<h1><span style="color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 21.8182px; background-color: #ffffff;">这是一场加注了兴奋剂的工业革命。</span><br /></h1><div property="articleBody" style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 14.5455px; margin: 0px 53.7642px 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;"><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中国用短短二三十年时间完成了其他国家耗时近一个世纪才能完成的工业化过程。和这场工业革命的速度同样惊人的是它的规模。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">在工业革命开始的时候，英国人口仅有1000万左右。中国今天的人口是当时英国的100倍以上。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2013年之前的5年时间里，中国建筑工地上消耗的水泥以及银行发放的贷款相当于美国20世纪的总量。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">经济的迅猛增长往往伴随着社会问题，这些社会问题的严重程度可能连创作了《雾都孤儿》的小说家查尔斯·狄更斯都难以想象。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">要观察这些社会问题和社会代价的最佳角度，无疑是中国的“留守儿童”。</p><h2>1/5的儿童生活在留守家庭</h2><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">动画故事中的主人公唐宇文是众多留守儿童中的一个。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6449px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #111111;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/04/13/160413082700_tang_yuwen_624x351_bbc.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/320/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/04/13/160413082700_tang_yuwen_624x351_bbc.jpg" alt="唐宇文及其他三个孩子和祖母生活在一起，他们的父母在外地工作，每年只能回来三四次。" width="624" height="351" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; -webkit-user-select: none; width: 616.207px; transition: opacity 0.5s ease-in; display: block;" /></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">唐宇文及其他三个孩子和祖母生活在一起，他们的父母在外地工作，每年只能回来三四次。</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">他的父母在成都的一家制衣厂工作。如同一个世纪前的英国曼彻斯特一样，他们被工业革命的力量拽出了自己家庭所在的乡村。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">最新的统计称，在中国，有6000万名儿童像唐宇文一样生活在农村的留守家庭里，他们的父母在异地工作和生活，操作着建筑工地上的机械设备，支撑着中国经济奇迹。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">这个数量相当于1/5的中国儿童。近年来，中国的官媒开始被允许探讨这种现象所带来的恶劣后果。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">据《中国日报》报道，2015年6月，一个中国留守家庭里的4名儿童死于误用杀虫剂，最小的仅5岁。报道说，这并非孤例。</p><h2>“我很想他们”</h2><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6449px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/04/13/160413082759_china_left_behind_children_624x351_bbc.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/320/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/04/13/160413082759_china_left_behind_children_624x351_bbc.jpg" width="624" height="351" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; -webkit-user-select: none; width: 616.207px; transition: opacity 0.5s ease-in; display: block;" alt="" /></span></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">唐宇文和祖母一起生活在中国四川省的思贤乡，家里还有其他三个兄弟姐妹。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">他们挤在学校附近的一间公寓房内，生活窘迫，需要和邻居共用卫生间，在房间里的一个金属盆里洗澡。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">四个小孩都是留守儿童。在过去的几十年里，数以百万计的中国工人正是从这样的四川遥远乡村来到城市，他们的经历大致相同。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">在思贤乡小学，差不多80%的小孩和父母分离。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">现代化的中国建立在这些农民工离乡务工的基础上，他们的子女同样付出了沉重的代价。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">但在唐宇文的采访中，这种代价却显得十分平常。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“我知道爸爸妈妈挣钱不容易。”他告诉我，“但我非常想他们，这很痛苦。”</p><h2>独自生活</h2><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">在贵州省，距离误用杀虫剂事件发生地不远的地方，我们采访了独自生活的两姐弟，14岁的陶篮和11岁的陶进坤。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">他们属于中国儿童统计样本中最让人吃惊的一个群体——超过200万名中国留守儿童被认为正在没有任何亲戚看护的情况下独自生活。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">凉风从窗户的缝隙漏进家里的两个房间，陶篮正在辅导弟弟做作业。她在一片很小的自留地里种菜，还要自己做饭。两个孩子轮流洗碗。</p><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.8182px;">他们的父母在一千英里以外的城市工作，每年只回家一次。</span><br /> </div><div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5;">“如果在学校遇到不高兴的事又不能回家告诉爸爸妈妈，这种情况非常糟糕吧。”我问陶篮。</span></div><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“我不能告诉他们。”她一边回答一边擦眼泪，“爸爸妈妈生活很辛苦，我不想让他们为我担心。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">在西方国家，毫无疑问，童年缺乏关爱有可能导致长大后出现反社会的倾向和犯罪行为已经广为人知。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">但让我吃惊的是，在四川和贵州的采访中，我看到的不是愤怒或者不满。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">我看到的是在父母面对经济压力不得不做出离家的困难选择时，这些孩子表现出的惊人的成熟。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">但即便如此，不是所有的孩子都能隐藏自己的情感。唐宇文9岁的同学詹嘉悦，就在采访中流露出明显的焦虑。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6449px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #111111;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/04/13/160413082925_textile_factories__512x288__nocredit.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/320/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/04/13/160413082925_textile_factories__512x288__nocredit.jpg" alt="唐宇文的父母工作的制衣厂。" width="512" height="288" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; -webkit-user-select: none; width: 616.207px; transition: opacity 0.5s ease-in; display: block;" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image copyright</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">唐宇文的父母工作的制衣厂。</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">在公众的高度关注下，中国政府已经决定采取行动。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">政府已经发出一项新指令，重申禁止抛弃子女的法规，同时提醒地方政府承担保护弱势家庭的责任。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中国政府还宣布将首次启动一项全国性的调查，搞清留守儿童的准确数量。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">但事实是，收集数据和强调执行并不能解决根本问题。</p><h2>“我担心他的安全”</h2><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">唐宇文的父母在离家几个小时车程的成都一家制衣厂工作。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">为了节省时间和车费，他们一年最多回家两三次。把孩子带到身边生活，似乎没有在考虑范围之中。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">尽管已经在城市里的工厂工作多年，他们仍然是农民工身份。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">根据中国的户籍制度，这意味着尽管他们可以选择工作地，他们的孩子却不能在大城市享有福利——他们只能在选择在家乡上学或就医。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">这是一套严格的人口流动管理体系，备受争议，但却能避免重蹈其他国家在工业化进程中的覆辙——大规模举家迁移可能导致城市里形成大量平民窟。</p><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, \’Microsoft YaHei\’, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, \’WenQuanYi Micro Hei\’, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 21.8182px;">在工厂旁边的一家餐厅里，我给唐宇文的父母看了孩子们的采访录像。</span><br /> </div><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">电视新闻记者往往会指望此时此刻出现悲伤和不安的画面，但这对父母却急切地想看到画面中的孩子，毕竟他们已经分开了5个月。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">看到12岁的儿子在画面中穿了一套很正式的职业装，唐宇文的爸爸笑了起来。在一个单调的小乡村里，这身装扮似乎有点古怪。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“这是我的领带！”他说。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6449px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/04/13/160413083022_tang_yujun_624x351_bbc.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/320/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/04/13/160413083022_tang_yujun_624x351_bbc.jpg" width="624" height="351" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; -webkit-user-select: none; width: 616.207px; transition: opacity 0.5s ease-in; display: block;" alt="" /></span></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">但在笑容之外，我们还是很快捕捉到了家庭分离带来的悲伤之情。和数以千万计的农民工家庭一样，这是父母之情的流露。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“我很担心，因为我没有和他在一起。”妈妈刘婷哭了起来，“我担心他的安全，如果没有那些规定，我想让他和我们在一起。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">虽然中国已经开始探讨改革户籍制度，但这一进程是选择性的，而且比较缓慢。与此同时，中国还需要保证像北京、上海甚至成都这样的城市和农村家庭保持距离。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">政府承认留守家庭的问题非常紧迫。但在另一方面，对于购买“中国制造”和在中国投资的每一个人来说，有一些非常值得思考的问题——</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">如果这种超级规模的工业革命必须以人口管制作为代价，身处其中的农民工能否要求得到一些基本的保障？他们现在是否拥有家庭生活的权力？</p></div>