<div><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2016/Jun/61201602-1b.jpg" width="547" height="331" alt="" style="font-size: 12pt;" /></div><div> </div><div><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">在鲜花环绕之中,遗体上覆盖着镰刀斧头的鲜红党旗,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">陕西著名作家陈忠实先生,其葬礼可以说是备极哀荣。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">除了铺天盖地的赞誉之声,各路名流的吊唁致敬,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">还有中共最高领导人习近平赠送花圈的殊荣。</span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="https://ci4.googleusercontent.com/proxy/YYEI5UAQOVzMkSkxzbHxvJ00deRS-ebrFUjzsU2Y2asm5A2rXZtA3vSrMh3L__-ORxD7MbLXZD0BubUS0CwZDD9FyNxgYYE8MqPVwD3z3ER6OrWxi6RVByg=s0-d-e1-ft#http://blog.creaders.net/upfile/image/20160531/1464723123405875.jpg" title="1464723123405875.jpg" tabindex="0" style="cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;" alt="" /></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">然而,与这个热闹场面不太协调的是,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">灵棺里的陈忠实头下枕着一部《白鹿原》。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">这是一部当代罕见的优秀小说,它所展现的历史真实与政治倾向,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">与中共镰刀斧头式的红色意识形态格格不入。</span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">这似乎是一个有点滑稽的玩笑。思考这个矛盾的现象,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">我们需要认识近三十年来中国文学的进步与倒退,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">了解在中共禁锢思想的专制制度下,身为作家的陈忠实,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">曾经有过多么不同凡响的思想反叛和与文学追求,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">又曾怎样无奈地向权力屈服妥协,在精神上阉割自己后名利双收。</span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">◎</span> <span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">小说政治倾向与中共针锋相对</span></strong><strong></strong></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">早在</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">1992</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">年《白鹿原》出版之初,该书贬低、<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">否定中共的政治倾向性,就被某些党性强的文坛领导人发现了,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">陈忠实获茅盾文学奖的事情因此受阻。当时,批评者指控《白鹿原》<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">有</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">倾向性问题</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">,说作者歪曲了新民主主义革命,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">美化了地主阶级,丑化了共产党人,有意模糊政治斗争应有的界限。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">这些严厉的政治指控,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">由于当时在文坛享有话语权的评论家陈涌出面说话,而得以缓解。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">在陈涌确认该书不存在</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">历史倾向问题</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">之后,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">作者遵嘱对该书做了删改。</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">1997</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">年底,《白鹿原》<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">修订本获得第四届茅盾文学奖。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">侥幸逃过一场政治追究,这本笔力凝重的杰作得以存活了下来。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">但凡是认真阅读过此书的读者,都不能不承认:那些指控《白鹿原》<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">有政治倾向问题的左派党棍是对的,他们以特有的党性敏感,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">指出了小说的真相。</span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">而《白鹿原》一书之所以能成为中国当代文学的</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">扛鼎之作</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">其全部奥秘恰恰在于此:出于文学良知,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">作家拒绝为中国共产党唱赞歌。相反,小说在宏大的历史叙事之中,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">完全颠覆了共产党文学的话语体系,以赤裸裸的历史真实,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">对非人性的中共进行了贬斥与否定。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">首先,小说把在五十年代遭中共残酷镇压的地主,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">描绘成代表民族优秀传统的好人。白嘉轩是《白鹿原》<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">中最重要的一个人物,他坚守</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">耕读传家</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">的古训,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">继承了父亲的族长地位,关心族人的日常生活与生死存亡。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">尽管白嘉轩有一些旧宗法家族制度的保守意识,但他以</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">仁义</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">真诚<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">待人,广施善举。在长期丑化地主的中国革命文学里,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">此书塑造了一个受人敬仰的正面的地主形象。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">其次,小说揭露了中共革命如何无情地吞噬自己的儿女。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">书中的一个令人唏嘘不已的关键人物,是白嘉轩的女儿白灵。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">年轻而真诚的白灵在加入共产党后出生入死,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">结果却在革命根据地遇上红色恐怖,被冤枉为</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">特务</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">给生生活埋了<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">再次,通过纷繁复杂的历史叙述,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">这部小说表达出的作者的政治态度与历史观,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">几乎都是与中共的意识形态针锋相对的。例如,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">阶级斗争是中共的基本理论纲领,但在《白鹿原》中,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">民国时乡村的阶级并非势不两立,白家唯一的长工鹿三,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">与地主白嘉轩的关系就相处得十分和谐,令人感动。</span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">中共一贯反儒,曾把儒家当作</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">四旧</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">来镇压,而陈忠实的</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">仁义白<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">鹿原</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">却真诚赞美儒家文化和传统的</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">仁义道德</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">书中也真实描写农民革命的暴力与非理性,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">是如何残忍地剥夺人的生命与尊严。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">又如,中共总是宣称自己打败了蒋匪帮,是中国的大救星,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">而小说却借白鹿书院的朱先生发表精辟高论,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">把白鹿原比作一只翻烧饼、摊煎饼的鏊子。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">国共两党血腥的政治斗争,在小说中的人物看来,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">只不过是以百姓为刍狗、导致民不聊生的</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">翻烙饼</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">而已。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">小说里的国民党员有坏人,也有如鹿兆海、岳维山一类的正人君子。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">而共产党方面却很讽刺,他们的优秀人物死在自己人的屠刀下,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">能够活下来并青云直上的共产党人,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">是白孝文那类踩着别人尸骨往上爬的堕落分子。</span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">◎</span> <span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">现实主义写作违背作家本人立场</span></strong><strong></strong></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">上述基于小说文本分析出来的政治倾向,陈忠实本人是不会承认的。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">不但不会承认,老先生如活着,还会高调地宣布,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">他本人的倾向性与笔者所指出的</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">贬共</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">倾向完全相反。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">1993</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">年</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">12</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">月《白鹿原》出版不久、尚未获奖之时,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">陈忠实就发表了《毛泽东代表着一切普通中国人的独立人格》一文,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">热烈赞颂毛泽东的崇高人格、思想、智慧以及其创立的伟业。</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">201<wbr></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">年在接受中国官媒采访时,陈忠实又一再强调:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">我的《白鹿原》<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">里是极力歌颂共产党的。</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">如果联系到陈忠实本人的中共党员身份,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">回顾他长期在农村做基层干部的生活经历,我们可以想象,陈忠实</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222;"><wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">拥共</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">的自我表白虽有隐情与某种目的,但却不完全是假话。那么,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">一个持拥共立场的作家怎么会写出明显贬共的作品来呢?</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">这种看似奇怪的现象,其实并不奇怪。在西方文学史上上,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">这种现象被理论家定义为</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">现实主义对意识形态、对政治观点的胜利</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222;"><wbr></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">。作家们虽然都会有自己的阶级立场与政治观点,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">但一旦他们秉承现实主义写作方法,真实地观察与描写历史与现实,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">那么,其作品倾向就可能走向本人政治立场的反面。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">恩格斯在谈巴尔扎克的创作时说:<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">巴尔扎克的同情心虽然是在贵族一边,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">但在作品中却毫不掩饰地赞美他政治上的死对头</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">——</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">圣玛丽修道院的<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">英雄们。以此为证,恩格斯指出:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">现实主义甚至可以违背作者的见<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">解而表露出来。</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">而陈忠实的《白鹿原》属于经典的现实主义文学作品。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">拜八十年代思想解放之赐,陈世忠一度摆脱了中共极左的</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">革命现实<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">主义</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">桎梏,在继承传统的基础上,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">他运用了一种具有现代性的现实主义手法,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">全景式展现渭河平原五十年的沧桑变迁,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">写出了一部中国人的心灵苦难史。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="https://ci5.googleusercontent.com/proxy/zdqwph7AQUY1rQIM-8vtfctR3XDPeAePKQyfedh_zhwBQmCH22VYI1_XmueNLH42U1BoAGAzMSOgy68b7RcXxIUfs4HtGLxKMrV3wHyH33rXni1uViJa2Lw=s0-d-e1-ft#http://blog.creaders.net/upfile/image/20160531/1464723356451973.jpg" title="1464723356451973.jpg" tabindex="0" style="cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;" alt="" /></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; background-color: #ffffff;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">谈到酝酿构思《白鹿原》的过程,陈忠实说自己</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">查阅县志党史文史<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">资料,在西安郊县做社会调查,研读有关关中历史的书籍</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">尽管小说是虚构的,但其中的很多场景与细节,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">都可以在现实中找到出处。例如,有些小说情节是以关中、<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">西安的历史事件为背景的。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">值得注意的是,书中被称为</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">白鹿精魂</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">的高尚人物,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">都有其现实的生活原型。例如,坚持儒家文化、<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">处处与人为善的朱先生,其原型是清末举人、关中大儒牛兆濂。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">被中共活埋的白灵姑娘,其悲剧取材于革命烈士张静雯的遭遇。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">书中治病救人的冷先生,其医生形象来自《蓝田县志》。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">◎</span> <span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">为获奖自我阉割,高调颂毛</span></strong><strong></strong></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"> </span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">前苏联作家肖洛霍夫曾因一部《静静的顿河》成为苏共高官,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">陈忠实也同样因为一部《白鹿原》,一跃成为中国作家协会副主席。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">两人都出身于农民家庭,受过苦,都曾在共产党的基层任职。</span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">有国内评论家说:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">《白鹿原》是从《静静的顿河》<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">这棵大树上摇落的一粒种子。</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">陈忠实之所以能一度摆脱红色文艺之<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">窠臼,与《静静的顿河》对他的深巨影响有关。他的《白鹿原》<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">学习《静静的顿河》,以客观求真的态度,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">揭露共产党的血腥与丑陋。两部作品都同样遭受过政治审查与批评。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="https://ci6.googleusercontent.com/proxy/lu0j_u0Zju25blFdoftWBsvVtR8VnR8_JNVeNIQApb4pGkcT0n2ZvRE6veoGVOMDzFQQMZXckIR9d7nYVyYGndmt2VKPPPN6USAP7Iv0uUMtZxSFdzCVNB8=s0-d-e1-ft#http://blog.creaders.net/upfile/image/20160531/1464723429624548.jpg" title="1464723429624548.jpg" tabindex="0" style="cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;" alt="" /></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">不同的是,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">获得诺贝尔文学奖的肖洛霍夫后来为苏共的高压政策辩护,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">招致作家们的憎恶,而陈忠实成名当官之后,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">据说还保持了某种农民的朴实和谦虚。但是,从《白鹿原》<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">出版后他的一系列表现来看,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">这位农民作家在精神上迅速地萎靡下去了,一蹶不振。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">这表现在几个方面。</span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">第一,为了获奖,陈忠实修改了《白鹿原》,对作品实行自我审查。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">茅盾文学奖是中国长篇小说奖的最高荣誉之一。</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">1997</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">年,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">该奖评委在评议《白鹿原》时出现分歧。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">陈忠实接受了要他修改的建议,删改了两三千字,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">其中包括一些政治叙述,例如关于政治斗争</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">翻鏊子</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">的评论,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">还淡化一些性描写。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">拿一本不明不白的修改版去获奖,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">陈忠实因此受到一些严肃评论家的批评,被指责为</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">迎合评委</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222;"><wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">对读者的背叛</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">向政治与功利的一次可耻的妥协</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">第二,自《白鹿原》出版后,陈忠实急于澄清自己的政治倾向,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">他转而高调地赞颂毛泽东,并声称自己的作品是</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">极力歌颂共产党的</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222;"><wbr></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">第三,此后二十年,陈忠实只是</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">写写散文,随意写作</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">不敢再以小说</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">妄议</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">中国政治历史。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">即使他曾酝酿过一部描写当下乡村生活长篇小说,也一直没有动笔。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">◎</span> <span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">政治恐惧与科举文化后遗症</span></strong><strong></strong></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"> <span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">至今还有一些文坛批评家不能原谅陈忠实的删书行为,视他为</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">软<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">骨头</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">。但我们可以用史学家陈寅恪的</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">同情之了解</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">” </span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">的态度,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">设身处地体察对方,把陈忠实的</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">软骨头现象</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">放到他所处的时代和<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">社会环境中去看。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">即使中共官方如此表彰陈忠实,至今还有左派人士称陈忠实为</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">反共<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">作家</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">,指责陈忠实那一代作家</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">真真切切地颠覆了共产党的历史以<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">及植根于这段历史的价值观。</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">长期以来,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">左派们所扣的上纲上线的政治大帽子,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">该书曾被广电部列为影视禁拍作品的麻烦,都令陈忠实气恼郁闷。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">他承受了很大的精神压力,甚至产生了恐惧心理。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">在八十年代中期短暂的政治艳阳天里,陈忠实开始构思《白鹿原》。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">当时思想解放的作家,如饥似渴地吸收新的写作手法,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">大胆反思历史,调动多种文化资源。这部小说可以归于的</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">新历史小<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">说</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">、</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">寻根文学</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">一类,具有鲜明的反叛性与冒险精神。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">然而,当陈忠实面壁六年,终于在</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">1991</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">年末写完全部书稿,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">时势遽变。</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">六 / 四惨案</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">震撼了世界,也窒息了一些自由写作的中国作家,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">打断了他们的脊梁骨。审时度势,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">心怀恐惧的陈忠实不敢把已完稿的《白鹿原》拿出来,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">他甚至和妻子说,准备不做作家去养鸡。直到</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">1992</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">年的一天,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">邓小平的南巡讲话传来,陈忠实预料形势将会宽松一点,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">才敢给人民文学出版社写信,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">并要求出版社派文学观念比较新的编辑前去取稿。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">从反叛到屈服,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">这对具有传统风骨气节的士人和现代独立知识分子来说,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">是难以接受的。但陈忠实既不是士人,也不是独立知识分子,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">他本来就是共产党的乡村干部。文革时上五七干校,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">他的背包里只有两本书,一本《毛选》,另一本是柳青的《创业史》<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">。未曾吸收过更为丰沛广博的文学源流,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">又缺乏坚定的自由主义理念支持,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">陈忠实很容易就放弃自我的独立精神,随波逐流,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">回归毛时代的意识形态。</span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">从现实功利角度来看,陈忠实也不能不妥协。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">中国文坛一直就有科举文化后遗症,古代文人以一篇文章中举,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">由此获得高官厚禄,现代文坛也有</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">一本书主义</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">。<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">在海外自由社会,只有一本书的作家往往难以靠写作养活自己,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">但在中国,写出一本好书就如同中举,能使人登上文坛高位。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/LWtr2h-Zfmk2SGf3Y_mFjJIg-pehcSS21tU9KwKmzTYCWpzvsn4phWrU1IWjqGFCwUUtgAGt0Pz354DggYi1stWU03MlQ_62hy2b-15jmz-UW9ahS2DWgOw=s0-d-e1-ft#http://blog.creaders.net/upfile/image/20160531/1464723481514386.jpg" title="1464723481514386.jpg" tabindex="0" style="cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;" alt="" /></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">并不把文学当作自身的信念与生命状态,深知</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">向阳花木易为春</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">陈忠实以中国人特有的方式</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">——</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">政治表态和声明,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">化解了他与中共之间的心结。《白鹿原》大红大紫,巨大的销量,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">使长期生活清贫的陈忠实跻身于</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">第一届中国作家富豪榜</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">。</span></span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">在离开人间时,功成名就的陈忠实是否对自己的人生感到满意呢?<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">我们不得而知。但这里有一个令人遗憾的事实:<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">在回归鲜红党旗的二十余年中,陈忠实不敢再触碰敏感的写作题材,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">精神上自我阉割了,创作力也因此丧失,<wbr></span><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">他再也没能拿出优秀作品来。</span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-family: \’Microsoft YaHei\’, sans-serif; color: #222222; font-size: 12pt;">谨以此文悼念陈忠实先生!</span></p><p style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background-image: initial; background-color: #ffffff; background-repeat: initial;"> </p> </div>