<h2> </h2><div id="js_content" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; color: #3e3e3e; font-size: 18px; min-height: 350px; position: relative; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">南斯拉夫作家、南共中央政治局委员、铁托前期的亲密战友和后期的反对派德热拉斯，在被铁托投入监狱前，写了《新阶级》一书。该书摒弃了马克思主义用所有权分析阶级的方法，而是从权力的角度分析来分析当时苏东国家的阶级结构，指出苏东国家的共产党官僚在革命胜利后变成了一个垄断着绝对权力、利益和意识形态的新阶级。德氏批判说，这个新阶级，“是贪婪而不能满足的，就像资产阶级一样。不过，它并无资产阶级所具有的朴素和节俭的美德。新阶级的排斥异己正像贵族阶级一样，但没有贵族阶级的教养和骑士风格。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2017/Apr/412017New2.png" width="819" height="460" alt="" /><br /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">法国大革命前，社会存在三个等级（阶级），即第一等级、第二等级和第三等级。第一等级是僧侣和教士集团，第二等级是贵族集团，这两个等级是当时法国的特权阶层，但却不纳税；除此之外属于第三等级，他们包括农民、工人、城市贫民、小手工业者、军人和资本家等，第三等级占法国人口的</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">95%</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">，他们负担着国家的各种税赋和封建义务，却没有任何权利。第三等级由此成为反抗专制的主力军，法国大革命的爆发就是第三等级不满自己的政治地位，而将王权推翻。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">毛泽东当年闹革命时，也将社会划分为五个阶级和一个阶层，即工人阶级、农民阶级，民族资产阶级、地主阶级、大资产阶级及知识分子阶层。工人阶级和农民阶级是被被剥削的阶级，是革命的主要依靠对象；地主阶级和大资产阶级是剥削阶级，他们掌握了国家权力和财富，是革命的主要目标；民族资产阶级从性质上说，也属于剥削阶级一员，但它又具有革命的一面；知识分子构不成一个独立的阶级，他们天生具有软弱性，是依附于其他阶级之上的。无产阶级可以将民族资产阶级和知识分子改造成革命者。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">革命的主要任务是分清敌友，谁是朋友谁是敌人？毛依据这套阶级分析方法最终夺取了天下。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">我说的新阶级分析是借用德热拉斯的“新阶级”概念，像法国大革命前夕一样，将中国分成若干个等级。中国革命成功到现在已经快</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">80</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">年了，以改革开放为折点，分成两个阶段。由于改革形成的利益分化，相比改革前，改革后的这</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px;">30</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">多年中国的社会结构出现了新的变化，形成了我所说的新阶级。从权力和财富的分配而不是从所有权划分，目前中国社会存在着七个等级。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2017/Apr/412017New.png" width="819" height="460" alt="" /><br /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">第一等级：权力寡头</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">。他们主要由各级政权的领导人和强力机构的掌控者组成。这一等级的特点是，掌握了绝对权力，对中国社会起着绝对支配作用。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">第二等级：大资本家</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">。他们主要由各种显性和隐形的富豪组成，还包括国企一把手。这一等级的特点是拥有巨额财富，或者掌控巨额财富，他们通过财富来参与政治，影响决策，特别在地方的政治生态中，这一等级有很大影响力。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">第三等级，通常意义的官僚阶层</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">，主要包括第一等级外的各级各层次官员，这一等级的特点，是他们是社会的实际管理者，拥有管理权。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">上述三个等级构成了中国社会的既得利益者，或者说是既得利益者的主要组成部分，其中前两个等级更是社会的特权阶层，对社会起着主导和支配作用。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">第四等级：专业阶层</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">。他们主要又各各领域的专业人士组成。这一等级的特点是，虽不掌握着社会的管理权，但却拥有本领域的专业权力，是社会财富的主要创造者，也用专业权力来参与分配，谋取利益。这一等级中的知识阶层，事实上还能够塑造社会的舆论<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">。</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">第五等级：小资产者</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">。他们主要有各类私人企业主组成。这一等级的特点是，拥有一定的财富，以一定的资产参与分配，但社会的话语权很少。他们的财富随时处于被侵犯状态。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">这两个阶层构成了中国的中产群体。他们有一定的话语权，其中第四个等级的部分专业人士属于社会的既得利益者。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">第六等级</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">：工人和农民。这两个群体的人数占社会多数，但在财富的分配上却是最少的。这一等级的特点是，拥有宪法上的名义统治权，但实际上是被支配的阶级。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">第七等级</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">：无产者。他们包括长期失业者、盲流及其他被社会遗弃之人。这一等级的特点是，无权无势无财，或只有极少数财产。他们是社会真正的无产者。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">最后两个等级是社会的弱势群体，他们缺乏向上流动的机会和渠道，贫困被固化，在目前的社会结构下，基本不能改变自己的命运。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 32px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 宋体;">中国的新阶级由这七个等级组成，总的特点是，形成了一种赢家通吃的马太效应，即强者恒强，弱者恒弱。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p></div>