根据前者被划成右派,也可以根据后者给予平反。1957年后全国划的55万右派,绝大多数人在1979年得到平反,其法理依据多少有些荒唐。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    四类分子当中,人数最多的是地主、富农,对于这两类人的界定是比较明确的,主要是依靠土地改革中划定的成份。由于中国大陆的土地改革从土地革命战争开始到20世纪50年代结束,跨越了20多年的时间,因此各地的土地改革政策和标准,差异非常大,实际上也无法有统一的标准。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    全国到底有多少地主富农,笔者只见到两份比较权威的数据:一是国家统计局1952年土改前的数据,这一数据表明地主占总人口4.75%、富农占4.66%,两者合计占9.41%。10另一是根据1954年23个省、自治区1.5万多户农家收支调查资料得出的数据,土改结束后地主阶级占总人口2.6%、富农阶级占5.3%,两者合计占7.9%。11<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    中国各地土地占有情况相差比较大,一些地区土地分配比较均匀,因此地主富农也不多。以陕西省关中地区为例,地主占有的土地约为总土地量的4-5%,富农约为10%,12因此地主富农占人口的比重远远达不到全国平均水平。这种地方后来被认为是土地改革不彻底,又人为制造出一大批地主富农。四清运动中硬套&#8220;地主、富农约占农村总户数8%&#8221;的框框,补定了一大批所谓&#8220;漏网地主、富农&#8221;。四清的重点地区陕西省长安县补定的地主、富农户数比土改时增加了1.2倍。凡补定为地主、富农的户,多余的房屋和其它财产一律没收。这些补定的地主、富农,其实绝大多数是小土地出租者、上中农,有些还是中农。13<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    反革命分子的定义就比较复杂,在中国反革命分成现行反革命与历史反革命两类。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    建国初期有过关于反革命的定义,这一定义可以认为是对现行反革命的。1951年《中华人民共和国惩治反革命条例》中列举的反革命罪行:勾结帝国主义背叛祖国;策动、勾引、收买公职人员、武装部队或民兵进行叛变、持械聚众叛乱的主谋者、指挥者及其它罪恶重大者;间谍或资敌行为者;参加反革命特务或间谍组织;利用封建会门,进行反革命活动者;以反革命为目的,策谋或执行破环、杀害行为;以反革命为目的,有挑拨、煽惑行为;以反革命为目的偷越国境者;聚众劫狱或暴动越狱,其组织者、主谋者、积极参加者;窝藏、包庇反革命罪犯者。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    关于历史反革命的定义,可以用1952年《管制反革命分子暂行办法》中的定义,这一文件中规定要管制的反革命分子包括:反革命特务分子;反动党团骨干分子;反动会道门头子;坚持反动立场之地主分子;坚持反动立场之蒋伪军政官吏;其它应于管制的反革命分子。由此可以比较清楚历史反革命分子的内含。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    坏分子的界定是相当随意的,也因此成为基层干部管制民众的一种武器。虽然国务院在一个文件中曾经规定坏分子指政治骗子、叛变分子、流氓分子,但是政治骗子、叛变分子可能更多是归入反革命之列,而流氓分子又是一个很难认定的标准。14还有一种半官方的定义,除了残余反革命分子外的流氓、盗窃、纵火、凶杀、抢劫、诈骗、强奸犯以及那些严重违法乱纪和破坏公共秩序的罪犯,通称为坏分子15。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    由于对坏分子的定义不清楚,因此有犯罪行为者的家属也常常被当成四类分子看待。1957年福建省光泽县因为乡干部贪污,在一个乡引发了一场骚乱。政法部门捕、判了39名&#8220;闹事&#8221;群众,判处有期徒刑6人(2人在服刑期间死亡),判处管制的2人,另有1人自杀。这些人在政治上和经济上都受到惨重损失,家属子女也受到株连,被作为四类分子看待,不分给自留地,劳动不能同工同酬,子女不能上中学、升大学,更不能参军、招工、招干(此案于1962年平反)。16<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">(3)对四类分子的划定相当随意。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    许多地区均不同程度存在着一些莫明其妙成为四类分子的人,以下是几个比较突出的例子:河北省三河县1979年全县1194名四类分子中,无合法手续宣布无效的473人,占当年四类分子总数41.17%。171959年淄博市一公社实有&#8220;五类分子&#8221;311名,而被错划为&#8220;五类分子&#8221;的竟达1365名,超过实有数的3倍多。被错划的多数是&#8220;五类分子&#8221;的家属、子弟;有的把有小偷小摸行为和爱发牢骚、讲怪话、顶撞基层干部的人划成坏分子;有的把一般政治历史问题的人,错划为反革命分子。18有的地方对四类分子划分县管制、区管制、村管制,70%以上的四类分子是属于村管制。19由此可见,划定四类分子的权力相当大一部分在基层干部手中。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (4)四类分子是一个人为建构的阶层<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    从前面的分析可知,四类分子是由各种人组成,而且因时因地也不同。四川省荣昌县在1978年对&#8220;文化大革命&#8221;中处理的戴帽案件进行了复查,计戴帽数139人(包括四类分子、其它分子),能维持原决定3人。20所以说四类分子是一个人为建构的阶层,他们内部没有太多的共性。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (三)四类分子的数量与构成<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (1)数量<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    从一些地方志中公布的资料来看,当年的公安部门是有四类分子数量统计的。不过这些数据有些不理想,第一是只统计被管制的,没有过统计那些没有被管制的,因为数量不准确。二是当年的统计,按不同年代的政治背景做的统计,数量波动很大,如在大跃进与文革期间的数量有较大波动,因此不同时期四类分子的数量是不同的。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    官方的资料称,中国曾经存在过2000多万名四类分子,但是没有说明这一数据是否包括所有曾经被冤枉成四类分子的人。据统计1977年底全国尚有地主分子279.7万人,富农分子189.5万人,合计469.2万人21。由此推断,有1500万以上的四类分子在1979年以前已经消失,可能是死亡,也可能是平反或者摘帽。不过从局部地区的资料来推算,很可能曾经存在过的形形色色四类分子不止2000多万。以山东省聊城地区为例,1956年有四类分子102772人。1978年被评审的四类分子只剩下14923人,221978年的人数只相当于1956年的14.52%。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    由于四类分子的含义相当随意,因此实际上无法真正搞清楚四类分子的数量,1958-1961年间,上海、浙江、辽宁、甘肃、宁夏5个省、市、区错划四类分子1.48万人,漏划1.03万人,23如果以此标准推算,全国错漏的四类分子应当有数十万人以上。这还是根据当年标准发现的错漏,如果按后来的标准,错漏的数量可能更加大。在文革中期的1972-1973年,福建省纠正错管四类分子5587人,大体占四类分子总数4%。在当年的政治环境下,错管的比例都如此高,因此不难推测四类分子当中有相当多是冤枉的。24就是在1983年全国最后的79504名&#8220;四类分子&#8220;当中,搞错了还有982人25。1979年3月24日廊坊地区共有四类分子14250名,经群众评审,摘帽的有5984人,因无法律手续,宣布无效的有7247人,纠正错定、错戴帽子的有904人。还戴帽115人。26<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    个别地方由于划定四类分子相当随意,因此数量波动非常大。云南省中甸县1958年全县五类分子2565人,占总人口3.99%,1959年查实后为1396人。27一年之间,数量相差近一倍。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    四类分子牵连的人数有多少更加难估算。根据局部资料推算是相当惊人的。天津市武清县原有四类分子5221人,1979年时有地富家庭出身的成年子女有18942人,地富子女的子女10204人,28后两种人相当于四类分子的5.58倍。云南省中甸县1979年给542名地主富农摘帽,同时给地主富农子女2079人和地主富农子女的子女1715人改变成份为社员。子女和孙辈是地主富农人数的7倍。29如果考虑到反革命分子与坏分子当中有相当一部分人不是地主富农出身,这部分人的子女实际上也受到歧视牵连的话,估计受四类分子影响的人数大体上在四类分子总数的5-6倍之间。如果从中国的家庭规模在4-5人左右计算,四类分子直接影响其配偶和子女在3-4人之间,加上其孙辈人数,也可以大体上推算受四类分子影响的人数大体上在四类分子总数的5-6倍之间。以有2000多万四类分子计算,受牵连的人口超过1亿,大体上占总人口的15%左右。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (2)构成<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    构成可以从两方面讨论,一是四类分子内部构成,也就是地主、富农、反革命、坏分子、右派各占多少;二是不同地区四类分子占的比重,有城乡的差别,也有不同行政区的差别。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    缺乏全国性的四类分子内部构成数据,无法准确得知准确的内部结构。1983年全国剩余的79504名四类分子当中,地主占35.50%、富农占18.04%、反革命占20.45%、坏分子占26.00%。30不过到1983年时,四类分子中剩下的地主、富农比重应该相对低一些,反革命、特别是民众比较讨厌的坏分子比重会相对高一些。笔者根据各地一些零星资料估计,四类分子的内部结构大体上是地主占35-45%、富农占30-40%、反革命占10-15%、坏分子占5-10%,这一比重有待今后国家档案资料公布才可能核实。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    城乡之间的四类分子构成也有所不同,农村地主富农占的比重高、城市则是反革命与坏分子占的比重高。  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">        有一部分四类分子是被大部分民众厌恶的,也有一些则是被冤枉的,不过他们的命运则是悲惨的。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (1)歧视与改造<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    从土地改革开始,对四类分子的歧视就开始了。有一乡村在土改时制定管制地主有10条办法,贴在地主家门上:1、扫街铺路;2、为农民夜校移桌凳;3、捞甽沟污泥。4、六点钟起床.六点钟睡觉,不准乱行;5、除劳动割柴外,不得超出一里路。如出一里路,作通匪办;6、如有人来地主家走动,就是收买拉拢;7、走路时、碰到人民不准当中走,须低头靠边走;8、不准提笔乱写。 9、不准亲戚来往;10、不准拜佛点香烧纸。31在土改过程中,个别地方甚至于出现强迫将地富家的妇女给贫雇农配婚的情况。32<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    给四类分子侮辱性标志,是一种常见的歧视,并且由来已久。吉林省干安县在土改扫荡期间,贫雇中农胸前挂红条,富农挂黄条,地主挂白条,狗腿子挂狗皮条。33大跃进时有的地方社员要进行评比,劳动表现好,出身又好的可得到&#8220;上游&#8221;标志佩在胸前,表现一般的则佩&#8220;中游&#8221;标志。四类分子无论表现好坏,一律佩带白布底黑字的&#8220;下游&#8221;标志。34<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    1965年规定对企业中,没有摘掉帽子的四类分子,都不得享受企业的劳动保险待遇和退休待遇。右派分子,与一般职工同样享受医疗待遇。但在他们末摘帽以前,不得享受退休待遇。35在农村中,四类分子未必能够与别人同工同酬,有的地方规定四类分子要他们实做工分中扣出3%工分上缴大队。36<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    1957年,闽东(福安专区)发生一起大冤案,1000多名地主、富农家庭的青年干部,一夜之间被戴上&#8220;不纯分子&#8221;的帽子,&#8220;清洗&#8221;出干部队伍。这批人被开除团籍、党籍,造送回原籍,监督劳动,成为地、富、反、坏、右五类之后的第六类即&#8220;不纯&#8221;分子,只准参加生产队的农业劳动,不准从事其它职业,连外出打工也不行。有人因卖字、画谋生,被押送到农场劳动教养。当时因所谓&#8220;不务正业&#8221;、&#8220;不服管教&#8221;的罪名被送去劳动教养的有300余人。37<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    一般情况下,四类分子要做公益的无偿劳动,如由街道办事处和居委会指派强制监督扫街,进行劳动改造。381964年农业银行总行规定,信用社发放贷款,应当贯彻执行党在农村中的阶级路线&#8230;&#8230;信用社对四类分子,原则上不予贷款。39北京市对困难救济户中的四类分子家属在救济标准上,贯彻了阶级路线。对孤老户,城区一般为平均每人每月7-10元,近郊区、镇为6-9元;对&#8220;五类分子&#8221;家属,城区一般为平均每人每月5-7元,近郊区、镇每人为4元-5元。40<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    四类分子稍有言谈举止的不慎就可能灾难降临。1976年1月贵州省松桃苗族自治县一名地主子弟因忍受不了别人的奚落,加之喝了点酒,就对取笑者说:&#8220;你们拿我取笑,惹我火了,要杀你两个&#8221;。由此引发出把这位地主子弟吊打逼供,最后发展成为一大冤案。共追出&#8220;反革命暴乱集团36个,&#8220;反革命成员&#8221;1359人,涉及两个省的5个县,仅仅个把月时间,就枪杀、打死、摔死、逼死32人,预谋杀害未遂的18人。41<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    保守的估计,在70年代初期,知识青年中的&#8220;可教子女&#8221;(多为四类分子子女)超过知青总数的10%。有的农村社队,对&#8220;可教子女&#8221;同工不同酬,或分配重活却少记工分。在招工、招生工作中对&#8220;可教子女&#8221;长期和普遍的歧视,并且使在乡知青的成分构成发生了显着变化。70年代初.&#8220;可教子女&#8221;在知青中占10%上,以后逐年上升。1979年对贵州省18个县的调查表明,上海插队青年中的&#8220;可教子女&#8221;已占19.1%,台江县由原来的27%上升到43% 。延吉县1976年4月底知青年中,&#8220;可教子女&#8221;约占31%。42<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    文革后的落实政策,对运动中自杀的地富分子,也只是去掉了&#8220;畏罪自杀&#8221;的结论。43<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (2)驱逐<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    在土改时就有驱逐地主富农,所谓的&#8220;扫地出门&#8221;的现象,在文革前在局部地区也有把四类分子及其被认为政治上不可靠的人从边境地区强迫迁移的情况,文革期间这种情况发展为全国普遍的行为。44<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    1958年秋,为了建设&#8220;红彤彤的大上海&#8221; ,上海把数以万计的地富反坏右及其家属赶出上海,造成不多少妻离子散、家破人亡的惨剧。1958年10月,汕头市一批四类分子共1789人被迁居于粤北部山区。45辽宁省海岛地区的长海县1960年11月将表现不好的&#8220;五类分子&#8221;及其家属被判重刑的反革命分子家属、有海外关系家属和主要亲属、部分归俘渔民和有现实危险的反社会主义分子,共有273户,1541人,一律强行迁至辽宁省内陆的建平县。被迁者到那以后,死亡、外流的不少。1980年仍在那里的131户人家中,平均每户死一人。有142户、810多人在那里生活不下去,先后转迁到其它地方。有的过乞讨、流浪生活,有的甚至卖儿卖女。461963年新疆就发生将五类分子和逃苏未遂人员内迁的情况。47<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    文革期间,普遍发生将四类分子驱逐出城市,强迫迁往农村的情况。文革初期北京市有8.5万多人被扣上&#8220;地、富、反、坏、右&#8221;的帽子驱赶出北京。48天津市1969年7月统计全市有4.2万人被遣送农村,其中,各种&#8220;分子&#8221;1.6万人,随遣家属2.6万人,49估计当时全国被从城市里驱逐的四类分子及其家属超过百万人。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (3)肉体上的消灭<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    在早期的土地改革过程中,东北、华北和华东(主要是山东)的一些地区均发生过比较严重的乱打乱杀地主富农,甚至于是杀死中农的事件,有一部分地主富农被从肉体上消灭。吉林省干安县在土地改革的全部过程中,各种原因致死的348人中地主247人、富农死亡42人。50黑龙江省依兰县土改前有7337户,其中地主富农424户,土改后有8214户,其中地主富农272户。土改前后地主富农减少了152户,相当于土改前的35.85%。为何地主富农户数有如此巨大的降低,笔者没有见到文字资料说明。依兰县在土改中被枪杀、打死和自杀的地方富农多达103人51,这可能表明一部分地主富农已经从肉体上被消灭了。就是在1949年后比较温和的土改过程中,也发生过大批四类分子死亡的事件。广东省恩平县土改中自杀的有950人,其中地主570人(有全家7口人全部自杀),富农108人。52<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    不能回避的历史事实是在文革当中不少四类分子和他们的家属遭到屠杀,这种屠杀除了发生在一些比较边远的地区(如湖南53、广西54、广东55、云南56、江西57、陕西5859)之外,甚至发生在作为首都的北京市60。根据笔者见到的已经公开出版的文献资料统计,被残杀的人数超过万人。在屠杀的过程中,也有个别面临死亡威胁的四类分子铤而走险,反过来杀了其它人,因而激发了更加残酷的杀戮。61有的四类分子被残杀后,尸体都不被放过,还要对尸体开批斗会。62<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    湖南道县是文革中发生最血腥屠杀的地区之一,在&#8220;文革&#8221;期间,道县所在地零陵地区非正常死亡9093人,其中被杀7696人,被迫自杀1397人。在死亡人员中,四类分子3576人,占39.33%;四类分子子女4057人,占44.63%;贫下中农(大多数有不同程度的历史问题)1099人,占11.54%;其它成份者411人,占24.20%。其中未成年人826人;被杀者中,最大年龄为78岁,最小的仅10天。63杀人的手段极其惨无人道。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    有的杀人者害怕将来被害者子女会报复,因此在一些屠杀中采取了令人发指的株连,甚至于儿童也不放过。株连是中国社会的传统,在当代中国的内战中这种事情也时有发生。北京市大兴县在文化大革命中对四类分子的屠杀和株连64,其实是历史的一种延续。在1948年的密云县的镇压反革命中,也发生过把地主富农全家杀死的事情。65<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;"><br /></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">(五)四类分子改变命运的努力与其的阶级意识<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (1)改变命运<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    1979年以前,四类分子要改变命运是非常困难的。不过他们中的一部分人还是作了努力。主要的途径有通婚与逃跑。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (&#8560;)通婚<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    在血统论的阴影下,四类分子及其子女要改变命运是非常困难的。为了让下一代能够改变命运,一些四类分子子弟采取了与成份好的人联姻,期望改变命运,但是这种方式往往会连累配偶。同时对方也未必愿意在同等条件下与四类分子子女通婚。有调查指出,出身好的男青年之所以愿意娶&#8220;成份高&#8221;的人为对象,肯定是对方在某一方面比自己强,如貌美,在其它条件相同时,还是优先选择与自己地位相当的人。66<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    对于不同成分之间的通婚,给中共带来了一些麻烦,为此不得不制定一些政策,划分解放前还是解放后的通婚、通婚时间有多长等等。67一些与四类分子联姻的人被认为政治上不可靠。对于与四类分子通婚问题,引起了中共高层的注意,甚至于下文件指导如何应对。1964年发布的《中共中央关于农村社会主义教育运动中一些具体政策的规定(修正草案)》,规定 &#8220;对于同地主、富农子女通婚的党员、团员、基层干部和贫下中农.必须加强教育,要他们提高警惕,防止落入阶级敌人的圈套&#8221;。。。。。。&#8220;如果这些人严重地受了这方而的坏影响.就必须严肃处理,特别严重的还要开除党籍、团籍和撤销干部职务&#8221;。68<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    文革前有一农村党支部书记与一位富农的前妻结婚,被认为丧失阶级立场,撤了支部书记的职,并且要在党籍与妻子之间做出选择。这位书记选择了要妻子,结果失去党籍69。四川有一县法院院长因为其岳父1957年被冤枉成反革命,说他认敌作父,认敌为友,被判刑,并迫使他们夫妻离婚。其妻子定为拉垮***干部的坏分子,大会小会批斗了十数次。70<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    更加残忍的是在文化大革命期间,一些与四类分子通婚者惨遭不幸。1967年10月,广西全州县出现了&#8220;贫下中农最高法庭&#8221;,乱抓乱杀四类分子及其子女,仅一个大队,两天时间集体坑杀76人。地主出身的刘某求情,请求留下一个小孩给贫农出身的爱人,但是得不到同意,结果刘被迫抱两个小孩(大的3岁小的1岁)跳坑而死。71<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (&#8561;)外流与外逃<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    四类分子离开居住地是受到严格监控的,早在1951年中共中央就规定:地主不论从事什么职业,不论到什么地方,均应加以监视,不得改名换姓,改变成份籍贯。72虽然有风险,还是有一部分人选择了逃跑。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    1979年各地在给四类分子摘帽时,均有一部分人是外流或者外逃了,有的地方外逃的比重还比较大。江苏邳县1979年四类分子9603人,其中外流501人。73山东省安丘县1979年给4863名四类分子摘帽,给错划错戴502人纠正,另外有487人因长期外流未处理。74山东省诸城县1979年有20.79%四类分子是属于外流与外逃的。7576黑龙江省嫩江县经过历次运动,全县共有受管制分子4016人,外流的796名,占19.82%。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    外流与外逃者要面临被捉的危险,因为各地收容外流人口时均要审查及政治面貌。一般情况下逃跑的四类分子被抓捕后,会受到惩罚。福建省1960-1961年由于经济生活困难,一部分四类分子外逃外流。省公安厅部署各地公安机追回外逃外流的四类分子。1960年追回4816人,根据不同情况给予批评教育、管制或逮捕处理。77<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (2)群体意识<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    尽管各类四类分子之间没有太多的共性,但是在约三十年的受歧视下,极少数人萌发了一些群体意识。现在很难研究对于这种意识,不过从当年一些地下组织的成员结构中,可以发现少量四类分子及其子女有组织起来的倾向。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    山东荏平县1957年成立的一个地下组织的148名成员中,地、富、反分子63人,占成员总数的43.5%。其中,有正在管制,解除管制,刑释分子21人。26名首要分子中,有地、富、反分子16名,占首要分子总数的60%。781959年云南兰坪县破获的一地下组织案件,成员达64人,其中四类分子51人。79在文革初期,福建省龙岩县形成一个拥护刘少奇的地下组织,在近两百名成员中,其成员三分之二为贫农、中农,约三分之一是有过各种问题的人,包括四类分子。80<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    其实一些四类分子产生一种反叛意识是难以避免的,文革中有一位中学生给毛泽东的信中说:现在对待地富分子,不管他改造得好不好,抓来就斗,拳打脚踢,戴高帽子游团。我们认为,有些地富分子的反抗正是由于我们这样长期严酷的专政而压出来的。这样搞,他们谁不盼望蒋介石来。81<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (3)四类分子的反攻倒算问题<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    四类分子存在不满甚至于报复行为是不可避免的,特别是地主、富农因为财产损失而不满程度更加突出,因此在当年的中国有一个政治术语&#8220;反攻倒算&#8221;。对四类分子的现行罪恶中有几条是常见的,如记&#8220;变天账&#8221;、向子女进行报复教育,82不能否定实际存在着反攻倒算,不过一些所谓的反攻倒算则是被人为夸大了。山西省定襄县委的一份报告列举了地方反攻倒算的若干行为,其中包括低价收买农民分下的房子、给农民积极分子起浑号。83<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    一富农因老婆病死做丧事,收了别人送的礼,请人看风水、烧纸等,同时为安葬死者,砍掉了集体六颗小松树和两捆封山柴,被认定为大搞封建复辟活动,破坏山林等,以抗拒改造罪判处管制三年。84<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    当农民分到地主富农财产的时候,心中多多少少有一点忐忑不安,担心将来这些财产的安全。在河北省一些地区,土地改革之后农民把分到好端端房子拆除,再去他处重建。原因之一是有的有&#8220;变天&#8221;之虑。鉴于这些原因,1947年以后几年内,在许多村出现&#8212;些新房,仍是坯、砖垒砌.但是粗梁大檩,有瓦挡脊兽.有雕龙刻风的窗架、台石。85在1979年给四类分子摘帽时,这种顾虑更加突出。有的地方土改时的积极分子,怕地、富摘帽后,自己遭到打击报复,怕地、富子女改变成分以后起来掌权,自己受到排斥。86<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    在文化大革命中出现的屠杀四类分子过程中,最初往往是传说四类分子要报复,例如湖南省新田县1967年秋谣传四类分子成立205师,&#8220;贫下中农杀一半,***员要杀光&#8221;,从9月8日开始,40天内杀害668人,另外因害怕自杀180人。87<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    农民的担心并非多余,在四类分子摘帽之后,各地不同程度发生了所谓的&#8220;反攻倒算&#8221;事件。主要是地主、富农亲属索要甚至抢占土改中被没收的房屋、土地和山林;有的还围攻、殴打土改中的党员、干部和积极分子及其家属;为被镇压的人搞祭奠活动,树碑立传,鸣冤叫屈;个别地区发生残害人命的恶性案件。辽宁省有地主子弟柳某某给中央领导人写信,公开向Z/F索要土改时被没收的2650亩上地。凌源市四个乡镇有六户强行抢占并扒毁集体房产,占为己有。88<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    为了处理这类问题,1991年最高人民法院法院专门对如何处理&#8220;反攻倒算&#8221;案件作了答复,成为处理这类事件的一个准则。但是事情并没有结束,到1995年当时中共中央总书记JZM曾经批示:&#8220;像这类反攻倒算的事.必须严肃对待。特别是党员干部产生这类问题,一定耍严肃处理:否则连锁反应下去酿成大祸。&#8221;89中共中央办公厅的文件中指出,反攻倒算是现阶段一定范围内阶级斗争的一种表现。是绝对不能允许的。必须旗帜鲜明地保卫新民主主义革命和社会主义革命的伟大成果,捍卫人民政权和社会主义制度,保护人民群众的合法权益。90<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    有三个关于反攻倒算房产的个案,不同的背景产生不同的后果。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    个案一:吴某之父解放初因反革命罪判处死刑。吴家原有木屋四间,土改时被国家没收,后由一个工厂作为仓库使用,并进行了产权登记。1991年吴某文强行搬进床铺,让其母居住,时间长达20余天,于1992年判决吴某犯扰乱社会秩序罪,判处有期徒刑2年。91<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    个案二:任某,其父土改时被定为地主分子,戴帽管制。其父解放前有8间房产,当时的村农会没有掌握,所以没有被分。其父离开后,房子无人管理,年久失修,到1957年镇工商联经组织批准建房时,原房址已变成一块空地或房底子。1982年,此处平房被扒掉,镇Z/F在此建了一座餐饮服务楼。1991年任在其父去世后,重翻历史旧帐,对他家那早已不复存在的房产打起了主意,从此开始了4年的上访。镇Z/F专门给北京司法部写信进行政策咨询,司法部回信明确答复:像这类情况不予平反,不予返还财物,保持土改成果。因要求得不到满足,任于1995年试图杀死本溪市信访办官员,未遂。92<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    个案三:冯某原为富农成分。1953年土改时,冯祖上的8间草房划为冯克祥所有,当时颁发有土地房产证。同年陈庄供销社暂借冯的8间房屋使用。&#8220;暂借&#8221;一下子就是40多年。由于是富农分子,虽有想法,但不敢提出。十一届三中全会以后,冯提出自己的房子问题得不到解决。1983年,冯一家强行搬进原房屋居住,当时Z/F负责人说冯是富农分子反攻倒算,要批斗他,于是又吓得赶快搬了出来。一直到1999年法院判决冯胜诉。93<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    三讨论:制造贱民的社会<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    要特别注意的是,虽然四类分子阶层带有明显的意识形态色彩,但是并非完全是意识形态的产物。最重要的根据就是前苏联、东欧国家和其它大部分社会主义国家并没有大规模存在着类似中国的四类分子阶层,因此完全可以说四类分子阶层是有中国特色的一个特殊阶层。剖析这一阶层从形成到消亡,对理解中国社会有一定的价值。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (1)贱民的社会传统<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    法国学者勒内.吉拉尔把迫害分成两种类型:直接迫害与间接迫害,前者是施暴人群直接犯下的罪行;后者是形式上合法、与群情激昂的舆论鼓动起来的暴力。他指出迫害者总是相信一小部分人可能会极大危害整个社会,人群中总是存在迫害者,他们希望清洗团体内部的不纯分子。异常首先成为选择受害者的标准。94某种意义上说,四类分子正是人类本性的一种牺牲品。在历史的长河中,从来就不缺乏受歧视的社会底层。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    虽然和印度不同,中国历史上没有一个庞大的、处于社会底层的贱民阶层,但是在中国历史上从来就没有缺少过少量的贱民阶层。文化传统中的贱民阶层有:乐户、堕民、世仆、蛋民等等。堕民、蛋民这些阶层一直延续到民国年间。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    50年代初期,一些地方将&#8220;二流子&#8221;、&#8220;破鞋&#8221;、吸毒、赌徒、地痞流氓、小拿小摸者均列为特殊户口管理,对过去有污点的人,不问现状,不加审查,也都列为特殊户口,加以管制。95这些人一般被视为社会底层,可以任意剥夺他们的自由。在这种文化传统下,一部分人被人歧视,甚至于被人欺凌,被大多数人视而不见,这就是四类分子阶层在中国能够存在三十多年的社会基础。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    直到1985年,一份给中共中央办公厅的考察情况给汇报说:不少农民对选干、招兵都规定要一定的地富子女指标很反感。甚至有的农民向县委书记提出这样的问题:现在我们的国家是无产阶级专政?还是资产阶级专政?96<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (2)实用主义与意识形态<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    从对待富农的态度可以看出,四类分子阶层并非主要是意识形态的结果。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    在战争年代,中共党员中有一些就是富农,因此1949年以后就面临着如何对待富农党员的问题,1952年规定不准许党员当富农、资本家、地主或高利贷者,富农如果不愿意放弃剥削行为,则应无条件地开除其党籍。97解放初期为了活跃农村经济,当时各大区中央局和军政委员会,先后颁发布告和指示,决定在农村中允许实行土地买卖和租佃自由、雇工自由、借贷自由、贸易自由的政策。98毛泽东在1950年初对南方及西北某些地区的土地改革运动中,暂时不动富农的动机一是防止发生过左偏向,保护中农,并防止乱打乱杀;二是不想社会的震动太大;三是稳定民族资产阶级。99不过随着国民经济的稳定和农业集体化,对富农从利用和容忍转为打击。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    其实1949年以后,对四类分子有两个相对宽松的时期,一个是土改到1957年以前,另一个是大跃进结束后到四清运动前。1950年政务院规定,土改完成后,服从法令,努力劳动,没有任何反动行为,近续五年以上者,经批准后、得按照其所从事之劳动或经营的性质,改变地主成份为劳动者的成份或其它成份。解放区的富农在土地改革完成后,符合上述条件满三年者,亦得以同样的方式改变其成份。100不过这一政策似乎在1979年以前就没有实行过。1956年中共中央规定:对地主、富农和过去的反革命分子,根据他们的表现,可以吸收他们入农业社做社员或者做候补社员。不够条件的,可以由乡人民委员会交给合作社监督生产。101据有关资料统计,老解放区原来的地主、富农等,被评为正式社员的一般,占50%左右,候补社员占40%左右,管制生产的,占10%左右。新解放区原来的地主、富农等.被评为正式社员的一般,占20%左右,候补社员,占60%左右,管制生产的,占20%左右。102<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    在大跃进过程中四类分子受到的冲击比一般民众要大的多,运动结束后,社会控制一度相对放松。1964年1月14日中共中央发出《关于依靠群众力量、加强人民民主专政,把绝大多数四类分子改造成为新人的指》指出,应当基本上实行&#8220;一个不杀,大部分(95%)以上不捉&#8221;依靠群众力量,把绝大多数的四类分子改造成为新人的方针。103这时还体现出比较宽容的态度,不过与50年代中期相比,还是差了一点。如1963年9月中央文件中出现了对地主、富农子女歧视性条文。如&#8220;地主、富农的子女,一律不能担任本地的基层领导干部,一般也不宜担任会计员、保管员、出纳员、社队企业和事业的管理人员等重要职务。104但是随着文化大革命到来,一切美好的东西都结束了,四类分子陷入了空前的灾难之中。一直到1979年后才摆脱了灾难。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    有一个事例可以生动说明是如何实用主义的对待四类分子,在家喻户晓的平陆事件中的&#8220;61个阶级兄弟&#8221;中,其实有不少是地主富农子弟,还有个别是反革命家属,他们是不能算作&#8220;阶级兄弟&#8221;的。但为了突出&#8220;阶级兄弟&#8221;的概念,这些出身不好的人的家庭成分均被填作下中农或中农,暂时享受了&#8220;阶级兄弟&#8221;的待遇。事件过后,他们又都全部恢复了原成分,在随之而来的阶级斗争和&#8220;文革&#8221;中,均遭受严厉打击,有的被毒打致残,有的被迫自杀,更多的是娶不到老婆。105<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (3)构造社会底层,达到社会稳定<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    从土地改革运动开始,制造敌人是控制农村的重要方式。黄宗智在其研究中采用法国社会学者布迪厄的&#8220;象征资本&#8221;概念分析了一些&#8220;敌人&#8221;是如何被制造出来的。106实际上,这种制造敌人的手段在历次政治运动中多次被广泛使用。通过制造一小批&#8220;敌人&#8221;,并且让大多数与&#8220;敌人&#8221;处在敌对状态之中,就可以让大多数人感觉到自己只要依靠上级的旨意,不要进入敌对群体就是安全的,由此达到有效控制的目的。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    有研究指出50年代初期的&#8220;镇反&#8221;运动所以能够赢得社会认同,一个重要的原因是运动成功地把社会上的恶霸流氓与 &#8220;反革命分子&#8221;,联系在一起,从而使&#8220;镇反&#8221;事实上成为维护社会治安和代受欺凌者伸张正义的代名词。107实际上四类分子也是被与社会恶势力联系在一起,给妖魔化了。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    有学者认为,改革开放前社会层次结构的显着特点是乡村等级内部呈现准均质化。昔日的地主、富农和贫雇农之间的层次消失,108这种观点忽视了客观存在着的四类分子阶层。改革开放前中国的社会呈现出一种两头小,中间大的稳定结构。一头是社会上层,主要由各级官员和专业人员构成,中间则是工人和普通农民,最下层则是四类分子。这种社会分层并非用财富来划分,更多是从权力和社会声望来确定。尽管四类分子及受影响的人口数量庞大,但是其占总人口的比重大体上在15%左右,对于社会中间层的80%左右的群体,他们相对在政治上是幸运的,也因此比较相对满足,从而维护了社会稳定。<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (4)替罪羊效用<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    在没有法制的时代,寻找一些替罪羊,通过惩罚他们来起到震摄广大民众服从,是一种行之有效管制方法,四类分子就是最好的替罪羊。1979年四类分子评审摘帽时,有些农村干部主张:&#8220;东庄留个地主,西庄留个反革命,到时候拿出他们来镇唬镇唬&#8221;。109 这表明了四类分子的一个功能是被农村干部作为杀鸡吓猴的那只鸡,这与本文开头笔者在农村插队所见的批斗老地主是一致的。笔者称这种现象为替罪羊效用。</span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    在历次政治运动中,四类分子往往首当其冲,能够幸免的不多。安徽省凤阳县1957-1958年间的整风整社运动中,89%的四类分子受到打击,16%的四类分子被逮捕。110同一个县,1964年四清运动中,39%的四类分子被认为有各种破坏活动的四类分子,各地报批斗争的占全县四类分子总数的5.1%,经县委审查批准斗争的占全县四类分子总数的2.9%。111<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    1957年广西忻城县为了对付农民闹退社而开展的社会主义大辩论中,共斗争372人,其中四类分子353人,占94.89%,112斗争四类分子可以起镇住了闹事农民的效果。广西玉林县在1958年将四类分子5205人集中起来,建立247个改造队。被集中的四类分子大约占全部四类分子的半数。113<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    (5)没有了四类分子的社会<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">  <wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    一位基层干部认为,地富份子死了,子女接班改造,公社、大队开会时煮饭、取暖的烧柴全靠这些人无偿贡献,老子死了,儿子接班背。反而让地富子女成为生产的主力军,离开这些子女,整个生产就无法运转。114在一些偏远地区,马帮运输的驿道维修驿道主要靠四类分子,1979年后因四类分子的摘帽,维修无人负责,道路质量越来越差。多次发生摔死摔伤驮马的事故。115<wbr></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;"> </span>&nbsp;</p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-size: 19px;">    上述现象是短暂的,当没有四类分子之后,一切都会形成新的状态,社会依然在变迁。不过在没有了四类分子的当代中国社会,依然有许多值得进一步思考的问题。没有四类分子阶层后,社会从两头小中间大的纺锥形变成了上面小下面大的金字塔形,今天社会底层的规模和数量远远超过当年的四类分子阶层。当年社会对四类分子这一社会底层的歧视与冷漠,今天依然存在,只是对象改变而已(比如对贫困、对农民工的冷漠)。虽然四类分子阶层成为历史,但是制造这一阶层的文化还在延续,这正是我们要反思的地方。</span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><br /></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;"><em>(註釋從略)</em></span></p><p align="left" style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; list-style: none; word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 21px; color: #555555; font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, \’Helvetica Neue\’, SimSun; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 28px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p>


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