中共十九大意味着什么?

<p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">最近中英文媒介有不少关于中共十九大的报道和评论。但多数这些都集中于官场权力斗争,我认为官场的权力斗争对中国民主转型的影响不会持久。这里我从俯瞰的角度考虑中国的发展,来看中国改革以来取得的成就和展望将来。</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">要客观恰当评价中国这段时间的发展,需要把它放在世界环境和历史长河中。几乎所有研究政治和经济发展的都知道,从罗马帝国消亡以后到公元</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1800</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">年的一千多年来,世界经济发展极其缓慢。这段时间多数人相当贫穷,各种疾病普遍流行,几次大瘟疫使欧洲亚洲人数大量减少。英王亨利八世曾娶过八个夫人(因为一次离婚还与教廷闹翻),主要原因是他想要一个儿子继承皇位。但那时因为医疗知识落后医疗条件差,他的几个子女都夭折。根据历史学家研究,这些疾病在现在不是大问题,最近一百多年来新生儿存活率大幅度上升。过去饥荒也不时发生(爱尔兰的一次大饥荒造成了大批爱尔兰后裔移民美国的后果)。但是从工业革命开始以后,西方经济发展有突破性的直线增长。一本经济学经典课本(</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">Samuelson</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">,</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> Nordhaus, 2005</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">版</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">[1] </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">)的末尾指出现在普通人的生活水平相当于中世纪王子的水平。</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">Samuelson</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">,</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> Nordhaus </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">把这巨大进步归于两点:政治的民主化和资本主义市场经济。最近</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">MIT</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">和哈佛两教授(</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">Acemoglu, Robinson</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">)对造成国家富裕和贫穷的因素进行了研究,写了一本书</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">[2] </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">。他们的研究涉及世界上百个国家几千年之久(从一万一千年世界上最早的人类中东定居点开始)。他们的结论指出一个社会的发展在很大程度上取决于</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">institutions</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">(制度机制)。他们把</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">institutions </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">分成包容性(</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">Inclusive</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">)和萃取性(</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">Extractive</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">)两种,每一种又分为经济方面的和政治方面的。包容性的促进发展,萃取性的不利于发展。具体分析和此书关于中国经济发展的看法简介可以参考</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">[3] </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">。</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;; background:#EFEFEF">现在在世界发展的框架中来考量中国最近三十多年来的经济发展。中国大陆的经济发展从经济模式上来说类似于台湾南韩的模式。中国的政治比较稳定和人民教育程度比较高,这些有助于吸引外资。东亚人比较聪明勤劳也是中国高速发展的一个因素;中东和南美洲就不具有类似中国的较好条件。但是需要客观评估中国大陆的经济发展。</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">1949</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">年台湾相当穷,比中国大陆还穷。前几年中国大陆人均</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">GDP</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">还只有台湾人均的三分之一。现在中国大陆的人均</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">GDP</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">或许能够达到台湾人均的一半?</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">Samuelson</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">,</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">Nordhaus </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">的经典经济学课本</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">[1]</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">把国家的经济发展模式分成两类:发达国家,发展中国家。两类国家的经济发展需要考虑的因素有很大不同。中国还不是发达国家,能否进入发达国家还没有定论。发展中国家可以依靠拷贝已经发明的技术和</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">institutions<span style="font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;">(制度机制)</span></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">,但一个发达国家需要发展新技术和新</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">institutions</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">,遇到的挑战与一个发展中国家很不相同。前些时看到一篇报道列出有史以来对现代生活有巨大影响的创造发明,绝大部分发生在民主国家</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">[4]</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">。是这些国家的民众智力高吗?不是,他们的智力与华人基本一样。而且有研究认为东亚人的</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">IQ</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;background:#EFEFEF">比白人还稍高一些。西方国家的主要优势是制度上的。自由民主国家提供了自由建立了法治,这样民众的创造发明力才有机会得到发展,才能得到公平报酬。电灯,汽车,电话,电视,飞机,半导体,集成电路,计算机,移动电话,互联网,智能电话等都是在自由民主制度下而不是政府指导下发展起来的。中国要加入发达国家行列,也需要在创造发明上走在世界前列,至少与一流国家并驾齐驱。没有一个自由民主制度,恐怕是很难的。</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">习近平刚执政时有些大陆华人(冯胜平是一个例子)对习进行政治改革抱有希望。我四年前曾经写过一篇文章与冯胜平商榷</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">[5]</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">。那时我就不看好习进行政治改革。四年来的中国政治的发展比我那时预料的还要差不少。我以前的评估内容(参考</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">[5] * </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">寄希望于新领导习近平?</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> *</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">一节 )现在仍然基本适用。下面对中国在法治方面的状况作个简单评价。两年多前王岐山曾与福山会谈时谈到中国要实现法治,我曾经作了简评,其中有一篇对近四千年来法治发展作了俯瞰</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">[6]</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">(以及相关链接) 。现在中国大陆常谈到的</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">&#8220;</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">依法治国</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">&#8221;</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">充其量只是法制,即商鞅变法的法制不是法治</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">[7]</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">。法治当然需要一部宪法(英国是例外),而且这部宪法必须是普世的,至少在这个国家是普适的。大家知道现在中国的宪法确立中国共产党的领导。如果在中国的党章中再确立某个人为最高地位,这样的党章和宪法还可能是普世的普适的吗?当然不可能,除非这个人是神,永生的神。法制最早创立于大约四千年前的美索不达尼亚(</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">Ur-Nammu Code</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">,</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">Hammurabi Code</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">等)</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">[7] </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">。</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">Hammurabi </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">是美索不达尼亚的皇帝。不了解</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">Hammurabi Code</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">的详情,好像法律中没有崇拜</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">Hammurabi </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">为永生的神。与现在中国的法治方面进度类似的大概是古罗马。古罗马帝国原先是一种共和制,即吸取古希腊民主制的一种混合制度。后来共和制衰败(</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">decay</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">)成为帝制,凯撒是最早一位皇帝。读者可以参考很易读的一本历史书</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">[8]</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">, 其中有许多有趣的事件。不是所有的罗马皇帝都被封为神,一位罗马皇帝先需要取得相当大的成就才被封为神。这颇符合现在中国的政局。毛邓登上神坛需要很多年。习近平明显能力比以前的领袖能力更强大,执政一期就被封神了。在法治方面中国近年来不是进步了,而是倒退了。</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">最近中外媒介关于十九大的评论中,我比较看重的是</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">PBS</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">对</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">Christopher Johnson</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">一篇访谈</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">[10] </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">,</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">Johnson</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">曾在</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">CIA</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">做过近</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">20</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">年的中国问题分析。他的许多点我都同意,读者可以自己看。唯一最后一点我有保留。他认为习近平不是像毛那样权力狂。或许他是对的,但愿他是对的。但习近平没有培养接班人加上他一直在巩固自己的权力,需要警惕。另外网上流传一篇关于习在没有当高官以前的事迹。不知这篇是否真实。但仅从这篇看,考虑他的出生和环境,习近平的经历和观念已经是相当地好(即有助于开明,民主,自由)。但他抵不过权力这个大染缸。</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">最后回到</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> Acemoglu, Robinson </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">的包容性(</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">Inclusive</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">)和萃取性(</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">Extractive</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">)</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">institutions</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">问题。至少应该鼓励中国大陆向平等方向改进。最近看到报道中国的一些贱民状况</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">[11]</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">,令人不禁伤感。中国政府难道不能做些实际工作改进他们的地位吗?</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"><em>注释:</em></span></p> <p><em><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">(</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">)</span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">Paul A. Samuelson and William D. 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