观察:孙中山 — 两岸历史脉络的唯一共识?

<div><img src="http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/660/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/11/11/161111140039_x_624x351_xinhuanewsagency.jpg" width="624" height="351" data-highest-encountered-width="660" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; background-color: #111111; color: #bdbdbd; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 645.781px; display: block;" alt="" /></div><div property="articleBody" style="border: 0px; color: #404040; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, STHeiti, 华文黑体, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, 微软雅黑, SimSun, 宋体, &quot;WenQuanYi Micro Hei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 53.7642px 0px auto; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #ffffff;"><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 32px -54.2188px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image copyright</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">XINHUA NEWS AGENCY</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">习近平借纪念孙中山先生诞辰150周年大会之际强调&#8220;维护国家统一和民族团结&#8221;,反对台独港独。</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 28px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中国盛大纪念孙中山,称其&#8220;坚定维护国家统一&#8221;,台湾的国民党也重申&#8220;孙中山继承者&#8221;地位,两边同时宣示。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中国共产党于11日,盛大于北京人民大会堂举办&#8220;孙中山先生诞辰150周年大会&#8221; 。习近平不只大力称赞孙中山先生&#8220;坚定维护国家统一和民族团结&#8221;及&#8220;反对一切分裂国家、分裂民族的言论行为&#8221;,也警告&#8220;绝不允许任何一块中国领土从中国分裂出去&#8221;,恫吓台湾当局的意味浓厚。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中国国民党也在傍晚发表声明,强调中国国民党才是&#8220;孙中山先生建国理想最正统的继承者&#8221;,并重申这是&#8220;客观的历史事实,不容争辩&#8221;。同时也欢迎&#8220;共产党、民进党或任何党派一齐来尊奉孙中山先生&#8221;。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">执政的民进党,则并未对此多做表态。而随后台湾有立委表示:&#8220;1925年孙文曾声明,『在台湾的中国同胞,被日本压迫,我们必须鼓吹台湾独立,和高丽的独立运动互相联合』,想必孙文也是支持台湾独立自主的&#8221;。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中国大陆当局在这天,罕见高规格的纪念孙中山,外人看起来有种&#8220;抢夺历史定位&#8221;之感,也不难看出大陆想要用纪念孙中山来重申台湾地位的不可分割性。而国民党也同时重申自己跟孙中山的&#8220;一脉相承&#8221;。</p><h2>台湾&#8220;151周年展&#8221;</h2><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">而在台湾台北市内的国父纪念馆,11日除了许多大陆观光客争相目睹有名的卫兵交接外,一旁的展览室则是陈列许多&#8220;国父诞辰151周年&#8221;纪念展的史料,如&#8220;三民主义&#8221;跟&#8220;五权宪法&#8221;的手稿。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">不同于中国大陆算成150年,台湾官方是151年,中国国民党党史馆主任王文隆向BBC中文网记者表示:&#8220;我们都是算虚岁的,一直以来没有变过,从以前国民党还在大陆时期就延续这传统&#8221;。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">面对中文网记者提问,大陆这样大张旗鼓地庆祝,是否会抢走孙中山的历史诠释权时,王文隆回应:&#8220;我想国父是大家的,乐见大家一起来纪念,我们都很欢迎,我们2015年也盛大举辨我们150周年纪念&#8221;。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">而谈到中国大陆的庆祝,王文隆也表示:&#8220;共产党以前建国时是没有庆祝的,一直到国父诞辰91周年,他们才以实岁的90年来开始大张庆祝&#8221;。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">记者反问,是不是因为大陆想尊崇宋庆龄(孙中山妻子)的关系,他则笑回:&#8220;也许吧,不想多臆测,但我们党是一脉相承的,共产党既然有他们的历史说法,我们就尊重&#8221;。</p><h2>中国&#8220;革命先行者&#8221;</h2><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">而在日前的11月初,BBC中文网记者也来到中国上海市内香山路的&#8220;孙中山故居&#8221;,当年孙中山曾在法租界渡过了几年岁月。</p><figure style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 24px -24.6449px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: #111111; clear: both;"><span style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; position: relative;"><img src="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/624/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/11/11/161111143257_su_zhongshan_624x351_bbcchinese_nocredit.jpg" datasrc="http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/320/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2016/11/11/161111143257_su_zhongshan_624x351_bbcchinese_nocredit.jpg" width="624" height="351" data-highest-encountered-width="624" style="color: #bdbdbd; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; height: auto; max-width: 100%; user-select: none; width: 616.207px; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in; display: block;" alt="" /><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image copyright</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.25px; line-height: 1.14286; margin: 0px; padding: 3px 8px 1px; vertical-align: baseline; text-transform: uppercase; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); bottom: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px;">BBC CHINESE</span></span><figcaption style="border: 0px; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;"><span style="border: 0px !important; color: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px !important; vertical-align: baseline; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute !important; height: 1px !important; width: 1px !important;">Image caption</span><span style="border: 0px; color: #ececec; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; display: block;">位于上海市的孙中山故居,已经成为当局纪念孙中山的重要场所</span></figcaption></figure><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">里头不只完整呈现了当时孙中山居住的样貌,也同时进行孙中山的展览,只是不同于台湾当局定义孙中山为&#8220;国父&#8221;,中国大陆当局是定义成&#8220;革命先行者&#8221;。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">孙中山一生对共产党相对宽容,也采取&#8220;联俄容共&#8221;态度,当年他在上海会见苏联特使与中国共产党创党党员李大钊的会议室,也被完整保留。但可以预想,当年孙中山也在此会见许多国民党菁英,只是大陆当局将其省略。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">对大部分台湾人来说,受历史教育时都会学到孙中山的儿子孙科,当过国民党执政下的行政院长与立法院长,最后逝世于台北,但却对孙中山两位女儿几乎没提及。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">反而是上海的纪念馆内,对于孙中山两位女儿与父女间的情仇有诸多描述,孙中山变成很感性的人物,孙科则是毫不提及。两岸在孙中山的诠释上,始终存在着许多不同角度。</p><h2>&#8220;从国父到外国人&#8221;</h2><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1940年时,当时在中国大陆的国民党,发布命令要尊称孙中山为&#8220;国父。1949年国民党败退到台湾后,这样的教育依然持续,过往&#8220;国父诞辰&#8221;与&#8220;国父逝世&#8221;,都是台湾的国定假日,1972年台湾当局更建立&#8220;国父纪念馆&#8221;。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">孙中山一生曾经造访台湾三次,当时在日本政府统治下,他都来台湾商议如何在中国发动革命,他曾下榻的旅馆后来也被国民政府指定为历史古迹。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">但对于许多较支持台湾独立的民众而言,他们并不认同国父是孙中山,认为那是国民党来台后强压在当时台湾人的&#8220;洗脑思想&#8221;。过去前总统陈水扁甚至表示:&#8220;孙中山是外国人&#8221;。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">此外,在今年2月时,也有台湾的立委提案要废除&#8220;国父遗像&#8221;,并不再各大场合下行三鞠躬礼,实施&#8220;转型正义&#8221;。而现在的年轻一辈,多半也不再有强烈的&#8220;国父意识&#8221;,甚至认为只是旧时代的&#8220;造神产物&#8221;。</p><p style="border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.75; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">王文隆日前也向BBC中文网记者表示:&#8220;目前党中央党史馆已经改建,未来将会出借更多历史文物,让大家了解孙中山的伟大历史&#8221;。而在孙中山诞辰前,11月11日&#8220;光棍节&#8221;时,两岸又同时紧抓话语权,这可能是逝世已久的孙中山,始料未及的。</p></div>


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