苏联大清洗70周年祭日，普京泪如雨下 – 纵览中国-China In Perspective

<div id="js_content" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; min-height: 350px; position: relative; background-color: #ffffff;"><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2017/May/5232017STA.png" width="549" height="300" alt="" /> <div style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">提要：大清洗开创了人类历史上不曾有过的先例：一个党一半的成员被捕，一个政权的绝大多数上层成员被处决，一支军队的中高层军官几乎被全部消灭，一个国家的全体国民生活在恐惧之中。</div><div> </div><div>“现在终于等到了所有人都认识到这是场民族悲剧的时刻，我们应永远铭记这一历史教训并使之不再重演，这是所有人的责任。”</div><h1><center style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.6871165644171779" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoRKC9mt2pwlNo5XPpNA32kOyoVrr0xUpxXbFfVHbUCj8CHGSKvbAiaHw/640?" data-w="489" width="auto" _width="489px" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoRKC9mt2pwlNo5XPpNA32kOyoVrr0xUpxXbFfVHbUCj8CHGSKvbAiaHw/640?tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 489px !important;" alt="" /><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">10月30日，俄罗斯总统普京前往莫科南郊“布托沃射击场”的大清洗纪念地，悼念死于斯大林大清洗的遇难者。普京是对大清洗历史正式表态的第一位国家元首，俄罗斯人为此已经等了整整70年。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">普京曾负责的联邦安全局，其前身便是斯大林统治时期的克格勃，它正是大清洗的最重要执行者。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.6969026548672567" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoP1kptRiaGw9gxJg62FUyp8sSJPMqqW8zOWnugelvmUibkkpx6QBOiahgw/640?" data-w="452" width="auto" _width="452px" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoP1kptRiaGw9gxJg62FUyp8sSJPMqqW8zOWnugelvmUibkkpx6QBOiahgw/640?tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 452px !important;" alt="" /> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在现场感伤得声音颤抖的普京说，大清洗导致几百万人被迫害致死，“他们是有着自己观点的民众，他们并没有害怕说出自己的观点，他们是民族最优秀的人物。”<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.6671875" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoeuLjDGFITmcrL3jBXYVdR95UxrxgbrxA0DEHRpgfbv8u3u2khkVceQ/640?" data-w="640" width="auto" _width="640px" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoeuLjDGFITmcrL3jBXYVdR95UxrxgbrxA0DEHRpgfbv8u3u2khkVceQ/640?tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 640px !important;" alt="" /><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1937－1938年苏联的大清洗开创了人类历史上不曾有过的先例：一个政党将自己一半的成员逮捕，一个政权将自己多数的上层成员处决，一支军队的军官团在和平时期几乎被全部消灭，一个国家的公民看到门外有汽车停下就怀疑自己将被逮捕。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">它是苏联历史上最恐怖、最黑暗的时期，它的灾难原因今天才开始被总结，它留下的历史苦果，全苏联国民都早已品尝，且远未结束。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.68" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoE9yVeiaYbJiaJriaPsTjNus8n5kuv5QicicqBFvbKj7WnnOtC2Gy9bsyu3w/640?" data-w="500" width="auto" _width="500px" src="data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; background-color: #eeedeb; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #eeedeb; background-size: 22px; 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box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 500px !important;" alt="" /><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </center><section style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-color: #f12c0b; color: #ffffff; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; text-decoration: inherit; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; display: inline-block; background-color: #f12c0b;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">历史谜案成大清洗导火索</section></section></section></section><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">似乎一切都始于基洛夫。他的遇刺，迄今难有令人信服的真相，但却是大清洗的直接导火索。 <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">基洛夫，苏共政治局委员（苏共无政治局常委）、列宁格勒州委书记，他党内资格不老，却拥有极高声望，在1930年代，他是当时苏联政治局委员中，惟一还敢走进工人群中发表演讲的人。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1934年12月1日夜，一位名叫尼古拉耶夫的青年工人在斯莫尔尼宫内近距离枪杀了基洛夫。尼古拉耶夫被捕后供称，刺杀动机是基洛夫介入了他的感情纠葛。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.5333333333333333" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVo1JmRPIXLqnXnY9W30vfFdn1Vptq7yseNoa7gfMgaaFiatrsgSqlGM8A/640?" data-w="525" width="auto" _width="525px" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVo1JmRPIXLqnXnY9W30vfFdn1Vptq7yseNoa7gfMgaaFiatrsgSqlGM8A/640?tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 525px !important;" alt="" /> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">基洛夫之死最广泛的一种说法，是斯大林直接指使，因为他迅速上升的声望威胁到了斯大林。其实，基洛夫是斯大林一手提拔的亲密政治盟友，担任列宁格勒州委书记，也是斯大林在1926年战胜党内对手季诺维也夫后，在对手势力范围内掺沙子打石头的安排。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">基洛夫并非手软的人，清洗季诺维也夫的势力、消灭富农，一点不含糊，他用25万劳改犯完成了白海—波罗的海运河工程。这条运河当时被称为白骨与鲜血运河。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.6875" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVo8ib4787mfQl4Ql8JicgN25Ye8wwbzkupaq3UvkUfjSlI7z9lu3JpxI4Q/640?" data-w="320" width="auto" _width="320px" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVo8ib4787mfQl4Ql8JicgN25Ye8wwbzkupaq3UvkUfjSlI7z9lu3JpxI4Q/640?tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 320px !important;" alt="" /><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">斯大林亲自为办案的内务部负责人雅戈达指示方向：政治谋杀。雅戈达在极短时间内，将数千人流放、判处徒刑，枪决了一些人。斯大林的敌人，已经倒台的前政治局委员季诺维也夫、加米涅夫也成为被告，被判处有期徒刑。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">但这不是斯大林想要的结果。于是，全新的人马重审基洛夫案。1年后，基洛夫案终于有了令斯大林满意的结果，1936年8月19 日，“托洛茨基－季诺维也夫反苏联合中心案”在莫斯科开庭。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.7612244897959184" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoqDdrcPknN0Wm1rF4027MEUztudzOQjl69Co8NQjicoFA5RqKTvS8VEQ/640?" data-w="490" width="auto" _width="490px" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoqDdrcPknN0Wm1rF4027MEUztudzOQjl69Co8NQjicoFA5RqKTvS8VEQ/640?tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 490px !important;" alt="" /><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">审判公开进行，全苏的宣传机器都被动员起来。人民群众经教育后得知，那些失势的前反对派们是如此险恶，他们谋杀了基洛夫，他们还想谋杀斯大林，甚至全体政治局委员。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">人民群众不断被组织参加各种声势浩大的政治游行，或愤怒声讨犯罪分子，或热烈庆祝又一个反党集团被摧毁。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.778125" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoSybSvujkZurzoj3gg7WfsHFq6zDNc6985s0VpfgGsZxDvvdQW6ic15A/640?" data-w="640" width="auto" _width="640px" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoSybSvujkZurzoj3gg7WfsHFq6zDNc6985s0VpfgGsZxDvvdQW6ic15A/640?tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 640px !important;" alt="" /><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">仅有游行和表态是不够的，人民群众必须知道，这将是场残酷的、你死我活斗争。1937年2月，苏共全会发布了斯大林的号召：“抛弃旧方法，即辩论的方法，采用新方法，即连根拔除和粉碎的方法，与反党分子坚决斗争。”<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">斯大林乘着成功破获基洛夫遇刺案的东风，及时为运动指明了继续斗争的方向：在党的历史上还存在过其他各种反党集团，“托洛茨基派”、“民主集中派”、“工人反对派”、“右倾派”等等，所有这些派别都应该是追查的对象。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.65086887835703" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoBf4HhE06ZZAJSLWSk87jeIaMNNvFH0MgvREibbCMh7drUibyb6IfIkhg/640?" data-w="633" width="auto" _width="633px" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoBf4HhE06ZZAJSLWSk87jeIaMNNvFH0MgvREibbCMh7drUibyb6IfIkhg/640?tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 633px !important;" alt="" /><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">于是，热情高涨的人民群众进入了相互检举揭发阶段，于是，苏联各地都遍布着大大小小骇人听闻的阴谋和犯罪。不过，对普通人来说，更多时候，是一辆黑色轿车停在楼下，他们战战兢兢等待那个恐怖的敲门声，最后惊喜地发现，原来是邻居一家从此消失。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">官方历史上，大清洗被称为“肃反”，当不得不面对惊人的滥杀滥捕无辜问题时，有一个含混暧昧的词被发明出来：肃反扩大化。其意不难理解，肃反是对的，只是具体操作时，范围上失控了。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.5219512195121951" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoa07UibGPLDBaZicWj9ebaibFNuIxFWa1ozObicHSBzsribJUb27LMBE0gfg/640?" data-w="410" width="auto" _width="410px" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoa07UibGPLDBaZicWj9ebaibFNuIxFWa1ozObicHSBzsribJUb27LMBE0gfg/640?tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 410px !important;" alt="" /><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <section style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-color: #f12c0b; color: #ffffff; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; text-decoration: inherit; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; display: inline-block; background-color: #f12c0b;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">列宁创建的党被消灭了</section></section></section></section><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">莫斯科大审判一共3次，它是1937～1938大清洗的高潮剧目，另外两次是1937年1月23日开庭的“平行总部案件”和1938年3月的“二十一人审判”。三次大审判的被告人数分别为16、17、21。除第二、三次各有3人获有期徒刑外，其余被告全部枪决。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">当年著名的列宁遗嘱中提到了6位苏共领导人，最后除斯大林外，另外5人——托洛茨基、季诺维也夫、加米涅夫、布哈林、皮达科夫，全部在三次大审判中被处决（托洛茨基因流放海外缺席审判，但后被刺杀）。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">此外，领导十月革命的第6届中央委员会成员中有2/3被枪决；11大中央委员会的27人有20人被枪决；15大政治局的7人，除斯大林外，6人被枪决或暗杀；第1届苏维埃政府的15名成员中，除5人已去世外，除斯大林外的9人全部遭枪决。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.6308316430020284" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoWPIj6iaFmtHN80q7DziaPicJelFRpyUh05bZHvd8ru9cGZwfKQ6VciaSuw/640?" data-w="493" width="auto" _width="493px" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoWPIj6iaFmtHN80q7DziaPicJelFRpyUh05bZHvd8ru9cGZwfKQ6VciaSuw/640?tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 493px !important;" alt="" /> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1936－1938年间，苏共一半的党员——约120万人被逮捕。有人总结，列宁创建的党被斯大林消灭了。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">斯大林对列宁时期的老布尔什维克的清洗，其实并非始自大清洗。早在1929～1931年的清党运动中，就有25万人被开除党籍。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">大清洗在苏共塑造了一种恐怖文化，党的干部不敢多人共乘一辆汽车，因为容易被怀疑为阴谋聚会，他们不敢也不会有真正的私人友谊。除了斯大林，他们不敢邀请同事到自己家吃饭。——到斯大林家吃饭也令人胆战心惊，虽然谁都渴望那个位置，但正如布尔加宁所说：“你永远不知道从那座位离开后你会去哪里？是回家还是监狱。”<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">大清洗完成了苏共的政治大换血。列宁时代的苏共党员，相当多数是理想主义者，他们虽然对管理一个国家并无经验，但对建设一个理想社会却充满热情，他们有着老布尔什维克朴素的正义感和对党的忠诚。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; 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box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 450px !important;" alt="" /><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">到了1939年，苏共党员干部中，80％是列宁死后才加入苏共，他们是通过斯大林修改过的历史和各种宣传物品教育成长起来的一代人，在他们的心目，除了列宁和斯大林，早期革命领袖几乎全是叛徒。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">换血前的苏共，相信“党的一切都是对的”，换血后的苏共，相信“党的领袖的一切都是对的”。苏共换血后最可怕的质的变化是，党的新成员们，已经习惯于告密和揭发的文化，习惯于看领导的眼色行事，习惯于通过出卖灵魂的方式，获取物质和权力上的享受。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">大清洗完成了斯大林绝对正确历史地位的塑造。1938年，斯大林钦定的《联共（布）党史简明教程》出版，大清洗中的一切政治谎言堂而皇之进入历史，成为影响数十个国家几代人的历史教材。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <section style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-color: #f12c0b; color: #ffffff; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; text-decoration: inherit; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; display: inline-block; background-color: #f12c0b;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">要叙述此事他们已无能为力</section></section></section></section><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1937－1938年的大清洗，目前可信的保守数字是，有不少于157万人被判刑，约69万人被枪决，约70万人被关进劳改营，在监狱、劳改营中死亡的人数不详。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">而古拉格（劳动改造营管理总局简称）披露的档案资料表明，1940年，古拉格一共保留了800万人的资料，到1953年，则不少于1000万人。这意味着，整个斯大林时代，大约有1000万人被送进古拉格。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">摧毁东正教曾是列宁遗愿，斯大林在1930年代初完成了对东正教的系统摧毁破坏，但仍有宗教势力暗中蠢动。大清洗期间，有165000名神父因传教被逮捕，其中的106000人被枪决。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.5054545454545455" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVouibcy29Rj4gVR442Ka6Juy4zQv7pYGqBnznV9CDh67iaIE9oYicIv9yUw/640?" data-w="550" width="auto" _width="550px" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVouibcy29Rj4gVR442Ka6Juy4zQv7pYGqBnznV9CDh67iaIE9oYicIv9yUw/640?tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 550px !important;" alt="" /> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">作为一个阶级，富农虽然在几年前近乎内战的集体化运动中被彻底消灭，但1937年7月30日KGB发布了第00447号针对“原富农”、“富农帮凶”和其它反苏联分子的命令，这意味着肉体上还活着的前富农及其家属必须肃整。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">为应付将来战争中可能出现叛徒民族，必须提前对那些不可靠的民族进行重点清洗。最不可靠的是波兰人，其次是乌克兰人，在集体化中疯狂反抗的高加索诸民族和中亚各民族也许最危险。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">为更高效率地“肃整阶级敌人”，政治局不止一次分配下达指标任务。譬如在1937年6月2日，政治局要求莫斯科镇压35000人，枪毙其中的5000人。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">每个苏联人是生还是死，都取决于“仁慈的父亲”斯大林的一支笔。前苏联历史学家伏柯格诺夫发现，1938年12月12日斯大林在30份名单上的签字记录。他全部签署了“同意死刑”的意见，但名单上的5000人，此时还没有被正式审判。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">70年后普京前往吊唁的“布托沃射击场”，是大清洗时莫斯科的一处刑场，此处原为步兵训练基地。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1937年8月至1938年10月间，莫斯科有4万余人被处决，至少2万人丧身此处，最多的一天，这里处决了562人。遇难者主要是农民、工人和旧时代遗留下来的“残渣余孽”——神职人员和部分沙俄贵族后裔，也有令“我们”意外的人，比如著名苏联英雄卓娅的父亲。一开始，行刑队用铁锹手工掩埋尸体，后来不得不动用挖掘机掩埋尸体。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">为纪念那些在大清洗死去的冤魂，为纪念那些在苏联时代的政治受难者，索尔仁尼琴在其伟大著作《古拉格群岛》卷首，写下这样的献辞：<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“献给没有生存下来的诸君，要叙述此事他们已无能为力。但愿他们原谅我，没有看到一切，没有想起一切，没有猜到一切。”<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <section style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-color: #f12c0b; color: #ffffff; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; text-decoration: inherit; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; display: inline-block; background-color: #f12c0b;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">即使全军覆没的结果也不至于如此</section></section></section></section><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">苏联红军内部的大清洗，给后来的卫国战争造成了惨重的损失。 <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1937年6月11日，《真理报》称，图哈切夫斯基元帅等8名将帅因叛国罪被捕，6月12日，报道称，图哈切夫斯基等8人已被枪决。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">图哈切夫斯基元帅是公认最天才的将领，也是红军真正的灵魂。他和另外一些将领提出的大纵深作战理论和大规模机械化作战的理论，曾远远领先于西方的同行。这些人被全数枪决。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.5630026809651475" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoQNs9He2BEOOTCt73fSnzOxWOnPtZkoej9ELOwONNq7ggt6pTyicj4icA/640?" data-w="373" width="auto" _width="373px" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoQNs9He2BEOOTCt73fSnzOxWOnPtZkoej9ELOwONNq7ggt6pTyicj4icA/640?tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 373px !important;" alt="" /> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">图哈切夫斯基叛国案很早就真相大白。但1936年德国安全局领导人海因里希炮制的图哈切夫斯基阴谋案材料，到底是德国人主动使用的反间计，还是斯大林故意透露苏军将帅不和，给他们一个制造反间计的机会？今天并无确切答案。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">由观点不同的旧同志参与审判，是大清洗最常见的情形。参与审判图哈切夫斯基的有4位元帅，他们分别是伏罗希洛夫、布琼尼、布柳赫尔、叶戈洛夫。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在审判书上签字的人当中，思维停留在内战骑兵时代的伏罗希洛夫和布琼尼活了下来，布柳赫尔、叶戈洛夫则同在1938年被枪决。布柳赫尔死后，官方既未宣布他被捕，更未宣布他被枪决，苏联人一直以为他隐姓埋名在中国作战。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">大清洗几乎整个消灭了苏联红军的军官阶层，红军指挥人员和政工人员有4万余人被清洗，其中1.5万人被枪决。大清洗枪决了5名元帅中的3人、4名一级集团军级将领中的3人、12名二级集团军级将领的全部、67名军长中的60人、199名师长中的136人、397名旅长中的221人。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">苏军将领格里戈连科曾评论说：“世界上任何一支军队，它的高级指挥干部在任何一次战争（包括第二次世界大战）中都没有受到这样大的损失。甚至全军覆没的结果也不至于如此。就是缴械投降的法西斯德国和帝国主义日本所损失的高级指挥干部也比这少得多。”<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">人类历史上最罕见的事件就发生在斯大林判断战争即将临近之时。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">被大清洗严重伤害元气的苏军很快就在1939年的苏芬战争中丢尽了脸面。90万苏联红军花了4个月时间，才迫使300万人口的芬兰屈服停战，红军伤亡50万人。它直接刺激了纳粹德国的军事冒险。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">接下来的卫国战争，苏联人几乎流尽了鲜血。战前，苏军兵员和火炮数量都多于德军，作战飞机则是其5倍，坦克是其4倍。但开战1年半的时间里，苏军就损失了1100万人。战争中，苏联损失了1/7的人口，只有犹太人被灭绝的波兰达到这个比例，其生命代价超过除中国外所有参战大国总和。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如果没有广阔的国土纵深，没有高达4000万可服役后备兵源保障、没有盟国的巨大物质援助，很难想象苏联能拖垮纳粹德国。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">当然，也许胜利最重要的因素是苏维埃体制本身，只有这种体制，一个国家才能最大限度地把一切资源投入到战争中，才能承受难以忍受的伤亡，才能承受难以想像的苦难。这个体制下，人是低值易耗品，必须承受一切。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">苏联对德国的胜利，是妇女儿童只有一个土豆果腹时，却能在冰天雪地的旷野中修筑工事、建设工厂的体制，对日耳曼妇女应当专门在家生产教育优秀后代体制的胜利。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <section style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-color: #f12c0b; color: #ffffff; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; text-decoration: inherit; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; display: inline-block; background-color: #f12c0b;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">那些真正的叛徒们</section></section></section></section><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">今天为大清洗辩护者的一个理由是，它使苏联变得更纯洁，使苏联人万众一心地赢得了卫国战争的胜利。 <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如果大清洗果真无意中消灭了许多叛徒，但是，它消灭的叛徒也许远没有它制造的叛徒更多。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">苏联官方一直不愿正视的一个历史事实是，很多苏联人在纳粹德国入侵时，将德军当成了救世主。这一点在很多德军的回忆录中可见。但纳粹德国无情的种族奴役政策粉碎了这些人的幻想。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">对刚刚“主动加入”苏联的波罗的海三国居民来说，他们原本就认为苏联是侵略者，但对曾长期生活在社会主义红旗下的一些民族，背叛只能被理解为大清洗和苏联农业政策的伤害，它在非俄罗斯民族中造成了相当严重的人心向背问题。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">希特勒在1941年6月22日发动侵苏战争时曾宣称：“我只要在苏联这个破房子的门上踹一脚，它就会垮掉”。他相信，被大清洗大伤元气的苏军不堪一击；他相信，经历过大清洗的苏联早已人心涣散。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">希特勒的判断某种程度上是对的。二战中，在不存在伪政权情形下，本国公民大规模加入敌方作战的，惟有苏联，被俘高级将领主动要求从战俘中组织军队帮助侵略者的国家，也惟有苏联。一个行政上高度统一的主权国家发生这样的事，史上罕见。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">卫国战争中，德军高峰时拥有近200个俄罗斯人组成的独立营级作战单位，另有专门围剿游击队的140个团级战斗单位。1943年春，苏军叛变者和平民以志愿者方式为德军服务的高达100万人。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">纳粹德国对俄罗斯人采取歧视政策，非俄罗斯裔的作战部队才被允许组成规模更大的作战单位，譬如卡尔梅克人组成了独立的骑兵军。乌克兰人组建的伪军除承担维持治安和看守集中营外，还参与对苏军的袭击作战。苏军与朱可夫齐名的杰出将领、乌克兰第一方面军司令瓦杜丁即因乌克兰伪军袭击而牺牲。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">要求从战俘营组建军队与德军并肩作战的人是苏联杰出将领弗拉索夫。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">弗拉索夫是苏联历史上最具争议性人物之一。此人1930年即为中央委员，曾作为军事顾问帮蒋介石训练军队。卫国战争中获列宁勋章和红旗勋章，他因莫斯科保卫战中的巨大功勋，而深得斯大林器重。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1942年6月25日，弗拉索夫被俘，他很快提出与德国合作，希望能从战俘营中组建一支俄罗斯解放军，与德国并肩消灭苏维埃政权，最终建立对德友好的自由俄罗斯。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">弗拉索夫叛国时，苏联正处于最艰难时刻：有经验的部队已经消耗光，新兵成批送上前线，成批地死亡，而后方每根能用的稻草都已被送上前线。弗拉索夫对部下解释说：“难道流更多的血不是犯罪吗？难道俄罗斯民族的主要敌人不是布尔什维克主义和斯大林吗？难道奋起反对斯大林及其同伙不是每个俄罗斯人首要的神圣义务吗？”<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.5035971223021583" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoAbcS7ZMmvLDiaWrSHFpEX1riceQQqicicmDdoZFG82mUClSKzmPzxQoRBQ/640?" width="auto" _width="670px" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/0WZq2dSFjXW70icw84OuLpOMxwNBxGmVoAbcS7ZMmvLDiaWrSHFpEX1riceQQqicicmDdoZFG82mUClSKzmPzxQoRBQ/640?tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 670px !important;" alt="" /> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">赫鲁晓夫称弗拉索夫因为心智不健全才叛国。但对弗拉索夫来说，只要被俘，就是“逃兵、祖国的叛徒和人民的敌人”，因为苏联不承认“战俘”。斯大林1941年8月的第270号令宣布，任何情况都不许被俘，指挥官要枪决怕死而当俘虏的人。刑法亦明确规定，战士被俘，家属流放。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">25年前，列宁正是在德国帮助下回到祖国，靠德国资金支持推翻了正与德国交战的本国政府。但现实却给了欲效法列宁的弗拉索夫一个无情的耳光。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">纳粹德国是个毫无理性的更残暴更特殊的政权，在他们的秩序下，“劣等的斯拉夫人”只配在奴役下自生自灭，根本不配建立国家，500多万苏联战俘只是奴隶，根本没有资格被组织起来与德军并肩作战。除纳粹宣传部长戈培尔外，纳粹高官们都骂弗拉索夫是“蠢猪”，甚至禁止他胡说八道。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">战争即将结束的1945年，纳粹德国山穷水尽时才想起弗拉索夫，弗拉索夫从战俘中组建一支总数约5万人的“俄罗斯解放军”。其中的许多人是战场直接叛逃者，有数十人曾是苏联著名的英雄飞行员。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">程度最深、命运也最惨烈的叛国者，是高加索人。集体化期间，先天热爱骑马的高加索人不愿被剥夺养马的权力——任何马都是集体财产，个人不得拥有，大批反抗者被当作富农遭肉体灭绝，大清洗期间，高加索最严重的“问题民族”车臣人，再次受到特殊照顾。结果，纳粹德国入侵时，未被苏联征用的车臣年轻人几乎全数加入侵略者。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">为报复车臣人的叛徒行为，1944年 2月23日至24日，全体车臣人和他们的邻居印古什人被押上火车赶出故土，发配到中亚和西伯利亚。并非只有车臣人遭遇此命运，卡尔梅克自治共和国全体成员于1943年12月也被斯大林全体迁移。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">但车臣人的命运无疑最悲惨的，这个当时不到40万人口的山地民族，1万5千人被枪毙，3万人被“牢改”，5万人被“劳教”，10万人死于 “西伯利亚建设”。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这个叛逆民族在“东迁”的死亡之路上，一些新的生命降生并顽强地存活。特殊时期成长的这一代人注定将以特殊方式登场。他们当中几个最著名的名字是：杜达耶夫、巴萨耶夫、马斯哈托夫……。暴君的债，经他们的手，最终由别斯兰惨案中的俄罗斯儿童、由莫斯科大剧院的观众、由普通俄罗斯人的无辜鲜血来偿。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">车臣问题，是大清洗今天依然在流血的伤口。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <section style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-color: #f12c0b; color: #ffffff; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; text-decoration: inherit; border-top-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; display: inline-block; background-color: #f12c0b;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">大清洗是一种体制</section></section></section></section><p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">大清洗是一个国家的空前自残，它残酷到足以在道义上动摇苏共政权的合法性。正视这段历史、总结其悲剧原因，需要非凡的道德勇气。赫鲁晓夫曾做过尝试，但他的秘密报告一经披露，就在整个世界引起空前地震。他们后退了。 <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">赫鲁晓夫和他的同志们只是以苏联人特有的行政效率完成了“去斯大林化”，——就如当年苏联的一切都离不开斯大林一样，一夜之间苏联的一切都与斯大林无关了。只有罪恶才属于斯大林。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">至于大清洗受害者的平反，还要再等30年。<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1987年，在大清洗中失去祖父和外祖父的戈尔巴乔夫，以“不应当有被遗忘的人物和空白点”，开启了大清洗的重新调查，<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1988年，莫斯科大审判的遇害者在大清洗结束50年后终于开始被平反。同年，苏联所有中小学生的历史期末考试取消，决定称：不能让谎言再继续毒害学生。官方喉舌《消息报》发出旗帜鲜明的赞同意见：“那些用谎言毒害人们的思想和心灵，欺骗了一代又一代的人，其罪行是巨大的，罄竹难书。”<p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">大清洗注定要与斯大林划上等号，但大清洗中绝大多数受害者，是基层权力斗争和人与人之间互不信任的结果，是草菅人命的官僚系统与告密文化合谋的无辜牺牲品。它首先是一种体制，一种怀疑周围充斥着敌人，一种鼓励互相告密揭发纵容人性丑恶，一种国家恐怖体制。它使得大清洗一旦启动就会自动运行。斯大林并非其真正的创造者，只是发扬光大者，它不曾因斯大林死去而消失。在苏联，它随着这个国家的解体才真正消亡。</h1></div>