<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">第二次世界大戰德國戰敗,1945年5月7日德國投降。戰後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">美、英、法、蘇四國根據1945年2月雅爾塔協定,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">分區佔領德國及其首都柏林,盟國管制委員會管制德國行政。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">柏林在蘇聯佔領區内,1945年11月,盟國簽訂協議,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">在蘇聯佔領區設空中走廊,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">允許西方佔領區在空中走廊内與西柏林聯係,自由通航。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯佔領區内左翼政黨有共産黨和社會民主黨,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">德國共産黨創建於1919年,德國社會民主黨創建於1863年。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1946年4月21日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯佔領區内的德國共産黨與德國社會民主黨合并組成德國統一社會</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">黨(Sozialistische</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Einheitspartei Deutschlands,SED),4月21-22日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">德國統一社會黨召開成立大會通過“德國統一社會黨的原則和目標”</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">綱領性文件,規定鏟除法西斯主義和軍國主義殘餘勢力,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">懲辦戰争罪犯,消除戰後混亂狀態,社生活全面民主化,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">取消資本主義壟斷組織,主要生産資料國有化,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">為建立統一的民主德國而鬥争,把建設社會主義作為奮鬥的遠景。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">大會選舉威廉•皮克(Wilhelm</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Pieck)和奥托•格羅提渥(Otto Grotewohl)並為黨中央機闗領導人。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">封鎖柏林(1948年6月24日-1949年5月12日)</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">在戰爭結束時,美國欲推動德國的經濟重建,復興歐洲。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯卻在自己的佔領區運出大批食品,並對機器設備工廠整體搬遷。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">西方盟國卻拒絕拆解自己佔領區內的工廠,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">認為蘇聯應該只從自己的佔領區內提取賠償產品的份額。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1946年5月,盟國管制委員會瀕臨崩潰。1947年1月1日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">美英两國佔領區合并。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1947年6月5日,美國國務卿馬歇爾(George Catlett</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Marshall)在哈佛大學發表演講,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">提出了一項由美國提供全面援助的毆洲復興計劃,即馬歇爾計劃(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">The Marshall</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Plan)*,他説:“我們的政策不是反對任何國家或任何主義,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">而是反對饑饉、貧窮、冒險和混亂。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">我們的政策目的應該是恢復世界上行之有效的經濟制度,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">從而使自由制度賴以存在的政治和社會條件能够出現。”</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">他宣告美國已為幫助歐洲復興作好了準備。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1948年2月至6月,美國、英國、法國、比利時、荷蘭、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">盧森堡六國召開倫敦外長會議,提出所謂的「倫敦建議」,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">協調美英法三國佔領區經濟政策,共同管制對外貿易,並共同制憲,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">成立西德國家,以西德為中心復興歐洲。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">於是法國佔領區與英美佔領區合並。6月18日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">美英法三國宣佈由6月21日起西佔區實行單方的新貨幣改革,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">發行有B記號的馬克。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">6月22日,蘇聯佔區也實行貨幣改革,發行新的D記號馬克,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">並以反對英美法三國欲分解德國為理由於6月24日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">全面切斷西佔區與柏林的水陸交通及貨運,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">只保留從西德至柏林的三條空中走廊通道,史稱第一次柏林危機。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1948年6月29日,美國和英國實行空運,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">派出大批飛機向柏林居民大規模空運生活必需品,包括燃料和食物,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">同時對蘇佔區所缺的鋼、焦煤及電力等實行反封鎖。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">參加空運的還有澳大利亞、加拿大、新西蘭和南非的空軍。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1949年5月8日,西德議委會通過新憲法,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">西德政府結構基本確立。蘇聯於5月12日宣佈撤銷封鎖,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">第一次柏林危機結束。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">在西柏林封鎖期間飛行278228 次,空運物資2326406 噸,事故死亡31名美國人,39名英國人,13名德國人。1</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯以反對英美法三國分裂德國為理由封鎖柏林只是一個借口,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯内務部中將蘇多普拉托夫(П. А.</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Судоплатов)在他的回憶録《偵察和克里姆林宫》«</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Разведка и</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Кремль»中披露了封鎖柏林的真實目的。1948年,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">中國内戰進入决戰階段,斯大林與毛澤東商定,解放軍總攻前,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聨在西德挑起一塲重大危機,轉移美國對中國的戰略注意力,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">給解放軍戰略上的支持,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">於是蘇聨1948年6月24日開始封鎖柏林。遼沈戰役(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1948年9月12日-11月2日)、平津戰役(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1948年11月29日-1949年1月31日)和淮海戰役(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1948年11月6日-1949年1月10日)結束後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯於1949年5月12日宣佈撤銷封鎖。2</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1949年5月23日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">美英法三國佔領區宣告成立德意志聯邦共和國,定都波恩,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">以阿登納(Konrad</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Adenauer)為總理組成第一屆聯邦政府。同年10月7日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯佔領區宣告成立德意志民主共和國,10月11日,威廉•</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">皮克當選為共和國總統,奥托•格羅提渥為臨時政府總理;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯佔領區總司令宣佈把行政職權移交給東德政府,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇軍佔領當局改稱為“蘇聯監督委員會”。至此,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">德國正式分裂成兩個德國。西德領土面積為248706平方公里;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德領土面積為108333平方公里。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1948年6月,南斯拉夫與蘇聯公開分裂,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東歐各共産黨遵依莫斯科的指示開始清洗和鎮壓“鐡托分子”和“</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">間諜”。此時東德尚未建國,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">正由蘇聯軍管制委員會向德意志民主共和國過渡,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">未受黨内鬥争太大影響,主要是“抓間諜和代理人”。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">被清洗的知名人物有德共政治局委員Dahlem </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Franz,1953年被撤消黨外内一切職務;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">德共老黨員東柏林的《德國信使報》(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Deutschlandsenden)總編輯Bauer</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Leo,1950年被捕,被判死刑,後改判25年勞改營監禁。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">受間諜案株連而被清洗的人數超過300人。3</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">______________________________</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">__________________</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">*歐洲復興計劃始於1947年7月,持續4個財政年度,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">西歐各國通過參加經濟合作發展組織(OECD)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">總共接受了美國金融、技術、設備等各種形式的援助,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">合計130億美圓(相當於2006年的1300億美圓),</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">改善了西歐的戰後經濟,提高了人民生活水平,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">因此馬歇爾獲得了1953年的諾貝爾和平獎。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德民主起義</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1952年7月,德國統一社會黨召開第二次全國代表會議,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1950年當選為總書記的烏布利希(Walter</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Ulbriht)在會上宣佈“有計劃地建設社會主義”的方針:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">國家蘇維埃化,加强警察和國家安全局的作用,强行農業集體化,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">企業國有化,採取反對商業小私有者的措施,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">按蘇聯模式發展重工業,並宣佈組建人民軍。在這一方針指導下,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">軍費佔預算的11%</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">,還有戰争賠款佔20% ,經濟形勢嚴峻,食品和日用品短缺。1952年10月通過《</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">保護人民財産法》强化“階級鬥争”,開始政治鎮壓和宗教鎮壓,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">逮捕了兩個青年福音組織──“青年協會”和“大學生福音協會”</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">的成員,僅在1953年前三個月就有7775人被逮捕。4</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">居民大規模逃往西德,僅1953年3月就逃走5萬人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">其中有許多高級技師和工程技術人員,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">造成技工和工程技術人員短缺。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">由於强行農業集體化,許多農塲主逃往西方,使得13%</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">的耕地撂荒,新成立的農業生産合作社無法應對新形勢。黄油、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蔬菜、水果等農業産品供不應求,果酱和蜂蜜價格上漲了70%,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">市塲供應狀况急劇惡化。1953年4月後,服裝、鞋、食品、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">肉類、含糖制品以及公交費用價格上漲;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">糖短缺導致大多數德國人早餐必用的食品人造蜂蜜、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">果醬和果凍脱銷,這是引起德國工人抗議的導火索。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1953年5月15日,蘇聯内務部向東德領導遞交一份備忘録,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">要求東德政府停止集體化,緩和鎮壓力度。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1953年5月28日,政府宣佈把工人的勞動定額提高10%</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">(個别領域提高30%),此决定6月30日生效(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">向烏布利希60嵗生日獻禮)。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">工人完不成新的勞動定額將被扣工資。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">6月2日,蘇聯最高蘇維埃主席團發表對外公報。6月3日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">烏布利希和格羅提渥被召到莫斯科,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯領導人建議東德政府停止實行農業强制合作化和取締私營企業的</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">政策,放松政治司法管制、軍事管制和對教會的高壓措施。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">烏布利希和格羅提沃從莫斯科回來後,6月9日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">宣佈停止有計劃地建設社會主義,實行新的方針,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">公開承認過去犯了錯誤,為了改善日用商品的供應,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">放慢重工業的發展速度,取消一系列引起居民强烈不满的經濟政策。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">6月12日,弗里德里斯海因(Friedrichshain)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">柏林行政區醫院建築工地工人醖釀罷工。15日早晨,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">工人拒不出工,集會要求取消提高的勞動定額。16日,官方工會《</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">論壇報》發表文章,為提高勞動定額的政策辯護,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">引爆工人們的憤怒。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">16日早晨,約100名工人從斯大林林蔭路上高幹住宅工地出發,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">向弗里德里斯海因區醫院建築工地和其它工地游行,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">號召工人們罷工,沿途高呼:“癈除超高定額!”</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">“我們是工人,不想做奴隷!” “我們要自由選舉,我們不是奴隷!” 等口號,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">示威游行隊伍很快達到10000人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">游行到萊比锡大街上的東德政府大厦施特勞斯貝格廣塲(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Strausberger</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Platz)前召開大會,示威者不僅要求降低勞動定額,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">降低物價,而且還要求解散人民軍。工業部長Fritz</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Zelbmann試圖安撫罷工者,答應取消超高勞動定額。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">大會上講演者提出政治要求:統一德國,自由選舉,釋放政治犯。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">人們要求烏布利希或格羅提渥出來對話,但他俩没來。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">示威者返回斯大林林蔭路建築工地,號召明天大罷工。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">5</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">6月16日晚,柏林形勢變得更加嚴峻。深夜,烏布利希、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">格羅提渥、安全部長蔡塞爾(Wilhelm </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Zaisser)和政治局委員赫恩斯塔特(Rudolf </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Herrnstadt)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">前往蘇聯佔領軍管制委會官邸谒見駐東德蘇軍最高政委兼駐東德大使</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">謝苗諾夫(В. С. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Семёнов)和司令格列奇科,雙方仔細商討鎮壓起義者措施。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">當時蘇聯在東德駐軍有16個團,共2萬人。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇軍戰車6月17日清晨進入柏林市郊待命。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">6月17日早晨,柏林爆發大罷工。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">各企業工人集合結隊向市中心進發,7時,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">斯特勞斯貝格廣塲已聚集了1萬多人,中午,示威人數達15萬人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">他們高呼口號:“政府下台!解散人民警察!”</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">“我們不願做奴隷,我們要自由!” 示威者喊出反對烏布利希和蘇軍的口號:“大胡子、大肚皮、眼鏡─</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">─這不是人民的意願!”</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">“我們没有别的目的,山羊胡子必須下台!” “俄國人回家去!”(註:烏布利希大肚子,戴眼鏡,留山羊胡子)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">示威者毁壞了東西柏林分界線的界碑和建築工事,搗毁了警察局、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">黨和國家機闗大樓和賣共産黨報刊的售報亭,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">他們毁掉了共産黨政權的所有標志──旗幟、標語、宣傳畫和畫像,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">起義者包圍了警察營房,試圖釋放監獄的囚犯,衝擊政府大厦,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">然後向腓特烈大劇院(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Friedrichstadtpalast)進發,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">因為德國統一社會黨的積極分子正在大劇院開會,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">為了顯示團結和堅定,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">烏布利希和格羅提渥率領全體政治局委員親臨大會。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德黨政領導人在蘇軍的保護下撤到駐德蘇軍管制委員會所在地卡爾</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">韶斯特區(Karlshorst)。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東柏林實際上已落在起義者手中。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">這天罷工浪潮席卷整個東德,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">至少有701個市鎮超過50萬人參加了反政府罷工游行(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德官方數字為30萬)。參加游行的總人數約為3-4百萬(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">當時東德人口約為1800萬,工人為550萬,農民没參加運動)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">。德累斯頓(Dresden)市的示威者佔領了廣播電台,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">播發反政府文告;哈勒(Halle)市的示威者佔領了報社;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">畢特菲勒德(Bitterfeld)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">小鎮給柏林的罷工者拍發電報,“</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">要求成立由革命工人組成的臨時政府”。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">遭到包圍和衝擊的黨政機闗250處(另一數據為160處),</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">起義者佔領了11座區議會大樓、14個市長辦公室、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">7座德國統一社會黨的區委員會大樓和1座州委員會大樓,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">奪下9座監獄、2座國家安全部大樓和12處警察機闗,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">釋放大約1400名囚犯。根據官方數據,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">另有17名統一社會黨的幹部被打死,166名受傷。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">5</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">中午時分,蘇軍戰車開進東柏林市中心,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">與東德8000名警察一起鎮壓示威者,示威者並未散去,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">人們向戰車投擲石塊,試圖毁壞戰車的天線,蘇軍向示威者開槍。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">下午1時宣佈戒嚴,實行緊急狀態;2時,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德部長會議主席格羅提渥廣播發布政府聲明,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">指責示威者是法西斯和反革命分子,嚴重破壞了民主柏林的秩序;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">號召居民支持重建社會秩序的措施,建立企業正常平安的工作條件。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇軍與起義者的衝突和槍聲一直延續到晚上7時,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">儘管東德全國實行戒嚴和宵禁,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德各地零星的抗議示威活動持續好幾天,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">甚至7月還爆發了罷工運動。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">在蘇軍鎮壓行動中,根據1990年解密的文件,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">至少有125人喪生,其中包括蘇軍軍事法庭處决的29人,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">被槍殺的起義带頭人不少12人;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">有100人被蘇軍軍事法庭判處3-25年徒刑。在此事件中,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德約有2萬人被捕,被東德法庭判處者不少於1657人(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">數字不完全),2人被判死刑,3人被判終生監禁,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">13人被判10-15年徒刑,99人被判5-10年徒刑,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">994人被判處1-5年徒刑,546人被判處1年以下徒刑。5</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德政府官方有5人被打死,46名警察受傷。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">但西方公布數字是有507人被打死。5</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">966年西德政府内務部數據:起義事件中有513人被擊斃(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">包括116名東德統一社會黨政府官員),1838人受傷。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">5100人被逮捕,有106名德國公民被軍事法庭判處死刑,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1200人被判處徒刑。6</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">柏林暴動事件後,東德政府得到蘇聯的無條件支持,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">更加向民衆顯示“强硬”,6月21日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">取消恢復原有勞動定額的許諾;10月,將物價提高10-25%</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">;另一方面蘇聯降低了賠款要求,降到東德預算的5% 。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1954年蘇聯終止佔領制度,東德獲得主權。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1955年9月20日,東德和蘇聯簽訂兩國闗係條約。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1957年3月12日,東德和蘇聯簽訂蘇軍在東德臨時駐軍協定,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">使蘇聯在東德駐軍有了法律依據。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1957年蘇軍把東德邊界線的守衛責任完全移交給東德邊防部隊。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">第二次柏林危機</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1958年11月27日,蘇聯單方面向英美法三國發出最後通牒,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">要求它們六個月内(1959年5月29日前)撤出西柏林的駐軍,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">把西柏林變成民主的自由城市,否則,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯會把西柏林的過境檢查改由東德負責。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">英美法三國拒絶了蘇聯的要求,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">并且宣稱如果蘇聯封鎖進入西柏林的通道,他們將不惜訴諸武力,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">史稱第二次柏林危機。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1959年5月,蘇聯對西方國家的態度軟化,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">撤消六個月的期限的最後通牒,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">并希望透過國家領導人會晤改善東西方關係,第二次柏林危機結束。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">7</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">修建柏林圍牆,防止人民逃亡</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">第二次世界大戰結束到1950年前5年期間,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇聯佔領區東歐國家約有1500萬人移居到西方。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德人移居到西德的人數最多,1950-</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1952年移居到西德的人數逹544000人。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1953年6月17日柏林暴動被蘇軍鎮壓下去後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德人逃往西德的人數激增,這年逃到西德去東德人為</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">331 000 人。8 在建柏林牆的前一個月即1961年7月, 逃到西德去的東德人為30415人,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">8月的第一個星期竟有21828人逃離東德。9 到1961年,共有350萬人逃離東德,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">大約相當於東德總人口的20%,10 </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">造成東德嚴重缺少各種訓練有素的職業人才。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1961年8月3-5日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">華沙條約組織成員國共産黨和工人黨的第一書記在莫斯科開會,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">烏布利希在會上堅持主張闗閉柏林市内東西兩區的邊界線,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">得到盟國的支持;8月7日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德統一社會黨政治局會議决定闗閉東德與西柏林和西德的邊界線,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">8月12日,東德部長會議宣佈相應的命令,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">在負責安全的政治局委員埃里希•昂納克(Erich </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Honecker)組織和指揮下,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">8月13日夜裏1時開始修建反法西斯防衛牆(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Antifaschistischer</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Schutzwall),即柏林圍牆(Berliner </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Mauer),牆長約155公里,牆高3-4公尺。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">圍牆的修建和更换裝備從1961年8月一直繼續到1975年。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">柏林牆建立後,也未能完全阻擋住人們逃往西德,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">從1961年8月13日到1989年11月9日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">共有5043人成功越牆逃入西德,有3221人被捕,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">239人被打死亡,260人受傷。11</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">根據東德政府數據,試圖翻越柏林牆的人只有125人被打死;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">英國廣播公司披露的數據死者為1245人。另有數據為645人。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">俄國人的數據有192人死亡,約有200人摔傷、溺死。12</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">第三次柏林危機</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1961年6月4日,赫鲁曉夫與美國總統肯尼迪(John F. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Kennedy)在維也納會談,赫鲁曉夫舊事重提,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">要求英美法在1961年12月31日前撤出西柏林,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">否則西方國家進入西柏林都需先得到東德同意,肯尼迪斷然拒絶。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1961年7月初,蘇聯宣佈暫停復員,并將軍費增加三分之一。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">7月25日,肯尼迪發表電視講話,要求國會增加32.</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">5億美元的國防預算,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">征召部份後備役人員組建6個師和2個海軍陸戰隊師,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">擴大民防及修築防空措施,28日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">肯尼迪再次重申美國保衛西柏林的决心,8月16日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">113支國民警衛隊進入戰備状態,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">肯尼迪下令向西柏林增派1500名美軍。美蘇關係再次緊張,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">史稱第三次柏林危機。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1961年8月13日,蘇聯及東德封鎖了東西柏林之間的邊界,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">從15日起沿東西柏林分界線在東柏林境内築起柏林墙,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">西柏林人進入東柏林都需經過邊境站的檢查,還需辦理入境手續。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1945年波茨坦會議,美英蘇法四國一致同意:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">四國佔領軍官員乘坐有正式牌照的汽車不需出示身份証件便可到柏林</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">内任何地段的長期駐軍政策。1961年9月19日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">美國總統肯尼迪派前四星上將盧修斯•</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">D •克萊(Lucius D. Clay)到西柏林,作他的特别顧問,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">他的使命是把柏林牆的衝擊降到最低限度。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1961年10月17日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">赫鲁曉夫在蘇共第22次代表大會上宣佈,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">如果西方愿意解决柏林問題,最後通牒日期并不重要,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">正式取消英美法于12月底前撤出西柏林的期限,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">美蘇關係再度缓和。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">但是,1962年10月22日,即柏林牆建成两個月後,盧修斯• D •克萊派美國駐西柏林特使雷特奈(E. Allan</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Lightner)視察邊境,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">駕有佔領軍駕照牌的汽車前去東柏林劇院,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">在腓特烈大街上的查理檢查站(Checkpoint </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Charlie),東德警察攔阻他,不允許通過,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">這違反四國佔領軍的長期駐軍政策。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">克萊將軍認為西方三國特别是美國須對柏林牆做出堅定的反應。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">10月23日,派外交官赫姆辛(Albert</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Hemsing)去試探東德邊防警察,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">當外交官赫姆辛被東德警察攔住,要求出示護照時,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">在邊界守候的美國憲兵衝過去,護送赫姆辛的汽車通過檢查站,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德警察後撤讓路。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">10月27日,赫姆辛再次乘坐外交車輛前往佔領區邊境試探,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">克萊不知蘇聯會做出怎樣的反應,派戰車和士兵護衛。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇軍偵知美軍欲采取行動清除分隔柏林腓特烈大街上的查理檢查站,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇軍第38近衛戰車團第3營大尉沃依特欽科(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Войтченко)的第7戰車連33輛戰車到達勃蘭登堡門(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Brandengburg</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Tor),趕到檢查站,停在距離檢查站50-</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">100米的蘇聯佔領區内,美軍戰車停在距離檢查站50-</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">100米的西方佔領區内,從10月27日17:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">00两軍戰車在檢查站對峙到28日約11:00,都等待命令。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">檢查站事件達至肯尼迪總統和蘇聯部長會議主席赫鲁曉夫。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">肯尼迪提出蘇聯先撤走它的戰車,柏林問題容易解决,28日上午,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇軍撤走戰車,隨後美軍也撤走戰車,第三次柏林危機結束。13</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">推到柏林牆 兩德統一</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1963年,烏布利希和他的經濟顧問試圖推行新的經濟體制,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">即實行中央調節的計劃經濟,想把經濟的控制權逐步轉到專家手中,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">讓地方有更大的决策權,使經濟更有效。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">烏布利希的改革精神不符合共産黨的理論,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">從1965年開始遭到埃里希•昂納克等人的明顯抵制,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">後者得到蘇聯領導人勃列日涅夫的支持。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">烏布利希被迫於1971年5月3日辭職,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">昂納克接任東德統一社會黨的第一書記,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1976年又當選為東德國務委員會主席。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">他通過國家安全部鎮壓國内反對派,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">經濟上加緊推行國家中央集權經濟,形勢嚴峻。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1987年6月12日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">美國總統里根在西柏林布蘭登堡門發表著名的“推倒這堵牆”</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">的演說,呼籲蘇聯領導人戈爾巴喬夫拆掉柏林圍牆:“</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">戈爾巴喬夫總書記,如果您要尋求和平,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">如果您要為蘇聯和東歐尋求繁榮,如果您要尋求自由:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">請到您這裏來!戈爾巴喬夫先生,打開這扇門!戈爾巴喬夫先生,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">請您拆除這堵牆!”</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1989年5月,匈牙利社會主義工人黨宣佈放棄執政黨地位,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">實行多黨制。波蘭統一工人黨與團結工會達成實行議會民主的協議,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">準備大選。1989年8月23日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">匈牙利開始拆除通往奥地利邊界上的鐡絲網,9月11日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">宣佈開放邊境,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">打開了東德居民經匈牙利取道奥地利逃往西德的通道,9月,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">3天就有1.5萬多人通過匈牙利逃往西德。11</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">柏林牆失去了阻擋東德人外逃的作用。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">9月19日,東德的第一個政治反對派組織“新論壇”(Neues Forum)宣告成立,立即被政府取締;但它拒不服從,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">仍公開活動,並迅速壯大。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">10月7日東德40周年國慶日,東德各大城市包括東柏林、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">萊比锡、德累斯頓、波茨坦、馬格德堡、耶拿等地爆發抗議示威,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">要求民主改革,改善供應和服務,開放出國旅行,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">放寬對新聞媒體的限制。在柏林國慶慶典會塲附近,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">7000餘名市民聚集抗議,並與警察發生衝突,數百人被捕。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">此後羣衆抗議活動不斷升級,抗争的内容也在悄然發生變化,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">從最初的争取旅行自由,放寬新聞控制,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">逐漸轉變為要求反對派組織合法化、要求實行多黨制和自由選舉。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">10月 9日,萊比锡7萬人上街游行,事態不斷擴大,為了平息事態,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">穏定局勢,1989年10月17日,埃里希• 昂納克召開政治局會議,會議上東德</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">15個專區(包括東柏林)的黨委書記中有13個要求以埃里希•</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">昂納克為首的政治局全體成員辭職。政治局委員經濟學家君特• 米塔格(Günter</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Mittag)和東德國家安全部部長埃里希• 梅爾科(Erich Mielke)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">嚴厲批評昂納克。梅爾科宣稱,埃里希•</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">昂納克必須對民主德國大部分弊端的形成負責,他威脅説:“</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">如果埃里希•</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">昂納克不辭職,我將公布讓他名聲掃地的信息。”</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1989年10月18日,德黨召開十一届九中全會,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">從1971年以來一直擔任東德最高領導人的昂納克不得不以健康為</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">由辭去黨和國家一切領導職務。原政治局委員、中央委員會書記、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">國務委員會副主席埃貢•</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">克倫茨(Egon Krenz)當選為德國統一社會黨總書記</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">(24日又接任東德國務委員會主席、國防委員會主席)。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">克倫茨就任後立即宣佈“徹底改革”,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">赦免所有外逃和參加游行的人,推行“自由選舉”,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">並與西德政府正式接觸。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;"> 但民衆抗議活動並未因此中止。次日,各地羣衆繼續示威游行。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">人們呼喊 “我們是人民,不願做奴隷!”</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">等口號,要求出版自由、旅行自由,實行自由選舉,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">結束共産黨一黨專政。29日,東德撤消對 “新論壇” 是國家敵人的起訴。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">11月4日,約40萬人在東柏林亞歷山大廣塲(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Alexanderplatz)集會,示威者要求言論自由,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">政府辭職,進行自由選舉。6日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">萊比锡50萬市民聚集在福音教會(Evangelische</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Kirche)周圍,要求政治改革。在强大的政治壓力下,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德政府於11月7日宣佈集體辭職,11月8日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德統一社會黨政治局集體辭職,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">同日選出以克倫茨為首的新政治局。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">克倫茨再次向全黨全國人民承諾:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">民主德國要在世界開放的形勢下革新社會主義,進行徹底改革。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1989年11月9日下午,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德統一社會黨政治局委員東柏林第一書記君特•沙博夫斯基(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Günter</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Schabowski)作為東德政府代表舉行新聞發布會,18:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">53,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">沙博夫斯基宣讀克倫茨寫的簡化東德公民出境辦法的中央决議︰“…</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">…允許個人出境,不必説明任何理由……</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">將在最短的時間内批准出境……</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">可以通過民主德國與聯邦德國的所有邊境檢查站出境。”</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">這時意大利記者Riccardo Ehrmann提問説︰“甚麽時候開始執行?”</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">沙博夫斯基想了一下説︰“據我所知,立即執行。”</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">19:04,東德新聞社播發了沙博夫斯基宣讀中央决議新聞稿,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">19:30東德電視台播出新聞發布會實况。此消息一出,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">數萬市民聞訊走上街頭,要求開放邊界,爬上圍牆,拆毀圍牆,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">大量東德人通過柏林牆進入西德境内。14,15</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">11月13日,東德的德國民主農民黨主席君特•馬洛伊達(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Günther</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Maleuda)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">在東德人民議院九届十一次會議上當選人民議院主席,17日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德成立了以積極主張改革的德國統一社會黨新任政治局委員漢斯•</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">莫德羅(Hans</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Modrow)為首的聯合政府,在聯合政府的26名内閣成員中,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">統一社會黨人佔15位。新政府提出與西德建立契約共同體的構想。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">11月28日,聯邦德國總理赫爾穆特•科爾提出和平統一德國的“</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">十點計劃”(Zehn-Punkte-Programm)。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">要點是:3)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">如果德意志人民共和國决定對其政治及經濟制度做根本性改變且付諸</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">實施,聯邦政府將擴大全面援助與合作。4)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">我們接受莫德羅總理提出的建立契約共同體的構想。5)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">我們準備採取重大步驟發展两個德國間的聯盟結構,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">為在德國建立一個聯邦秩序,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">德意志人民共和國必須建立一個民主的合法政府。10).</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">我們全力推進歐洲和平,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">這樣德國人民才能自由自主地决定實現德國的重新統一。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">12月 1日,東德議會通過憲法修正案,删除憲法中“</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">國家受工人階級及其馬克思列寜主義政黨領導”的條款。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">3日,克倫茨總書記與政治局再次全體辭職,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">統一社會黨中央特别會議决定,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">將前黨中央領導人昂納克等開除出黨。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">這天,“新論壇”在東德幾條公路上發起“手拉手”活動,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">提出要求改革,懲治腐敗政治家,德國統一社會黨退出工厰等訴求。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">6日,克倫茨辭去國務委員會主席、國防委員會主席職務。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">由非共産黨人自由民主黨主席曼弗雷德•格拉赫(Manfred Gerlach)接任克倫茨辭去的兩個職務。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">12月7日,包括統一社會黨、民主黨派、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">反對派在内的各東德政黨,在柏林召開圓桌會議,會議决定:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1990年5月6日舉行議會選舉,然後制定新憲法,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">遣散秘密警察部隊。後來因形勢發展,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">又决定於1990年3月18日提前大選。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;"> 12月8日,德國統一社會黨召開特别代表大會,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">選舉以律師格列高爾•居西(Gregor </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Gysi)為首的黨中央,並將黨的名稱改為“民主社會主義黨”,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">實行多黨制,建設民主社會主義。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;"> 1990年3月18日,東德舉行歷史上的第一次議會“自由選舉”</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">,共有24個政黨和政治組織參加競選。基督教民主聯盟得48.</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">15%的選票,在議會400個席位中佔193席;</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">社會民主黨獲得21.84%</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">的選票,佔87席;民主社會主義黨得票16.33% ,佔65席;自由民主聯盟得票5.28% ,佔21席;其餘黨派得票少於5% 。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">4月12日,東德基督教民主聯盟和東德社會民主黨宣佈聯合組閣,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">基督教民主聯盟主席洛塔爾•德•梅齊埃(Lothar de </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Maizière)出任政府總理。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">民主社會主義黨即原德國統一社會黨第一次成為在野黨。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">5月6日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">逮捕和調查包括昂納克在内的德國統一社會黨領導人當政時的犯罪行</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">為。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;"> 5月18日, 兩德正式簽署兩德建立貨幣、經濟和社會聯盟的第一個“國家條約”</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">,主要内容:(1)貨幣聯盟:從7月1日起,統一兩德貨幣,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">皆用西德馬克,東德公民的工資、養老金、獎學金、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">各種租金及規定限額以内的現金和存款,按1:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1發放或兑换西德馬克;其它一律按2:1發放或兑换西德馬克。(</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">2)經濟聯盟:兩德皆實行市塲經濟制度。(3)社會聯盟:</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德實行西德的勞動法規和保險機制。7月1日,該條約生效。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">7月6日, 兩德又開始就政治統一的第二個“國家條約”進行談判,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">8月31日簽署第二個國家條約,條約規定,(1)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德恢復1952年行政區劃調整以前的五個州,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">這五個州遵照西德憲法第23條集體加入德意志聯邦共和國,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">加入德意志聯邦共和國的五個州實行三權分立的多黨制議會民主制度</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">。(2)自統一之日起,西德憲法在東德生效。(3)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">統一的德國定都柏林。(4)承認毆洲所有國家的邊界不可侵犯、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">領土完整和主權。(5)兩德統一後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">毆洲共同體的條約和協議在前東德領土上立即生效。(6)</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德於1990年10月3日正式加入西德。條約簽訂後,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">德國的統一在東西德之間基本完成。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">但兩德的統一不單是德國人内部事務,還涉及到美、英、法、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">蘇四國,因此</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">兩德外長於1990年5月5日開始與四國外長談判,先後在波恩、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東柏林、巴黎和莫斯科舉行所謂的“2 +</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">4”會議,1990年9月12日,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">六國外長在莫斯科簽署最後解决德國問題的條約,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">條約歡迎德國重新統一,統一後的德國應享有完整的主權,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">四大國放棄在德國的權利和責任。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">條約確定戰後德國邊界包括德波邊界的不可侵犯性,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">統一後的德國放棄制造擁有核武器、生物武器和化學武器,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">保証在3、4年内將現有武裝力量裁减45%,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">德軍最高限額為37萬人,統一後的德國歸屬北大西洋公約組織。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東德地區只駐扎德國軍隊,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">非德國部隊及具有核武器的軍隊不得謀求進駐。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">這一條約的簽訂使德國的統一得到國際上的承認。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1990年10月2日,東德政府機闗停止工作,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">西德接收了東德的駐外使領館,10月3日0時,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">兩德正式宣佈統一,德國統一慶典在柏林正式舉行。東德的五個州-</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">勃蘭登堡、梅克倫堡-前波美拉尼亞、薩克森、薩克森-</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">安哈爾特和圖林根正式加入德意志聯邦共和國。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1990年11月14日德國政府與波蘭簽訂一項條約,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">最終確認兩國現在的奥得河-尼斯河分界線,德國放棄對西里西亞、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">東波美拉尼亞、但澤和東普魯士的領土要求。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">12月舉行了1933年以來第一次全德自由公正的選舉。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">前西德總理科爾領導的聯合政府比上次選舉贏得了更多議席。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1991年,柏林拆除象征共産主義的列寜塑像。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">______________________________</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">__________________</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">附:德國對東德前統一社會黨(共産黨)主要領導人的懲處:</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1.埃里希•昂納克 1989年12月3日昂納克被德國統一社會黨開除。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">昂納克和他的妻子寄居在基督教牧師Uwe</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Holmer家中,後來昂納克夫婦住進蘇軍一家醫院,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1991年3月13日,他們夫婦飛往莫斯科。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">昂納克到智利大使館避難,1991年12月蘇聯解體後。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">俄羅斯總統葉利欽不再保護蘇聯以前的盟友,因有德國的逮捕令,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">昂納克於1992年7月29日被遣返回德國。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">他被指控濫用權力和下達向翻越柏林牆的逃亡者開槍的命令等罪名,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1993年初對昂納克進行了法庭審判。但是由於昂納克患有肝癌,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">對他的審判没有最終結束,由柏林憲法法院擱置。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1993年1月13日,昂納克飛往智利,與他的女兒、女婿團聚。</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">昂納克於1994年5月29日患肝癌在智利聖地亞哥死去,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">終年81嵗。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">2.埃貢•克倫茨 1997年,克倫茨因冷戰罪、</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">槍殺翻越柏林牆逃往西德的人及選舉欺詐罪被判6年半徒刑,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">2000年1月入獄,服刑將满4年,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">在2006年刑满之前2003年12月假釋出獄。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">3.君特•沙博夫斯基 1997年8月,他被指控屠殺逃亡者而定罪,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">由於他承認他在道義上有罪,並否定東德,只判3年監禁,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1999年12月入獄,2000年9月,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">他得到市長Eberhard</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Diepgen的寬恕,當年12月被釋放,實際只服刑1年。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">4.東德部長會議副主席、統一社會黨政治局候補委員君特• 克雷貝爾(Günther</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Kleiber)亦與埃貢•克倫茨、君特•</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">沙博夫斯基一起被起訴,1999年被判有罪,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">2000年1月入獄服刑,他要求寬恕,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">他為他作為共産黨統治集團一員的所做所為感到後悔,</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">并譴責東德政府;因此他也得到市長Eberhard </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Diepgen的寬恕,于2000年9月獲釋。</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">參考文獻與網上檢索詞語</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">1.Блокада Западного Берлина/ Первый Берлинский кризис/Berlin blockade</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">2.Судоплатов П.А. «Разведка и Кремль». Записки нежелательного свидетеля. —</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">М.: Гея, 1996,c.226</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><a href="http://www.litmir.net/br/?b=143946&p=226" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://www.litmir.net/br/?b%3D143946%26p%3D226&source=gmail&ust=1466312088781000&usg=AFQjCNFdjFIzj2iON3J126iM24uLbNEONw" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.litmir.net/br/?b=</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">143946&p=226</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness — A Soviet</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Spymaster, by Pavel and</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Anatoli Sudoplatov. New York, Little, Brown and Company</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">3.Ходос. Сфабрикованные процессы/ глава 10 Прерваванные Сфабрикованныые</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">процессы в Восточной Германии;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><a href="http://www.kulichki.com/moshkow/POLITOLOG/HODOS/processy.txt" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://www.kulichki.com/moshkow/POLITOLOG/HODOS/processy.txt&source=gmail&ust=1466312088782000&usg=AFQjCNG4vyiwQAwhw_-VJ1qlGki6y2rH6A" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.kulichki.com/</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">moshkow/POLITOLOG/HODOS/</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">processy.txt</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">4.民主德国1953年动乱新档案述评 (奥斯特曼)/</span><a href="http://www.china001.com/misc.php" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://www.china001.com/misc.php&source=gmail&ust=1466312088782000&usg=AFQjCNHYIhbkEo0Udk3RmruuAVQf31pB0g" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.china001.</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">com/misc.php</span></a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">?</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">xname=PPDDMV0&dname=GULED41&</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">xpos=121&op=print</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">5.Берлинский кризис 1953 года/</span><a href="http://www.rhistory.ru/Berlin.html" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://www.rhistory.ru/Berlin.html&source=gmail&ust=1466312088782000&usg=AFQjCNGZxP5LiCt4TeT–Gpr4SHD6BusPA" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.rhistory.ru/</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Berlin.html</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">6.Uprising of 1953 in East Germanny</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><a href="http://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Uprising_of_1953_in_East_Germany&source=gmail&ust=1466312088782000&usg=AFQjCNEX0DZhmKyAhi1Xg3aFrVtzaFXU2A" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://en.metapedia.org/wiki/</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Uprising_of_1953_in_East_</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Germany</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">7.Берлинский кризис (1958)</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><a href="http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/808143" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/808143&source=gmail&ust=1466312088782000&usg=AFQjCNEFa-O39GYMJKuhtwgehOpBRgA4zg" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://dic.academic.ru/dic.</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">nsf/ruwiki/808143</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Богатуров А. Д., Аверков В. В.. История международных отношений 1945-</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">2008,М.:АспектПресс,2010. Глава 28. Второй Берлинский кризис. Советско-</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">американские отношения</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">8.Eastern Bloc emigration and defection;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_emigration_and_defection" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_emigration_and_defection&source=gmail&ust=1466312088782000&usg=AFQjCNHwACqQT44cD-3irdtpq0PN55SnSw" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Eastern_Bloc_emigration_and_</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">defection</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">9.Tony Judt: Postwar—A history of Europe since 1945,The Penguin Press,2006,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">p. 252</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">10.Berlin Wall:</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall&source=gmail&ust=1466312088782000&usg=AFQjCNHHgJEhHTycgNybUJS5CARn53aHUA" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://en.wikipedia.org/</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">wiki/Berlin_Wall</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">11.柏林圍牆</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%9C%8D%E7%89%86" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%25E6%259F%258F%25E6%259E%2597%25E5%259C%258D%25E7%2589%2586&source=gmail&ust=1466312088782000&usg=AFQjCNG5afAIjE9COF2HpwnJJYFYrMwJzQ" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">tw/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%9C%</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">8D%E7%89%86</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">12.Берлинская стена </span><a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki&source=gmail&ust=1466312088782000&usg=AFQjCNGV0-Ff9cwBcffU2zGkTE4LKLsBHA" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">13.Berlin Crisis of 1961/ Берлинский кризис 1961 года/</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Heil Carmichael, A brief history of the Berlin crisis of 1961</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><a href="http://www.archives.gov/research/foreign-policy/cold-war/1961-berlin-" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://www.archives.gov/research/foreign-policy/cold-war/1961-berlin-&source=gmail&ust=1466312088782000&usg=AFQjCNHXa2NYpZzl3tTCsdH-y03qUjZ88A" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.archives.gov/</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">research/foreign-policy/cold-</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">war/1961-berlin-</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">crisis/overview/berlin-wall-</span><wbr style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">overview.pdf</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">Tanks at Checkpoint Charlie. In October 1961, the world faced a war. By</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">William R. Smyser</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">14.The Fall of the Berlin Wall;</span><a href="http://dailysoft.com/berlinwall/history/fall-of-" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://dailysoft.com/berlinwall/history/fall-of-&source=gmail&ust=1466312088782000&usg=AFQjCNH0k3S0L8z5Pp5JOpP4TBLRFF7rtw" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://dailysoft.com/</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">berlinwall/history/fall-of-</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">berlinwall.htm</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">15.Падение Берлинской стены и открытие границы 9 ноября 1989;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><a href="http://www.berlinermaueronline.de/ru/padenie-berlinskoj-steny.htm" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://www.berlinermaueronline.de/ru/padenie-berlinskoj-steny.htm&source=gmail&ust=1466312088782000&usg=AFQjCNG_ZwgBJAXfun1isD5z6roD6RTvsw" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">berlinermaueronline.de/ru/</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">padenie-berlinskoj-steny.htm</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">16.Reunification of Germany/German reunification;</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><a href="http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/German_reunification" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=zh-CN&q=http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/German_reunification&source=gmail&ust=1466312088782000&usg=AFQjCNGsuos8vxXCkqJ2_3_7qhYic6Eftg" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://www.</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">newworldencyclopedia.org/</span><wbr><span style="font-size: 12pt;">entry/German_reunification</span></a><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">17.Объединение Германии</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">18.丁維陵 李東雨 趙連章 《蘇聯東歐劇變啟示録》,吉林人民出版社,1992,</span><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><br style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;" /><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; background-color: #ffffff;">頁37-49</span>