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background-size: contain; background-position: 50% center; background-repeat: no-repeat;"></a><a style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 12px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; float: right; display: block; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6px; width: 25px; height: 25px; background-image: url("http://static.ftchinese.com/img/svg/share-white-1.svg"); background-size: contain; background-position: 50% center; background-repeat: no-repeat;"></a></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 15px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 22.4px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #fff1e0;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #8b572a; font-size: 0.8em;">更新于16小时前</span> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.8em;">英国《金融时报》专栏作家 <a href="http://www.ftchinese.com/search/%E5%90%89%E8%BF%AA%E6%81%A9%E2%80%A2%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E6%9B%BC/relative_byline" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #9e2f50; text-decoration: none; font-weight: 700;">吉迪恩•拉赫曼</a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; font-size: 1.1em; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; background-color: #fff1e0;"><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px;">西方两家伟大政党——美国的共和党和英国的工党——濒临崩溃，这相应威胁到大西洋两岸民主体制的健康。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px;">共和党和工党的危机惊人地相似。在两个例子里，都有一名领导人崛起于政治生态的边缘，将各自党派带向了新的激进方向。唐纳德•特朗普(Donald Trump)和杰里米•科尔宾(Jeremy Corbyn)的崛起可能破坏两党的选举前景，将在未来很长时间内造成分歧和意识形态的混乱。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px;">即便特朗普和科尔宾永远不会问鼎白宫或唐宁街10号，他们的崛起也在破坏更广泛的政治体制。运转正常的民主政体需要可靠的反对党来问责政府。但在英国和美国，这种基本功能已不再正常发挥作用。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px;">在英国，谈判英国退欧事宜是一个巨大的挑战，亟需一个警觉而负责任的反对党。特里萨•梅(Theresa May)领导的政府成功获得能干的名声，一定程度上是因为工党非常烂。然而，尽管英国退欧公投已经过去了两个月时间，但几乎没有迹象显示梅政府知道如何操作这件事。只是重复“退欧就是退欧”代替不了战略。</p><div><span style="line-height: 28.336px;">一个称职的反对党现在肯定早已把梅政府批得体无完肤了。它会呼吁大家关注负责谈判英国退欧事宜的部长们的内讧。它会抨击梅未能阐明她在一些关键问题上的优先度排序，比如移民与进入欧盟内部市场这两件事之间的权衡。</span></div><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px;">但上述这些事情科尔宾的工党全都没有做到。这可能是因为科尔宾私底下实际上是支持英国退欧的。抑或工党可能就是没有能力。无论哪一种情况，英国工党都没有尽到自己的职责。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px;">美国的情况更为糟糕。在特朗普的观念里，反对党就是要利用互联网或谈话类节目上流传的任何异想天开的阴谋论。特朗普的竞选活动一门心思描绘希拉里•克林顿(Hillary Clinton)和民主党人“不诚实的”形象，以致于它未能揭示出奥巴马政府治下一些不断恶化的真正问题。这些问题包括叙利亚正在发生的灾难以及对美国经济沉溺于超级宽松货币政策的担忧。在一个正常运转的民主体制中，这些问题将处于总统大选的核心位置。但实际上，特朗普竞选活动制造的没完没了的争议已经将这些问题淹没了。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px;">科尔宾和特朗普现象的相似之处被两位政客近乎滑稽的差异掩盖了。科尔宾一本正经地坚称，他“不会进行”人身攻击，特朗普则除了人身攻击以外几乎不做其他事。科尔宾呆在自己的公共花园里最自在；而特朗普最自在的地方是顶层套房。科尔宾极左，特朗普极右；科尔宾是国际主义者，特朗普是民族主义者。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px;">但是尽管存在上述差异，两位领导人却有诸多共同之处。两人都是“反体制”的政客。两人都利用新的活动人士和选民群体掌控了本党。特朗普和科尔宾活动人士都鄙视各自党内的保守派，言辞中经常隐含暴力。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px;">还有一点值得注意的是，科尔宾和特朗普都同情弗拉基米尔•普京(Vladimir Putin)治下的俄罗斯、怀疑北约(Nato)。科尔宾和特朗普运动的极端人士也似乎受到反犹太主义的影响，这或许反映出极左和极右派别的传统疑虑，即“体制”被犹太人控制。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px;">两种运动的相似之处表明，传统的左右翼分歧可能不再是理解英美政治的最佳方式。相反，新的政治生态正转变为建制派与反体制派之间的对峙。随着意大利“五星运动”(Five Star Movement)、法国国民阵线(National Front)、西班牙社会民主力量党(Podemos)以及德国的新选择党(Alternative)等反体制政党的崛起，同样的模式在许多西欧国家都可以看到。一些政党被描述为极右翼政党，还有一些被称为极左翼政党。他们几乎全都宣称政治体制“受到操纵”，普通人受到精英人士的践踏。在外交政策方面，他们往往是亲俄罗斯的。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px;">鉴于伊拉克战争和金融危机造成的灾难，再加上生活水准长期停滞不前，美国和欧洲的选民寻求更激进的选择不足为奇。但令人遗憾的是，美英的新激进主义旗手都是缺乏建设性想法的领导人——除非你认为保护主义和摧毁北约是通往未来的钥匙。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px;">科尔宾和特朗普先生没有推出新的创造性想法，而只是捡起了一些老掉牙的糟糕点子：科尔宾捡起的是国家控制经济，特朗普捡起的是美国优先的孤立主义。这两人可能永远也不会真正掌权。但他们的崛起表明英美民主体制真的出现了问题。</p></div>