<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">我在《炎黄春秋》发表的几篇文章中，谈到大跃进年代安徽饿死人的情况，有理有据，有档案可查，史实没有问题。但还是接到一些读者来信，不理解，为什么一个产粮大省会饿死人。他们向我提出一些问题，这些问题归纳起来就是他们不了解那一段历史、不了解真实情况，和思想左、右无关。所以，披露被掩盖的历史，让人们了解事实真相，才是释惑解疑、达成共识的最好办法。本文试图这样做。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">一、穷折腾，导致产粮大省粮不多</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">安徽省粮食总产量居全国各省前十位，在</span>5<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">至</span>8<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">位之间徘徊。在长时间里，由于农业技术落后，灾害频发，粮食亩产量一直不高，一般年景也就是二、三百斤，三、四百斤。但是，只要不折腾，生产的粮食养活安徽人民，是绰绰有余的，甚至还可以有大量余粮调出。从</span>1950<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年土地改革结束到</span>1955<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年，是安徽粮食生产的第一个黄金时期，农民有了土地，生产积极性空前高涨，粮食生产年年丰收，</span>1955<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年粮食产量创历史最高，多数农民家庭有余粮。但是，好景不长，从</span>1955<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年下半年到改革开放前的</span>20<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">多年中，不重视发展农业生产力，只在生产关系上做文章，在农业体制上做文章，反复无常，瞎折腾。先是成立农业生产互助组，后初级农业生产合作社，这时，生产资料和生活资料，基本上还控制在农民手里，对农业生产影响不大。为了向社会主义过渡，</span>1955<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年末几个月时间内，将初级农业生产合作社过渡到高级农业生产合作社，结果，</span>1956<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年、</span>1957<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年粮食生产大幅度下降。到了</span>1958<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年，在农民温饱问题还没有解决的情况下，搞穷过渡，要求在几年时间内过渡到共产主义。如何过渡呢，就是成立人民公社，刮共产风，搞一平二调。毛、刘都说人民公社是过渡到共产主义最好的组织形式，宣传、鼓吹共产主义是天堂，人民公社是桥梁，于是，安徽在</span>1958<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>8<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">、</span>9<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">两个多月时间内全省实现人民公社化。让我们从这一历史时期全省粮食生产的波动中看看这种生产关系的改变对农业生产造成了多么巨大的危害。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1950<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年冬天，安徽完成了土地改革，</span>2530<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">万无地和少地农民分得了</span>2703<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">万亩土地，地主、富农也保有应得的土地，结束了封建土地所有制关系，极大地调动了农民的生产积极性。从</span>1950<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年到</span>1955<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年是安徽农业生产的黄金时期。农业生产量逐年大幅度提高，人民生活迅速改善。以粮食生产为例，</span>1949<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年，全省粮食总产量</span>127.48<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，</span>1950<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年上升到</span>135<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，</span>1951<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>175.5<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，</span>1952<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>178.24<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，</span>1953<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>181.68<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿，逐年增长；</span>1954<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年，安徽遭到特大洪水灾害，受灾土地面积</span>3527<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">万亩，占耕种土地面积一半以上，受灾人口</span>1500<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">万，倒塌房屋</span>310<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">万间，损失耕牛</span>20<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">万头。但是，粮食总产量仍然达到</span>155.64<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，比</span>1949<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年增加</span>28.16<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤。</span>1955<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年粮食总产量创历史高峰，达到</span>230.58<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，国家征购也达到历史最高峰的</span>71.78<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤。如果这样继续发展下去，农村前景光明，农民的幸福生活就大有希望。不幸的是折腾开始了：毛泽东违背他在《新民主主义论》中的正确主张，不是巩固和发展新民主主义，而是急于向社会主义过渡，不顾党内党外有识之士的反对，强行推动农业合作化运动，讽刺、挖苦反对他的人是“小脚女人”，在全国开展反对农业合作化问题上的右倾机会主义。</span>1955<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>8<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月</span>3<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">日，毛泽东在中共安徽省委《坚决批判农业合作化问题上的右倾机会主义》一文中批示道：“安徽省委尖锐地批评了在农业合作化问题上的右倾机会主义思想，这种批评是完全必要的”。安徽省委有了毛泽东批示的尚方宝剑，在</span>1955<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年底、</span>1956<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年春，</span>2<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">个多月时间内就将全省初级农业生产合作社过渡到高级农业生产合作社。此举遭到广大农民反对。农村普遍出现宰杀耕牛、砍伐树木、毁坏变卖农具、哄抢粮食，甚至暗杀基层干部。安徽省委的对策就是动用专政工具坚决镇压（详情见《大跃进前后的社会控制》一文，载《炎黄春秋》</span>2012<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年第</span>4<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">期），严重地挫伤了农民的生产积极性。</span>1956<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年在没有严重自然灾害的情况下，粮食生产大幅度下降，总产量只有</span>181.76<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，比</span>1955<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年净减产</span>48.82<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤。</span>1957<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年经过反右派斗争的高压手段，粮食总产量为</span>205.40<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">斤，仍然没有恢复到</span>1955<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年的水平，直到文化大革命的</span>1966<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年仍未恢复到</span>1955<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年的水平。</span>1958<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年秋，在高级农业生产合作社还没有巩固和完善、处在极度混乱当中，可安徽省委根据中央指示，强行在短短两个月时间内又全部实现公社化，将</span>8<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">千多个高级农业生产合作社，合并成立了</span>1010<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">个人民公社，多数地方是一区一个公社，个别地方搞了县联社。在人民公社内，实行工、农、商、学、兵五位一体，党委领导一切，由此开始，浮夸风、共产风、一平二调风、强迫命令瞎指挥风、干部特殊化风强劲地刮起来了，公社社员的生产资料和生活资料，被剥夺殆尽；公社社员没有任何权利，不得不依附人民公社，哪里还有生产积极性。从</span>1958<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年开始，粮食生产再次逐年大幅度下降。</span>1958<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年粮食总产量为</span>176.90<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，</span>1959<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年为</span>140.20<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，</span>1960<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年为</span>134.92<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，</span>1961<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年为</span>125.80<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤。</span>1961<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年的粮食总产量比</span>1949<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年还要少</span>2.68<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，人均粮食</span>420<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">斤，比</span>1949<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>451<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">斤还少</span>31<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">斤，倒退</span>12<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年。人均</span>420<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">斤是原粮，除去种子、征购粮，真正吃到农民嘴里的少得可伶，怎能不饿死人？！</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">二、高征购，从农民嘴里夺粮</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">大跃进运动开展起来后，尽管粮食总产量年年大幅度下降，但是浮夸风却一刮再刮。粮食产量明明是大幅度下降，却吹嘘获得了大丰收。</span>1958<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年粮食总产量为</span>176.90<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，可省委却向中央报告吹嘘为</span>320.39<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，浮夸</span>81.11%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">，安排征购</span>90<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，还允许</span>20%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">的机动征购数。可现实是残酷的，这一征购计划无法完成，因为按照计划征购就意味着有些公共食堂马上断炊。所以实际征购</span>69.68<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，占粮食总产量的</span>39.4%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">，平均每个农业人口征购</span>240<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">斤。</span>1959<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年粮食总产量继续大幅度减少至</span>140.2<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，向中央上报</span>350.04<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，浮夸</span>149.67%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">，征购</span>70.93<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，占粮食总产量的</span>50.6%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">，每个农业人口平均征收</span>251<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">斤，其中有</span>16<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">个县征购量占总产量</span>60%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">以上，宣城地区高达</span>82%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">。</span>1960<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年粮食总产继续下降，为</span>134.92<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，上报</span>150.42<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤。由于饥荒蔓延，大量出现饿、病、逃、荒、死的状况，粮食征购量有所减少，为</span>49.74<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，比上年征购减少</span>29.87%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">，但仍占总产量</span>36.9%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">，农业人口人均征购</span>197<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">斤。</span>1961<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年上半年，安徽饿死人情况还在继续，当年粮食总产量降到历史最低点，为</span>125.80<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，比</span>1949<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年还少，但还是征购了</span>32.08<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，占粮食总产量的</span>25%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">，农业人口人均征购</span>126<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">斤。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">这样的低产量、高征购，农民手中还有多少粮食呢？以</span>1959<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年为例，粮食总产量</span>140.2<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，全省农村人均拥有粮食</span>349<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">斤，国家征购</span>70.93<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，占总产量的</span>50.6%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">，农村人均只剩下</span>175<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">斤粮食，而且是原粮，再除去种子，所剩无几，不饿死人才怪呢。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">由于低产量、高征购，农民无法生存下去，不得不起来反抗和斗争，于是被毛泽东轻描淡写称为“闹粮”的哄抢粮食事件层出不穷。据安徽省公安厅给省委的一份敌、社请报告中指出：仅</span>1960<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>12<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">余至</span>1961<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>2<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月两个多月时间内，全省共发生哄抢国家粮库事件</span>847<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">起，被抢走的粮食</span>180<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">万斤。据对淮南、芜湖、马鞍山三市（农村）和南陵、六安等</span>13<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">个县调查，参与哄抢者共</span>5496<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">人，绝大多数都是普通农民，都是因为断粮、断炊，家中有人被饿死不得已而为之。</span>1960<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>12<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月</span>27<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">日一天，就发生哄抢粮食事件</span>28<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">起，在抢粮过程中发生暴力冲突，哄抢者在遇到阻拦情况下行凶杀人，有</span>26<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">名社队干部和粮库管理员被杀死。</span>41<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">名行凶者全部被判处死刑。三年中因“闹粮”而被逮捕判刑者</span>7<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">千余人，绝大多数是农民。有人说在饥荒年代人民群众就是饿死，也不偷、不抢，完全是神话。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">三、公共食堂加速公社社员死亡</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1958<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>8<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月</span>24<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">日毛泽东在北戴河中央政治局扩大会议上说：“公共食堂，吃饭不要钱，就是共产主义”。</span>9<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月</span>15<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">日在第</span>15<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">次在最高国务会议上说：“公共食堂以来，节省时间，免得往返，节省柴草，节省经费……这是徐水的经验”。</span>1958<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>9<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月</span>16<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">日至</span>20<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">日，毛泽东视察安徽，在从安庆到合肥途中，路过舒城县舒茶人民公社。公社党委书记徐自长在汇报中说道：“舒茶人民公社成立才十几天，公共食堂就办起来了，已经实现了吃饭不要钱”。毛泽东高兴地说：“吃饭可以不要钱，既然一个公社可以办到，其它有条件的社也可能办到；既然吃饭可以不要钱，将来穿衣服也可以不要钱了。”当时的安徽省委，根据北戴河会议精神，正在试点成立人民公社。毛泽东在舒茶公社讲话后，安徽人民公社化运动加速进行，</span>2<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">个多月时间，全省农村实现公社化，绝大多数公社食堂化。毛泽东离开安徽仅仅一个月时间，全省就有</span>405<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">个人民公社公共食堂实行“吃饭不要钱”。到</span>1958<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年底，全省农村人民公社食堂共有</span>24<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">万多个，在食堂吃饭的公社社员达到</span>525<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">万户，占全省农村户的</span>72%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">。除大别山区和交通不便的地方，公共食堂没有全覆盖，皖北平原和江淮丘陵农户几乎全部吃食堂，大多数公社食堂实行“吃饭不要钱”。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">公共食堂实行“吃饭不要钱”这种“共产主义生活”，造成了粮食的巨大浪费，寅吃卯粮。</span>1958<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年夏、秋收季节，全国、全省新闻媒体连篇累牍地报道粮食亩产量放卫星，小麦、水稻亩产从几千斤到几万家斤不等，广东还有水稻亩产十三万斤的新闻登载在《人民日报》，以致毛泽东视察河北省徐水县时问县委书记张国忠“粮食多了吃不完怎么办”的问题，提议“一天可以吃</span>5<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">顿饭”。领袖的话也刊登在《人民日报》，传遍全国。加上秋收过后不久，粮食还有，一部分干部和群众被误导了，认为国家粮食多得不得了，怎么吃也吃不完；即使本地粮食吃完了，向共产主义过渡嘛，国家会从其它地方调拨粮食，不用发愁。于是社员放开肚皮吃；不但如此，有一半以上食堂吃饭不受时间限制，社员随到随吃，从早</span>6<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">点到晚上</span>12<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">点随时都可以吃到饭。不但本公社的人可以随时吃到饭，路过的外地人，不问身份，不问来者姓社名谁，可以大摇大摆、理直气壮地坐下吃饭。因为饭做得多，吃不完变质，当垃圾倒掉也是常事。据省公安厅</span>1958<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>11<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月</span>15<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">日一份“社情报告”中称，在</span>1958<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>10<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月一个月时间内，阜阳、宿县共发生</span>11<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">起社员因为馒头吃的太多胃扩张被活活撑死的惨剧。这样无理性的行为，注定是短命的。放开肚皮吃饭仅仅两个月时间，多数地方就吃掉了半年的粮食。到</span>1958<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年底，有一半食堂粮食吃紧，有的已经无米下锅了。本来以为国家粮食多得不得了，本公社粮食吃完了，会从外地调粮食来，结果落空了，只能自己挨饿。</span>1959<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年刚刚开始，饥荒就在全省迅速蔓延。</span>1959<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>2<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月下旬，省委书记桂林西到经济形势比较好的桐城县视察，发现那里已经闹粮荒，有的公共食堂因为无粮而不开伙。</span>1959<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>4<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月岳西县已经断粮的公共食堂达到</span>2523<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">个，涉及</span>161106<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">人，占食堂就餐人数</span>67%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">。据省委政法部长彭宗珠</span>5<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月到阜阳调查给省委的报告，有</span>71%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">的食堂不能正常开饭，有的中午开一顿饭，也是杂粮、树皮、大锅清汤，其他食堂已经停火。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1958<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年年底、</span>59<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年初，毛泽东发现大跃进中出现的问题，两次召开郑州会议，加以纠正。面对饥荒不断蔓延的现实，迫使以曾希圣为首的安徽省委不得不对政策加以调整。</span>1959<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>5<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月，省委发出《关于整顿农村公共食堂的规定》，提出“办食堂要坚持自愿的原则，参加自愿，退出自由”，“对退出的社员不歧视，按在食堂就餐的社员标准发给粮食和柴草”；“仍在办的食堂，一律实行饭菜票制，取消吃饭不要钱的共产做法”……</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">桐城县委接到省委文件，立即下文，全县</span>5300<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">个公共食堂，全部散伙；太湖县的</span>1433<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">个公共食堂，迅速全部解散。就在这时，省委书记处书记张凯帆亲赴大量饿死人的无为县，不到</span>10<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">天，下令解散</span>6000<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">个公共食堂。短时间内全省</span>80%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">以上的食堂解散了。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">食堂解散容易，可社员怎么办？当初办食堂时，锅、碗、盆、勺、桌、椅、板凳，全部收归公家、食堂，铁锅、切菜刀拿去炼钢铁了；房屋被共产后，有的社员几户人家住在一起，什么都没有，拿什么做饭？最要紧的是，食堂解散后，没有多少粮食可以发给社员，即使发一点粮食，有的地方一天不足</span>3<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">两，如何生活？从</span>1959<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年下半年开始大规模的饿、病、逃、荒、死在安徽全面爆发。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1959<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>7<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月的庐山会议上，张凯帆到无为解散公共食堂，救民于水火的行为，受到毛泽东在大会上的点名批判。</span>7<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月</span>23<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">日，毛泽东在大会上批判彭德怀时说：“食堂是好事，未可厚非。我赞成积极办好”。根据毛的意见，中共中央连续发文，说什么“公共食堂是必须巩固的社会主义阵地，失掉这个阵地，人民公社就不可能巩固，大跃进也就没有保证”。</span>8<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月</span>27<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">日至</span>9<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月</span>21<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">日，中共安徽省委召开县以上领导干部的省委扩大会议，传达庐山会议精神，批判张凯帆的右倾机会主义，会议通过了《关于张凯帆、陆学斌反党联盟的决议》，批判张凯帆到无为解散公共食堂是反对总路线、反对大跃进、反对人民公社化运动的“右倾歪风”，“反党行为”。会后，安徽省委在</span>1<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">个多月时间内，把全省公共食堂又恢复起来了。到</span>1959<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年底，全省农村公共食堂达到</span>26<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">万个，参加食堂人数占农村总人数</span>90%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">以上，超过了</span>1958<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">从</span>1959<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年末安徽公共食堂全面恢复，到</span>1961<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年解散公共食堂的</span>1<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年多时间内，是安徽历史上最悲惨的一年。在</span>1960<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年的一年时间内，全省非正常死亡人数达到</span>210<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">多万，主要是被饿死的，甚至出现人吃人的现象。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">面对严重饥荒，安徽省委虽然竭力封锁消息，不让中央知道真实情况。但还是采取了不少措施来缓解灾难的严重程度。向农村发放救济粮或返销粮就是最直接、最有效的措施。其中</span>1959<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年发放救济粮、返销粮</span>28.25<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，</span>1960<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>19.37<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，</span>1961<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>7.64<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤。这些救济粮、反销粮，虽然数量有限，不能解决根本问题，但是如果直接分到每个社员手中，由他们自己支配，他们会精打细算，细水长流，配以蔬菜、代食品，就会减少饿死人的状况。可是这些救济粮、返销粮落入公共食堂，就成了干部多吃多占、搞特殊化的资本，成了干部打击报复社员的有力手段。社员稍有不满，就扣饭；病了不能劳动，扣饭；老弱病残，扣饭……有些炊事员利用掌勺权力，乘机奸污妇女，干群关系紧张到了极点，因为吃食堂不断发生刑事案件。安徽省公安厅多次给省委写报告。</span>1960<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>7<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月</span>23<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">日一份报告中说：“</span>1960<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>4<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">至至</span>6<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月，安徽发生食堂投毒案</span>64<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">起，</span>170<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">多人中毒，</span>37<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">人死亡，还发生</span>19<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">起食堂凶杀案，被杀大队、生产队和食堂管理员、炊事员</span>25<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">人”。另据凤阳、嘉山、无为三县调查，在</span>1961<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年整风整社中受到司法处分的</span>7300<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">多名社、队干部中，利用食堂犯罪的就有</span>4880<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">多人，占了</span>60%<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">多。难怪群众形容公共食堂就是阎王殿，去不得，可是又不得不去。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">在全国人民的诅咒声中，党内一些要人，包括周恩来、胡乔木等人，也感到食堂不能再办下去了，毛泽东不得不改变初衷，</span>1961<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年初，中共中央发出</span>12<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">条紧急指示信，公共食堂终于寿终正寝。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">四、是没有粮食，不是见死不救</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">有人说</span>1958<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年至</span>1961<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年安徽粮食大丰收，仓库里堆满粮食，社员被饿死，是干部官僚主义，见死不救造成的；也有人说，安徽粮食被国家调拨太多，造成安徽人民挨饿。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">这些都不是主要原因。主要原因由于极“左”路线瞎折腾，使农业生产力遭到极大破坏造成的。以曾希圣为首的安徽省委面对如此巨大灾难，并不是袖手旁观，见死不救，而是作了很大努力，除调拨救济粮，还想方设法寻找代食品。当然，最有效的方法就是增拨救济粮。可是国库存粮有限，僧多粥少，没有办法。粮食库存降到了最低点。</span>1959<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年底，全省粮食库存只有区区</span>3<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，</span>1960<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年降到</span>2.64<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，</span>1961<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>2.69<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤。就是把这些粮食全部分给农民，每人不到</span>10<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">斤，最多维持</span>1<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">个月的生活。反观</span>1955<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年，粮食库存高达</span>27.64<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，而且农民家里还有大量粮食，不需政府拿出救济粮。两相对比，不是发人深省吗？！</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">是不是粮食被国家调走太多而引起灾荒的呢？</span>1959<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年国家调拨出粮食</span>9.25<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，</span>1960<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年调拨出</span>5.20<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，</span>1961<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年国家调入</span>0.74<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤。两年调出，一年调入，且数字不大，影响有限。对比前几年，</span>1953<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年国家调拨出粮食</span>13.17<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，</span>1955<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年调拨出</span>13.38<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，</span>1957<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年调拨出</span>15.46<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，比这三年多得多，并没有发生饿死人情况。而</span>1961<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年不仅没有调出粮食，反而调入粮食，结果继续饿死人，说明什么问题呢？就是共产风把社员家里掏空了；反瞒产私分，把社员家里抢空了，社员没有自留地种蔬菜，没有家庭副业，没有鸡鹅鸭等家畜家禽，食堂解散后，仅靠政府发放的每人每天几两粮食是无法生存的，而在最困难时期，全省有很多地方，政府无粮可发，社员只好躺在家里等死。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">巨大的教训教育了安徽人民。“四人帮”被粉碎后，他们冒着生命危险，分田单干。恰好这时主政安徽的是党内开明派人物万里。他排除阻力，支持农民分田单干（家庭联产承包责任制），安徽农业生产迎来了第二个黄金时期。粮食生产年年丰收，粮食征购突飞猛涨，</span>1979<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年征购突破</span>80<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，超过前</span>30<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年任何一年；</span>1982<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年突破</span>100<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，部分地区出现卖粮难的奇特景象。</span>1985<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年安徽粮食总产量突破</span>433.59<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，征购入库达到</span>120.86<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，接近</span>1961<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年全年粮食总产量。</span>1979<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年至</span>1985<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>6<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年时间，国家征、收购入库粮食达到</span>783<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤，接近</span>1959<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年至</span>1964<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>6<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年粮食总产量</span>835.02<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">亿斤亿的水平。这样一对比，让那些至今还把农业合作化运动当作成就记载在党史国史里面的专家们，情何以堪。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">注：本文的粮食数据来自于安徽省人民政府办公厅编的《安徽省情》（安徽人民出版社</span>1985<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">年</span>6<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">月第</span>1<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">版）和安徽省志“粮食志”、“农业志”。</span></p>