<div style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; margin: 16px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #5a5a5a; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;"><img src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/660/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2015/09/23/150923091745_chinese_leaders_512x288_reuters_nocredit.jpg" width="512" height="288" data-highest-encountered-width="660" style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; color: #bdbdbd; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; -webkit-user-select: none; width: 645.781px; display: block; background-color: #111111;" alt="" /></span></div><div property="articleBody" style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, "Microsoft YaHei", 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 53.7642px 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;"><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px -54.2188px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #111111;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image copyright</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);">REUTERS</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">“至于为什么怀念，我想还是虚构一个美好的过去，无望的解嘲吧。”</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 28px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">为给“长者”祝寿，中国的社交媒体在8月17号这一天又沸腾了。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">周三（8月17号）是前任中国领导人江泽民的90岁生日。包括微信和微博在内的社交平台几乎都被“长者”粉丝的祝福刷屏。</p><h2>“从嘲讽到膜拜”</h2><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“长者”的称号源于2000年，江泽民“斥责”香港记者提问他是否“钦点”董建华连任特首。他面对镜头说：“我今天是作为一个长者给你们讲。”他继续补充：“too simple，sometimes naive”。（太简单，有时天真。后被中国网友解读为：图样，图森破。）</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">如果不是“长者”的粉丝，得费很大周章才能搞明白网友们在说什么。比如：“一颗赛艇，二院视察， 三个代表，四次起身， 五可奉告，六月水柜， 七因祸福，八门外语， 九十大寿，十全长者”。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">这个文字游戏背后，一位匿名的“民间资深长者研究爱好者”对BBC中文网记者解读为：亦可赛艇是英文exciting（激动）的谐音，长者在一次讲话中提到过。江泽民的“三个代表”思想；在2000年时“怒斥”香港记者时说“无可奉告”并起身四次。江泽民要去北京出任总书记对邓小平说过：“苟利国家生死以，岂因祸福避趋之”。他会八门外语，今年九十大寿，十全长者是乾隆帝晚年自封。但六月水柜不太清楚。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">或许是继承了“长者”的衣钵，粉丝们的语言也耐人寻味。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中国的年轻人，尤其是90后，近两年民间性自发研究江泽民的生平，在互联网发表研究文章，模仿其语言和动作，并在粉丝间做交流。粉丝们也做“去政治化”的线下聚会。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">比如穿统一印有“长者“的衣服吃饭或者去一个他曾经生活学习过的地方。也有粉丝最近集体组织去了一家可以拉花做成“长者”头像的奶茶店。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">这位“民间资深长者研究爱好者”对BBC中文网记者说：“以前还嘲讽‘长者’，现在变成膜拜了。也逐渐演变成一种网络狂欢了，一种似是而非的娱乐精神吧。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">该爱好者还在2014年开始写江选研讨会，他说；“也就是戏谑的、假装正经的语言、荒诞式的写作来解构一个领导人，想把他还原成一个可以接近的人。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">他说：“至于为什么怀念，我想还是虚构一个美好的过去，无望的解嘲吧。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中国现代史学者章立凡说，他注意到近两年怀念“长者”开始在中国流行。</p><h2>“对现状不满和宣泄”</h2><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">为什么中国网友们如此怀念“长者”呢？</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">章立凡说：“这是老百姓对现实和现状的一种宣泄。他们没有办法直接表达对现状的不满，所以转而表达对以往领导人的怀念。”</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6449px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #111111;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2012/11/05/121105075323_hu_jintao_512x288_getty_nocredit.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/320/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2012/11/05/121105075323_hu_jintao_512x288_getty_nocredit.jpg" width="512" height="288" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; -webkit-user-select: none; width: 616.207px; transition: opacity 0.5s ease-in; display: block;" alt="" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image copyright</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);">GETTY</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">到了胡锦涛时代我们就很怀念江时代。这可能是执政党在现实中出现的一些问题，引发了一些民间的情绪。</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">章立凡分析说：“虽然现任领导人（习近平）上台后反腐和打老虎得了一些人心。但老百姓并没有从打老虎中获得多少红利，权贵利益集团都把改革的红利挖走了，存到巴拿马或者加勒比的离岸帐户。更何况打老虎的背后实际上是权力斗争。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">他继续分析到，由于一些毛时代或者文革的做法还有个人崇拜开始重新出现；对于思想自由的打压，法制的倒退，人权状况的恶化，这些导致相当一部分人转而怀念江时代。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">江泽民毕业于上海交通大学，说一口流利耐听的英文，也爱好文艺。章立凡说，江泽民是历届中国领导人中文化素养最高的一个，他所受的教育也是最完备的。而跟西方的关系，在江时代是最好的。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">所以会引发人们对于江泽民的怀念。但对卸任领导人的怀念并非本时代独有的印记。</p><h2>时代印记</h2><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">章立凡说，其实我们注意到在“长者时代”我们可能更怀念胡耀邦和赵紫阳时代。然后到了胡锦涛时代我们就很怀念江时代。这可能是执政党在现实中出现的一些问题，引发了一些民间的情绪。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">他说，因为体制的僵硬导致领导人一干要十年。而领导人的人选决定和任期长度，由少数人决定。“所以多数人在不满的时候也没有办法把他选下来。因为他不是我们选上去的嘛。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">江泽民在1989年到2002年任中国国家总书记。在其任期内，香港回归，中国获得了08年奥运和10年的世博会主办权。中国加入世贸组织，吸引了外资进入。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6449px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; background-color: #111111;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/07/05/160705131621_xi_jinping_512x288_ap.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/320/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/07/05/160705131621_xi_jinping_512x288_ap.jpg" width="512" height="288" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; -webkit-user-select: none; width: 616.207px; transition: opacity 0.5s ease-in; display: block;" alt="" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image copyright</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);">AP</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">章立凡表示，历史还有待评价。</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">章立凡说：“那个时候大家觉得还比较有希望。现在好像普遍处于一种比较失望的状态。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">他也补充道：“这些问题会影响到他们（百姓）对领导人的评价，但这也不是历史性的评价，因为历史还没有结束，他们人还活着还没有过世。”</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“我想真正的比较客观的评价应该在50年到100年以后。”</p></div>