<p align="right"> </p> <p align="center"><br /></p> <p align="right"><br /></p> <p><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 黃紹竑遺書：「余當年棄國投共，始令億萬黎民今於水深火熱之中。余投共而罪該萬死，唯國人卻無辜矣，即九泉下亦無面目見萬民。」</span></p> <p> </p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">「<span style="background: white;">投共</span>」<span style="background: white;">與</span>「貳臣」</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p> 1949<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">年</span><span style="background: white;">4</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">月</span><span style="background: white;">23</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">日</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">，代表中華民國中國國民黨政府北上與中國共產黨談和的<span style="background:white">張治中</span>和邵力子，<span style="background:white">和談破裂，二人投向共產黨，其後脫離國民黨參加做為中共召開中國人民政治協商會議下</span>花瓶黨之一的<span style="background:white">中國國民黨革命委員會，</span>可視為歷史上的「貳臣」。<span style="background: white">張治中</span>和邵力子，一武一文，皆長期受蔣介石信任與重用，在身負重任之後，不能完成任務，本應回到困難重重的國民黨陣營共商大計，卻不由此，反而投共，為何如此？史載少有記述他們的心路歷程。</span></p> <p> <span style="font-family: MingLiU;">當年許多原</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"">國民黨及國民黨政府要員<span style="background: white;">投共</span>，實在說，這些人一方面可能投機，一方面可能心懷善意，他們思內戰完畢，國人應團結建國。然而，國民黨及民國政府離開中國大陸後，<span style="background: white;">投共</span>者與民主人士才發現中共之本質與國民黨及民國迥然不同，實非非共人士可以想像。初期，<span style="background: white;">投共</span>者與民主人士皆極為訝異多數之共產黨人之認真勤奮，樸實誠懇。其實這是共產黨多重性格中必須肯定的一面，性格的另一面則是在困境中，共產黨能夠保持高度的多元彈性政策，以求生存發展。可是，共產黨有它自己的真實一面。</span></p> <p> <span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"">待中共建政後，不久即放棄抗戰與內戰期間之懷柔政策，所謂之</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">「</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"">新民主主義</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">」</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"">，其性質為聯合政府與混合經濟，事後證明僅為奪取政權之術，至多為過渡時期。為何毛澤東急於結束新民主主義時期？改革開放以來，大陸學界政界討論甚多，甚有主張現行政策尚不如當年之新民主主義開明。事實上，根本在於中共之預設之社會藍圖為共產主義，也就是說中共的意識形態主導了其思想行為</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">。</span>1949<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">年後建政後發現</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"">新民主主義受到歡迎</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">，而由於資本主義成分與自由思維日漸發展，</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"">社會主義與專政結構尚非穩固，若不遏止此一潮流</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">，</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"">中共專政之合理性必遭質疑</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">，</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"">中共必須採取急劇手段穩固政權<span style="background:white">。毛澤東非常了解知識份子和有產者普遍對於共產黨與共產主義恐懼和厭惡的心理，所以</span>從嚴鎮壓異議者</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">，立即</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">改變社會結構</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">，</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">使得其中每一個人只有依靠<span style="background:white">共產黨才能生存</span></span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">。</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">是以解放伊始即進行殘酷土地改革，使全國廣大貧農成為<span style="background:white">共產黨</span>政權的底層；鎮壓反革命，清洗國民黨軍事特工人員及家屬；在</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" title="國家機關"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"; color:black">國家機關</span></a><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">和</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A" title="企業"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"; color:black">企業</span></a><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">中進行「反</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%AA%E6%B1%A1" title="貪污"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"; color:black">貪污</span></a><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">」、「反</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%AA%E8%B4%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" title="浪費（頁面不存在）"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";color:black">浪費</span></a><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">」、「反</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="官僚主義"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"; color:black">官僚主義</span></a><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">」，和在</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E8%90%A5" title="私營"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"; color:black">私營</span></a><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">企業中進行「反</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E8%B4%BF" title="行賄"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"; color:black">行賄</span></a><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">」、「反</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%B7%E7%A8%8E" title="偷稅"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"; color:black">偷稅</span></a><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%8F%E7%A8%8E" title="漏稅"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"; color:black">漏稅</span></a><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">」、「反</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%B7%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%8F%E6%96%99" title="偷工減料"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"; color:black">偷工減料</span></a><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">」、「反盜騙</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%B4%A2%E4%BA%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" title="國家財產（頁面不存在）"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";color:black">國家財產</span></a><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">」、「反盜竊國家經濟情報」的三反五反，進行全社會階級成分過濾；改造資本主義為公有制，和設立農業合作社以展集體化。之後，</span><span style="background: white;">1957</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">年</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">反右派鬥爭，</span><span style="background: white;">1958</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">年大躍進，</span><span style="background: white;">1966</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">年中國文化大革命，政治運動一波接一波，期間多數自由化傾向之</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">中共黨員<span style="background:white">受</span>重大<span style="background:white">衝擊，遑論民主人士及一般知識份子，而投共</span>者更由於其明顯之歷史背景<span style="background:white">而首當其衝</span></span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">。</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">共產黨施政目的</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">根本在於改造，改造</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">社會</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">，改造人性，鞏固政權</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">。在</span><span style="background: white;">1949</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">年前後</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">，沒有人可以預知<span style="background:white">投共</span>者以及民主黨派的命運，除了毛澤東<span style="background:white">。</span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: MingLiU;">概說<span style="background:white">民革</span></span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0in;line-height:12.05pt;background:white"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 抗戰結束後，</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1948</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年初</span>，<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">李濟深、何香凝<span style="color:#252525">等在香港成立</span>中國國民黨革命委員會，以宋慶齡為榮譽主席</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">，為中共外圍團體，以分化<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">國民黨</span>，配合中共奪權為<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">目標</span>。其成員多為<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">國民黨<span style="color:#252525">左派</span></span>、反蔣分子以及</span>中共地下黨員<span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1949</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年起</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">中共勝利在望，<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">民革</span>成為<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">國民黨降將與投共分子容納之處，也可以說是為</span></span>中共<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">招降納叛的一面旗子</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">1949</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">9</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">月</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">，<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">民革</span>、中國民主同盟等政治團體，接受中共召集，於北平召開中國人民政治協商會議，通過具有臨時憲法意義的〈共同綱領〉，接受共產黨以新民主主義與人民民主專政之名領導<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">。</span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0in;line-height:12.05pt;background:white"><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"> </span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">關於<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">民革</span>在解放初期的發展方向</span>，<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1949</span>年<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">10</span>月<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">12</span>日，周恩來在招待<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">民革</span>領導人茶話會上發表講話中強調：<span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">「</span>在新民主主義政權建設過程中不應該也不可能採取歐美式民主，一黨在野，一黨在朝。中國國民黨的人員構成分為三層兩類，黨員分上、中、下三層，三層中有好壞兩類，即反動與不反動。它的下層多是被強迫參加的，大都是好的，由於他們本不是自願參加的，因此現在不承認自己是國民黨；中層大都是專門人才，即在舊政權機關中工作一二十年的中高級職員、教授、專家等等，這層人有幾十萬，好壞參半；上層數目不多，這裡面好人少，壞人多。鑒於這一情況，中層廣大職教公務人員應當是民革主要發展對象。希望民革朋友在這方面多做工作爭取他們，使他們懂得如何為人民服務。<span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">」</span>周恩來待人接物一向比較溫和實際，和毛澤東處理人與事的殘酷極端不同，終其一生，周恩來沒有辦法平衡毛澤東的性格。周恩來所謂的三層中的中層，即國民黨留在大陸的職教公務人員，周恩來本意是由<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">民革</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">予以保護、改造、安排<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">，可以繼續為新政權服務</span></span>。而實際上，在改造的過程中，這些民國以來培養出比較質優的一批人，成為社會上受歧視壓迫、生活提心吊膽的一群人，讀錢理群（錢千鶴留在大陸的兒子）著作即知。這群人其實和<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">民革</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">中</span>的反蔣、叛國民黨、為中共工作的上層人物沒有共同語言，非常可能，留在大陸的國民政府中的職教公務人員根本看不起<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">民革</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">這批人</span>。所以<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">民革</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">核心分子只能與中共上層往來<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">，並沒有，也無法，起</span>保護</span>留在大陸國民黨與民國政府人員<span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">的作用</span>。<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">民革主席李濟深對於做</span>國民黨與民國政府留在大陸人員的工作感到為難<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">，</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1950</span>年<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">9</span>月<a name="_GoBack"></a>，<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">李濟深對負責民革</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">組織部</span>的<span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">朱學範說：「要以<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">與舊</span></span>國民黨有歷史關係的群眾為對象，不僅有國民黨歸隊之嫌，同志們思想上接受不了是可以理解的，而且實際做起來，有很大的難度。但是，這些人到了新社會，總得有人做他們的工作。做好這項工作，對社會秩序的安定和調動他們的積極性從事建設有重大意義。現在我們既不能良莠不齊地把他們包下來，又沒有理由拒絕這項巨大而又光榮的任務。<span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">」朱學範是中共隱藏黨員，<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">李濟深當然明白，說這些話，是說給</span></span>中共聽的，而<span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">朱學範則會把<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">李濟深</span></span>的表態和希望的做法帶到中共的統一戰線工作部，得到指示後再傳達給<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">李濟深和民革</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">領導層，這樣</span>的溝通模式是非常有效又重要的。其後，<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">李濟深與</span>中共統戰部協商，決定在今後發展新成員時，必須接受<span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">共產黨</span>的領導。實際上，<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">李濟深和民革</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">都沒有權力，更沒有資源，去動員與組織</span>國民黨與民國政府留在大陸人員。</p> <p style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0in;line-height:12.05pt;background:white"> <span style="font-family: MingLiU;">以下由<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">民革</span>概說<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">投共</span>人員之組成，主要介紹</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">常務委員部分人員</span>，由於資料不全，時序上可能有些不準確，日後有機會再予更正。</p> <p style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0in;line-height:12.05pt;background:white"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman""> 參加第一屆（</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">1948~1949</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman";">）</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">民革</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">且列為常委的原<span style="color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">國民黨上層軍政人員，除</span><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">宋慶齡、李濟深、何香凝、</span>譚平山<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">等，<span style="color:#252525">還有</span></span>蔡廷鍇、朱學範、馮玉祥等。其中<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">何香凝為</span></span>廖仲愷夫人，<span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">譚平山為中共早期領導人</span>，<span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">朱學範為中共黨員，馮玉祥長期搖擺不定，然最終傾向</span>中共<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">。蔡廷鍇曾任國民命軍第十九路軍軍長，後來反蔣。這幾個人創辦<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">民革</span>，很可能是</span>中共授意，急於利用孫中山遺孀<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">宋慶齡</span>的招牌，加強加深中共的歷史性根源乃是孫中山，而不只是列寧（<span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif;">Vladimir Lenin</span>））史達林（<span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif;">Joseph Stalin</span>）這些俄國人，中共對於外界批評他們是蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟的螟蛉子是非常在意的。不過，公平的說，中共的統戰思維和行為<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">具有高度</span>的<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">戰略性與戰術性</span>，國民黨在這方面一直招架不住的，尤其要注意到中共的統戰工作是和其特工系統分工合作密切的，其最高領導人<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">是周恩來</span>。</p> <p style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0in;line-height:12.05pt;background:white"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman";"> 第二屆（</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">1949~1956</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman";">）</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">常委開始有<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">投共者</span>張治中、邵力子、蔣光鼐、</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E6%BD%9C" title="程潛"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"; color:black">程潛</span></a><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">等</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">。其中邵力子應為潛伏的中共黨員，至少是親共人士，張治中抗戰期間與中共的關係一直親善，中共建政後除了幫助平定新疆，似乎未見顯示出與中共有特殊歷史關係。程潛<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">，中國革命</span><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">同盟會元老，抗戰時第一戰區司令長官，上將，</span></span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1948</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年為湖南綏靖公署主任兼省政府主席，</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1949</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年年中在長沙向共產黨投降。</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif;">1931</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">年</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">九一八事變後，第十九路軍調防</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7" title="上海"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"; color:black">上海</span></a><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">，</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">陳銘樞任京滬衛戍司令，蔡廷鍇任十九路軍軍長，蔣光鼐任總指揮。</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif;">1932</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">年日軍登陸上海，十九路軍奮起抵抗，為一二八淞滬戰役，名噪一時。</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif;">1933</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">年，陳銘樞、</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">蔡廷鍇、蔣光鼐與</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%BF%9F%E6%B7%B1" title="李濟深"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"; color:black">李濟深</span></a><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">等發動閩變反蔣，在</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E" title="福州"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"; color:black">福州</span></a><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">組成中華共和國革命政府，事變失敗，逃到</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"; color:black">香港</span></a><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">。</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">陳銘樞在</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif;">1957</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">年反右中，劃為右派分子。</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">蔣光鼐</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1966</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">文革<span style="color:#252525">期間遭抄家迫害去世。</span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0in;line-height:12.05pt;background:white"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman";"> 第三屆（</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">1956~1958</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman";">）</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">常委有衛立煌、龍雲、劉斐、劉文輝、陳紹寬、</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%AD%A6" title="屈武"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"; color:black">屈武</span></a><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">、唐生智、翁文灝、黃紹竑等。其中</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%AD%A6" title="屈武"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"; color:black">屈武</span></a><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">為于右任的女婿，</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%AD%A6" title="屈武"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"; color:black">屈武</span></a><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">和劉斐都是潛伏的中共黨員。衛立煌</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1948</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年初任</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中國東北地區"><span style="font-family: MingLiU; color: black; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">東北</span></a><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">剿匪總司令，兵敗<span style="color:#252525">，軟禁於南京。</span></span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1949</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">月，蔣介石引退後，衛立煌去</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">香港</span>、<span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1955</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">3</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">月從香港經廣州回</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">北京<span style="color:#252525">，</span></span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">3</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">月</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">17</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">日</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; color: #252525; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">《</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">人民日報<span style="color:#252525">》載其〈告台灣袍澤朋友書〉</span>。</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">陳紹寬，抗戰期間任國民政府海軍總司令。翁文灝任</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">1948</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年民國政府行政院長。黃紹竑為李宗仁桂系首領之一，</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">1957</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年，黃紹竑劃為右派分子，文革時受到嚴重衝擊，兩次服毒不死，</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">1966</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">8</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">月</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">31</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">日</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">，在北京以剃刀自殺。黃紹竑遺書：「余當年棄國投共，始令億萬黎民今於水深火熱之中。余投共而罪該萬死，唯國人卻無辜矣，即九泉下亦無面目見萬民。」龍雲，<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">號稱雲南王，</span>後人論國立西南聯合大學所以稱為民主堡壘，和當時雲南省主席龍雲對知識份子之言論自由持開明的態度有關。我認為西南聯大是抗日戰爭期間中國的一顆珍珠，鹿橋的名著《未央歌》即描述當年的景況。西南聯大美麗與浪漫的傳奇，可能是空前，也大概是絕後了。</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">1957</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年，龍雲劃為右派分子。劉文輝，四川軍閥，<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">先後任四川省主席，西康省主席，</span></span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1949</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">12</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">月，劉文輝在四川通電，選擇</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">中華人民共和國</span>，背棄<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">中華民國。</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">唐生智是抗戰初期南京守將，日軍進逼，唐生智逃逸，造成日軍屠城，是為南京大屠殺。</span></p> <p style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0in;line-height:12.05pt;background:white"><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman";"> 第四屆（</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">1958~1979</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman";">）</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">常委有梅龔彬、王崑崙、盧漢、錢昌照等。王崑崙和秘書長梅龔彬都是潛伏的中共黨員。錢昌照曾任抗戰期間國民政府軍事委員會<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">資源委員會主任委員，其<span style="color:#252525">連襟</span>黃郛在</span>抗戰前夕為<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">蔣介石</span>維持華北關係<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">。</span>盧漢，接替龍雲</span>為雲南省主席。<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">1949</span>年<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">12</span>月<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">8</span>日，蔣介石在重慶命張群與李彌去見盧漢，希配合胡宗南穩定西南，待張群與李彌抵昆明<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">，立</span>為<span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">盧漢</span>所執，宣布雲南倒戈。<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">12</span>月<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">10</span>日，<span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">盧漢</span>拍電報致劉文輝，要劉扣留蔣介石，期投共有功。後<span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">盧漢釋放</span>張群與李彌<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">，為周恩來所不滿。</span>張群歷千山萬水抵達台灣<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">，</span>李彌則奔雲南邊境重組部隊反共<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">，二人效忠蔣介石與國民黨，生死不渝，忠義可秉</span>。國防部保密局少將處長沈醉亦遭<span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">盧漢</span>逮捕<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">，後投共，改造期間，撰寫大量戴笠及前國民政府</span>軍事委員會調查統計局秘辛<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">，語多輕佻誇張，深為來台</span>軍統局老人包括家父所厭。</p> <p style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0in;line-height:12.05pt;background:white"><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"> 這段時間，</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1965</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">7</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">月，</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">李宗仁夫婦回歸大陸，受到毛澤東接見，指出李宗仁</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">1949</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">年後在海外推動第三勢力運動</span>的錯誤。<span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">李宗仁在與<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">民革</span>往來後，表示不參加<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">民革</span>。黃紹竑係其桂系老部屬，二入關係極為密切，沒想到，次年即發生文革，黃紹竑自殺身亡，李宗仁</span>的心情受到極大震撼，可想而知，對他自己的選擇回國深感悔不當初！</p> <p style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left: 0in;line-height:12.05pt;background:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman";">第五屆（</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">1979</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman";">年</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;">~1983</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman";">年）</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">常委有鄭洞國、賈亦斌。</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif;">1981</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">年</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif;">12</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">月增選孫越崎。鄭洞國，</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1948</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年初任東北剿匪副總司令，</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">5</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">月，長春遭共軍</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B" title="東北人民解放軍"><span style="font-family: MingLiU; color: black; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">東北人民解放軍</span></a><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">圍城，最終彈盡援絕，城內百姓被共軍壓制不得出城，城破，鄭洞國</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">投降<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">，共軍入城赫然見人吃人慘劇</span>，<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">長春圍城，居民餓死數十萬，至今</span>中共諱莫如深<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">。</span>賈亦斌曾任國民政府<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">青年軍復員管理處少將組長，國防</span></span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">部預備幹部局<span style="color:#252525">局長，</span></span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1949</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年兼任幹部訓練團團長，</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">4</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">月，率部於浙江嘉興策應中國人民解放軍過長江，隨即加入共產黨。</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">賈亦斌是蔣經國當時</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman";color:#252525">的重要幹部，此事對蔣經國傷害很大。惟賈亦斌是否早為中共地下黨員</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">，日後並未表明。孫越崎為抗戰結束後任行政院<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">資源委員會主任委員，</span></span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1949</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年底投共，</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1950</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">3</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">月，經邵力子介紹加入民革。在陳雲支持下，孫越崎制訂〈基本建設工作程序暫行辦法〉，發表於</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1951</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">6</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">月</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">16</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">日</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">《人民日報》，提出「施工必先設計」的基本建設原則。</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1952</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年，在中共三反及五反運動中，孫越崎和原資源委員會的一些主要人員受到審查，孫越崎的老友資本家盧作孚在五反運動中自殺身亡。</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1966</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">5</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">月，文化大革命爆發，孫越崎受到迫害，以有特務之嫌的罪名關入牛棚，隔離審查一年餘，抄家，挖防空洞勞動，妻子王儀孟受到驚嚇，精神分裂，兩度自殺。</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"; color:#252525">文革後，孫越崎為原資源委員會人員平反，自從資委會</span><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">投共</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman";color:#252525">之後，在連續不斷的政治運動中，原資委會各級人員受到迫害，有的折磨致死</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">，子女受到牽連。</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif;">1991</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">年</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif;">10</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">月，</span><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif;">98</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">歲的孫越崎致信中共中央總書記江澤民，列舉資源委員會護產有功的事實。獲得江澤民重視，肯定了資源委員會人員拒遷台灣，護廠護產的貢獻，並認為資源委員會的事跡有「起義」性質。有關<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">孫越崎和</span>資源委員會的事情，台灣的《傳記文學》曾有不少文章討論過。至於<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">孫越崎是</span></span>「<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">投共」還是</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">「起義」？當然不同立場有不同的解讀。然而有一件事，是極為關鍵的，就是中共建政之後，毛澤東採取</span>「<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">一面倒」政策，完全倒向蘇聯，由蘇聯提供支援，一切照搬蘇聯的作法，所謂「蘇聯的今天，就是我們的明天」，</span><em><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">在</span></em><em><span style="font-family: \’Times New Roman\’, serif; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">1950</span></em><em><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">年代</span></em><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">，大陸上<em>崇拜蘇聯老大哥</em>，<em>憧憬</em>共產主義的光景是</span>「<em><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">樓上樓下電燈電話</span></em>」<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">、</span>「<em><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">土豆燒牛肉</span></em>」。<span style="font-family: MingLiU; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">孫越崎計畫一步一步建設中國工業的想法，當然被視為</span>「資產階級」、「美帝國主義買辦」的落後辦法。而且，<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">資源委員會的經驗和技術相較當時</span>蘇聯上萬顧問直接幫助建廠<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">下，已經不</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman";color:#252525">是必然需要的</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">了。所以，江澤民代表的中共中央肯定了資源委員會人員護廠的貢獻，但是並沒有說到他們對中國工業化的功勞。解放以後，中國的工業化發展有沒有延續國民黨與國民政府的資產，包括人員與工廠的參與，應該是</span><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">一個實際</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">的議題，這和</span>「<span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">投共」、</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman";Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">「起義」已經沒有關聯了。</span></p> <p><span style="background: white;"> 1949</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">年</span><span style="background: white;">10</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">月</span><span style="background: white;">6</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">日，中國國民黨宣布將宋慶齡、張治中、邵力子、傅作義、錢昌照等人「永遠開除黨籍」。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><strong><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">杜聿明與黃維</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><span style="background: white;"> </span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">另外，有關杜聿明和黃維被俘這兩位的國民黨司令官的下落，就顯得有些神秘。杜聿明在徐蚌會戰（淮海戰役）失敗後，有各種說法</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">。</span>1948<span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">年</span>11<span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">月</span>6<span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">日</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">，徐蚌會戰開始，杜聿明任徐州剿匪副總司令。</span>1949<span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">年</span>1<span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">月</span>10<span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">日，戰敗被俘，送至功德林戰犯管理所改造，杜聿明是唯一身兼戰犯與戰俘雙重身份的人。傳言</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">杜聿明一人駕駛坦克突圍</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">，油盡被</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">俘不降</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">，</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"">中共恐嚇送其去內蒙古一深井內，坐井觀天，謂「望中央」</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">。</span>1957<span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">年諾貝爾物理學獎得主楊振寧是他的女婿</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">，</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">楊振寧多次請求</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"">中共釋放其<span style="background: white;">岳父</span>，<span style="background:white">杜聿明遭</span>關押十年後釋放</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">。但是</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">杜聿明似乎並未參加民革</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">。</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;"> 黃維的事蹟較少為人知</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">，<span style="background:white">黃維兵團在赴徐蚌會戰解圍中被圍</span></span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">，</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">兵敗被俘</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">，據說他之所以陷入包圍是被郭汝瑰所構陷，郭汝瑰是民國國防部的中將作戰廳廳長，中共地下黨員，將國軍的作戰計畫送給毛澤東。奇怪的是郭汝瑰在反右與文革中皆受波及，中共也未授軍階給他，可以猜想的是毛澤東不願郭汝瑰說出真相。</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">黃維</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">在功德林戰犯管理所改造，後移至北京秦城監獄。</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">黃維在獄中頑固不屈</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">，不寫檢討，足足被關了</span><span style="color:#01002A">27</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman";color:#01002A">年</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">，至</span>1975<span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">年</span>3<span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">月</span>19<span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">日</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">，第七批特赦亦是最後一批，中共</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"">釋放了<span style="background: white;">黃維</span></span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">。他</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">的妻子</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman";">蔡若曙在外苦候</span><span style="color:#01002A">27</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"; color:#01002A">年</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">，一直未嫁，等到</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU; background: white;">黃維出獄，老太太已經瘋了，日夜恐懼黃維亂說話，不久跳河自沉，真是國共內鬥史上無數悲劇之一</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">。</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">近日查看官方網站《人民網》對<span style="background:white">黃維的氣節還是有所褒揚的</span></span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">，標題如此評說：「最頑固戰犯黃維的</span>27<span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">年＂改造＂：至死都想去台灣？」可見公道自在人心。</span></p> <p><span style="font-family: MingLiU;"> 有關解放後民主黨派</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">的地位問題，其實</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">民主黨派本來不是要來做共產黨</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">的</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">花瓶黨</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">的，</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">民主黨派中多數是抗日戰爭中頭角崢嶸有風骨</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">的高級知識份子，參加</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">共產黨政權不可能是只為求一官位，沒想到共產黨</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">的設想完全不同。</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">解放前，</span>1948<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">年</span>10<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">月，民盟由羅隆基代表，提出合法在野黨</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">的問題，中共統戰部長李維漢奉毛澤東命回答：「人民民主統一戰線是一個最廣泛的團結絕大多數人的組織，你們說要承認你們是一個</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">合法</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">的</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">在野黨，既</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">是</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">合法</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">的，那就應該到統一戰線之內，而無所謂</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">合法</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">的</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">在野黨了。</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">」另外，</span>1952<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">年</span>6<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">月，毛澤東明確地說</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">：「在各民主</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">黨派内</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">應當有一部份</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">共產黨員和非黨</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">的革命知識份子，他們與左翼分子結合起來</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">，形成骨幹</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">。</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">」如此公然安排</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">共產黨員進入民主黨派</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman";">，甚而還有</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">共產黨員擔任</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">民主黨派主席</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman";">、榮譽主席的情形，至於擔任祕書長</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">、</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman";">組織部長是為常態，</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">而幾乎每</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">一個</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">民主黨派領導人</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">的私人秘書都是公開或秘密的</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">共產黨員，早已是不宣</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">的秘密</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman";">，</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">使得民主黨派對於</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman";">中共</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">的依附性</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">實質化</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">。</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman";">所謂</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">中國共產黨同民主黨派合作的</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">「</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">長期共存、互相監督、肝膽相照、榮辱與共</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">」</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">十六字方針，成為單方面</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">共產黨</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">領導比重失衡的相互關係</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">，制度上</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">民主黨派是由中共統戰部在政協</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU;">的架構下聯繫管理</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">結論</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p> 1949<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">年，是</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">一個要命的一年，它不只是一年，而是一個舊時代的結束，一個新時代的開始。那個戰亂中艱辛奮鬥的舊時代，令許多人緬懷，而新時代的來臨，多數人沒有準備好，因為完全不知道會發生什麼事，包括多數的</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">共產黨人。而在</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">新舊時代交替的過程裡，一個人、一個家、一個機構、一個</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">黨派，要去那裡？</span>1949<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">年</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman";">，</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">國民黨潰敗</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman";">，還有許多人員</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">接到指示撤往重慶，這些人後來大多數不及來台而遭到劫難。</span></p> <p> <span style="font-family: MingLiU;">本文主題在於勾勒</span>1949<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">年前後高級國民黨員投共或降共人員，被編入民革</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">陣列，列為中共朝廷兩側站班的</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">民主花瓶黨首位<span style="background:white">。許多人</span>仍在歷次運動中被批鬥入獄下放勞改，如明朝初期<span style="background:white">，有異議者動輒廷杖</span>。說不公平，也公平，因為中高級共產黨員到文革時期幾乎無一倖免。可是莫忘那數以百萬計、千萬計</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">留在大陸的</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">國民黨中低級軍政人員以及牽瓜帶藤大大小小機構裡</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">的</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">主管、職員與家屬，不是在抗美援朝中被殲滅，就是在土改、鎮壓反革命中清算，僥倖不死，反右</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">、</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">文革中列為賤民，直至改革開放始得以抬頭。我將中共建政至今六十年</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">的「</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">前三十年亂世</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">」比做「黃巢之亂」，應合乎中國史家直筆之書。至於現在的局面是否為「</span><span style="font-family: MingLiU;">後三十年盛世</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">」，則有待觀察。</span></p> <p> 1949<span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"">年</span>4<span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"">月，國事如麻，黃紹竑參與和談失敗，<span style="background: white;">張治中</span>和邵力子留在北平投共，黃紹竑回南方見李宗仁。黃紹竑憂懼國家百姓將陷入絕境，他寫一首詞，送給李宗仁，其中云：「</span><span style="font-family:DFKai-SB;Times New Roman";Times New Roman"">北國花正開，已是江南花落<span style="background: white">，剩著牆邊紅杏，客裡漫愁寂寞</span></span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"">」。看出國共鬥爭，</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">國民黨失敗，南北分治已無可能，昨日輝煌歲月將如流水而去，</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"">李宗仁代表</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">的國民黨與民國政府將即崩潰。此刻如何能振衰起敝，拯萬民於危難？</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"">黃紹竑選擇參加<span style="background:white">民革</span>，有他</span><span style="font-family:PMingLiU;Times New Roman"">的想法，後人已無法得知其意，簡單視他為</span><span style="font-family:MingLiU;Times New Roman"">「貳臣」，可能並不公允。</span></p><div> </div><div> <em>作者系<span style="font-family: MingLiU;">國立臺灣師範大學歷史學系博士生</span></em></div><div><p><em> </em></p> </div> <p> </p>