十万人跳海殉国:这个不杀文人的朝代,魅力何在?

<div><h2>&nbsp;</h2><div id="js_content" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; color: #3e3e3e; min-height: 350px; position: relative; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;"><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by 135editor.com" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-type="gif" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/Piaib73Xg14yCayEX24kUyApcmkN7p6381noAO0j7qIaU1G5tA8hp10qWkBG9icDkicZTsJN6vvFqYLdseP9oVBfNg/0?wx_fmt=gif" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.27" data-w="600" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/Piaib73Xg14yCayEX24kUyApcmkN7p6381noAO0j7qIaU1G5tA8hp10qWkBG9icDkicZTsJN6vvFqYLdseP9oVBfNg/0?wx_fmt=gif&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" data-order="0" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">假如你是皇帝,你愿意与笔杆子<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">(文人士大夫)</span>共天下吗?</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">如果是<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">乾隆</strong>来回答这个问题,对此他一定会嗤之以鼻。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">大清才子<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">纪晓岚</strong>,是乾隆最喜爱的臣子之一,有一次,纪晓岚为他的朋友尹壮图求情,没想到乾隆却勃然大怒说:</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><blockquote style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; max-width: 100%; border-left: 3px solid #dbdbdb; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&#8220;我只不过是把你当妓女豢养,你哪来的狗胆,竟敢妄谈国事?!&#8221;</strong></span></p></blockquote><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">是的,在乾隆眼里,大清帝国的笔杆子<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">(知识分子)</span>,跟娼妓并没有什么两样,只不过是他豢养的一堆狗奴才罢了。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">最爱君想说,时钟如果再往回拨几百年,有一个朝代的皇帝们,对此一定不能苟同&#8212;&#8212;因为在他们看来,笔杆子<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">(文人士大夫)</span>是帝国的珍宝,对此不仅要爱护,而且皇帝们,甚至愿意与之&#8220;共天下&#8221;。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">尊重知识分子,与之共享权力?</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">天下竟有这种咄咄怪事?</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">是的,最爱君今天想说的是:一个被公认为积贫积弱、却慷慨悲歌的朝代:</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">宋朝</strong>。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="89189" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25.6px; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 670px;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; display: inline-block; width: 35px; height: 38px; background-image: url(&quot;http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Piaib73Xg14yCayEX24kUyApcmkN7p6381gibYYxo4oDcKscSHHc43hQXOxtTx3VN55XkRwJ3DkQIckicbJIGVIqog/0?wx_fmt=png&quot;); background-color: #000001; background-size: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 35px;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; border: 0px; color: #000001; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">0<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1</span></p></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">当一个大宋帝国的皇帝,有什么必定的履行程序呢?</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">北宋人<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">叶梦得</strong>,在他的<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">《避暑漫抄》</strong>中,为我们揭开了一个:关于宋朝皇帝的千古家事。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">据记载,早在开国之初,宋太祖赵匡胤就在开封太庙寝殿的夹室内,立了一块碑,这就是日后大名鼎鼎的:</span><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">誓碑</strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.6; font-size: 15px;">。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">赵匡胤规定,新皇帝即位,都要到太庙参拜;正式仪式结束后,新皇帝必须要由一个不识字的小太监,陪着到太庙的夹室内,参拜&#8220;誓碑&#8221;,并默诵碑上的文字立誓,然后才能离开。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">誓碑上写的是什么,当时人一直无从知晓,这个秘密一直保守到靖康之变后,有人进入太庙的夹室,才终于揭开了&#8220;誓碑&#8221;的碑文之谜:</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">原来,&#8220;誓碑&#8221;上刻着三行誓词:</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第一行是:&#8220;柴氏(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; color: #b2b2b2;">后周世宗柴荣</span>)子孙有罪不得加刑,纵犯谋逆,止于狱中赐尽,不得市曹行戮,亦不得连坐支属&#8221;</strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">(因为赵匡胤是通过黄桥兵变,夺了他的义兄柴荣的江山)</span>;</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第二行是:&#8220;不得杀士大夫,及上书言事人&#8221;;</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第三行则是:&#8220;子孙有渝此誓者,天必殛之&#8221;。</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Piaib73Xg14yCayEX24kUyApcmkN7p6381SuRFsXFZB5YYLiculYpOT1xibje0MFWYetibeoOSPic30k3pIz3E7HfA0g/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="1.1125" data-w="320" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Piaib73Xg14yCayEX24kUyApcmkN7p6381SuRFsXFZB5YYLiculYpOT1xibje0MFWYetibeoOSPic30k3pIz3E7HfA0g/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">&#9650;</span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">宋太祖赵匡胤,创立了&#8220;誓碑&#8221;。</span></strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">关于誓碑,从靖康之变后到整个南宋,一直都有人提及它的存在,而它的原始出处,则是来自于靖康之变当年<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">(1127年)</span>,北宋大臣<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">曹勋</strong>向宋高宗赵构所上书的<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">《进前十事札子》</strong>,当时,曹勋刚刚从金军手中逃脱,并带来了宋徽宗对宋高宗的口谕:</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&#8220;(徽宗)语臣日:&#8216;归可奏上,艺祖(宋太祖赵匡胤)有约(誓碑),藏于太庙,誓不诛大臣、言官,违者不祥。&#8221;</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">17年后,即绍兴十四年<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">(1144年)</span>,官至保信军承宣使、知阁门事兼客省、四方馆事的曹勋,又以南宋朝廷官方的身份,编辑了宋徽宗、宋钦宗被金兵掳掠后的<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">《</strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">北狩见闻录》</strong>一书,并在里面重新强调了,宋徽宗针对宋高宗的这一警示,宋高宗对此也予以了认可。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">尽管后世很多人怀疑&#8220;誓碑&#8221;是否真实存在,但南宋官方史书,则明确予以了承认;宋朝的历代皇帝,也基本奉行了这个原则,几乎从不(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #bfbfbf;">轻</span>)杀知识分子。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">因为它关乎:一个帝国,对于上天的誓言,和对文人士大夫(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #bfbfbf;">知识分子</span>)的敬重。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="89189" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25.6px; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 670px;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; display: inline-block; width: 35px; height: 38px; background-image: url(&quot;http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Piaib73Xg14yCayEX24kUyApcmkN7p6381gibYYxo4oDcKscSHHc43hQXOxtTx3VN55XkRwJ3DkQIckicbJIGVIqog/0?wx_fmt=png&quot;); background-color: #000001; background-size: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 35px;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; border: 0px; color: #000001; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">0<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2</span></p></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">如何对待文人和政敌,可以判断一个朝代的文明程度。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">宋神宗</strong>时,由于对西北用兵失败,宋神宗震怒,想要斩杀一名转运使,没想到大臣<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">蔡确、章惇</strong>两个人却强烈反对,他们说:</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&#8220;祖宗以来,未尝杀士人,臣等不欲自陛下始。&#8221;</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">在当时,不杀文人士大夫(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #bfbfbf;">笔杆子、知识分子</span>),是北宋整个朝廷上下知晓的&#8220;赵氏家法&#8221;,尽管大臣们不一定知道&#8220;誓碑&#8221;的存在,但不杀士大夫和上书进谏的人,这个规矩,却从赵匡胤建立宋朝就开始流传。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">对此宋神宗无可奈何,只好发牢骚说:</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&#8220;快意事更做不得一件!&#8221;</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">北宋的文官士大夫集团很强势,但这种强势,首先是来自于皇帝的首肯和默认支持,否则一切都是空谈。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">宋哲宗元符元年<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">(1098年)</span>,支持变法的新党重新得势,反对变法的元祐党人全部被贬黜,此前曾经保护同僚的宰相章惇,这次却动了杀机,想要&#8220;尽杀流人&#8221;,干掉全部的政治对手,对此,宋神宗的儿子、宋哲宗却坚决反对,宋哲宗说:</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&#8220;朕遵祖宗遗制,未尝杀戮大臣,其释<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">(放)</span>勿<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">(整)</span>治。&#8221;</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Piaib73Xg14yCayEX24kUyApcmkN7p6381CMdd2ObhH2GIvWttK5Rs20HowOgDth2icSBnGicOfVB9caLNMIDMPeAg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="1.2" data-w="400" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Piaib73Xg14yCayEX24kUyApcmkN7p6381CMdd2ObhH2GIvWttK5Rs20HowOgDth2icSBnGicOfVB9caLNMIDMPeAg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">&#9650;</span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">宋哲宗严格遵守祖先&#8220;不杀士大夫&#8221;的遗制。</span></strong><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">值得注意的是,宋哲宗说的是,&#8220;不杀戮大臣&#8221;,是遵循&#8220;祖宗遗制&#8221;,因为纵观整个北宋,士大夫们即使犯罪,或遭到政敌攻击,最多就是被流放而已。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">宋朝皇帝对于文人的这种尊重,和对知识的敬畏,也让整个宋朝的政治风气,相对它前前后后的朝代,少了一层血腥,多了一层文明。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">宋真宗天禧四年<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">(1020年)</span>,宰相<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">寇准</strong>由于计划与其他大臣废掉<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">宋真宗</strong>、拥立太子监国而被逮捕,按照其他朝代的规矩,这无疑是一个足以&#8220;诛九族&#8221;的罪名,但信守&#8220;不杀士大夫&#8221;遗制的宋真宗,最终只是将寇准贬黜到了雷州<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">(在广东粤西)</span>当一个小官,作为惩罚而已。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">作为北宋著名的&#8220;昏君&#8221;,<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">宋徽宗</strong>理政时大搞花石纲,对此太学生<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">邓肃</strong>写诗进行讽刺,宰相<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">蔡京</strong>于是建议宋徽宗说,应该杀掉邓肃,以防有人到处瞎说;没想到宋徽宗却说,这小伙子是个忠臣啊,把他开除学籍就可以了,没必要追究什么责任。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">因为在宋徽宗心中,他仍然紧紧记得,老祖宗赵匡胤,立在太庙里的:誓碑。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="89189" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25.6px; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 670px;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; display: inline-block; width: 35px; height: 38px; background-image: url(&quot;http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Piaib73Xg14yCayEX24kUyApcmkN7p6381gibYYxo4oDcKscSHHc43hQXOxtTx3VN55XkRwJ3DkQIckicbJIGVIqog/0?wx_fmt=png&quot;); background-color: #000001; background-size: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 35px;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; border: 0px; color: #000001; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">0<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">3</span></p></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">对于赵家皇帝的这种做法,明朝开国皇帝<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">朱元璋</strong>就很不&#8220;感冒&#8221;。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">在朱元璋眼里,什么文人、士大夫,都是放屁。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">建立明朝后,朱元璋前后利用胡惟庸案和蓝玉案,残杀文臣武将及其亲族<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">45000</strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">多人</strong>,几乎将满朝功臣名将屠戮殆尽。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">而对比赵匡胤的子孙,老朱家的末代皇帝崇祯,仅仅在位17年:就杀了7位总督,11个巡抚。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">可以说,文明与开化,就怕作比较。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">当然,宋朝的皇帝也曾经杀过士人:宋高宗时,就曾经杀掉力求主战的<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">陈东、欧阳澈</strong>两位士子,但这毕竟违背了赵家&#8220;不得杀士大夫,及上书言事人&#8221;的祖训,在朝野的舆论下,宋高宗也觉得压力很大,于是便把杀陈东和欧阳澈的责任,推卸到当时的两位宰相黄潜善和汪伯彦身上,事后还派人去将案件&#8220;平反&#8221;,并抚恤陈东、欧阳澈的家人。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Piaib73Xg14yCayEX24kUyApcmkN7p6381KTD42PEZuD37WCXvMTfUVwu9kgUU5BFbY5Oq9wo9w5sB1n0l8Eqg9w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.6654545454545454" data-w="550" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Piaib73Xg14yCayEX24kUyApcmkN7p6381KTD42PEZuD37WCXvMTfUVwu9kgUU5BFbY5Oq9wo9w5sB1n0l8Eqg9w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">&#9650;</span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">剧照:</span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">爱杀文人武将的宋高宗,面对祖先&#8220;遗制&#8221;压力也很大。</span></strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">但从另外一个角度而言,宋朝皇帝尽管对文人都很&#8220;文明&#8221;,但对武将,却普遍很不&#8220;客气&#8221;。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">想当初,<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">宋太祖赵匡胤</strong>&#8220;杯酒释兵权&#8221;,提出&#8220;宰相须用读书人&#8221;、&#8220;不得杀士大夫,及上书言事人&#8221;等遗训,但其根本目的在于崇文抑武,以防止有人像他一样&#8220;黄袍加身&#8221;,赵匡胤的制度设计目的,是通过扶持文官,来压制武将,以此来消灭自唐朝末年,就开始的军阀横行局面。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">赵匡胤在世时,曾经将亲军交给大将<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">张琼</strong>统领,后来,有人诬告张琼私下豢养部曲亲信,赵匡胤于是不问青红皂白,就下令将张琼逮捕进行杖责,并对他实行&#8220;赐死&#8221;;</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">张琼死后,<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">杨信</strong>接任北宋亲军统领,为了避祸,杨信假装得了&#8220;哑疾&#8221;,后半生都不敢再开口说话,于是赵匡胤觉得,&#8220;不会说话&#8221;的杨信很是可靠:&#8220;终直无他肠&#8221;,才让他放心带兵,对此杨信一直到临死前,才敢在交代遗嘱时开口说话。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">而身处北宋、南宋交替之际的宋高宗,对于武将更是有着强烈的怀疑心理:除了杀掉岳飞,宋高宗还前后杀死了带兵勤王、扶助宋室的宗亲赵叔向、赵叔近、赵子崧三个人,并且杀死武将范琼,对于李允文则&#8220;赐死于大理寺&#8221;。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">所以从某种程度来说,宋朝的皇帝、赵家的子孙,对于不杀大臣的理解,很大程度上是局限于&#8220;誓碑&#8221;中的誓言:即&#8220;不得杀士大夫,及上书言事人&#8221;,对可能威慑到统治的武将,则不在这种宽容和文明对待的行列。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="89189" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25.6px; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 670px;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; display: inline-block; width: 35px; height: 38px; background-image: url(&quot;http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Piaib73Xg14yCayEX24kUyApcmkN7p6381gibYYxo4oDcKscSHHc43hQXOxtTx3VN55XkRwJ3DkQIckicbJIGVIqog/0?wx_fmt=png&quot;); background-color: #000001; background-size: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 35px;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; border: 0px; color: #000001; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">0<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">4</span></p></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">但总体而言,宋朝的皇帝,整体文化素质仍然较高,对于社会的治理,也注重扶贫救困、赈济底层,因此整个宋朝三百多年历史,除了外敌入侵,内部并未发生特别严重的内乱,整个帝国仍然有条不紊运行,人民对此也非常感念(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">可参见最爱君此前文章:<a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU4NTA0NzMyOQ==&amp;mid=2247484921&amp;idx=1&amp;sn=5bccd3f37c5592a65fba470e20cb413c&amp;chksm=fd91c9b7cae640a13336d864da561eb8ef31a47264fdf24378a1bbc0582fcbcabdd1ddb5b090&amp;scene=21#wechat_redirect" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: #607fa6; text-decoration-line: none; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">《武功不行的宋朝,到底有什么好?》</a></span>)。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">在这方面,优抚(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; color: #b2b2b2;">收买</span>)知识分子、&#8220;与士大夫共治天下&#8221;,是非常重要的举措。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">唐朝时,科举制虽然兴起,但每次录取人数都很少,进士录取最多的时候,一次不过七八十人,最少的时候才录取几个人,甚至出现过,一科考试,一个都没录取的特殊情况。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">但从宋太宗时期开始,科举录取人数开始大爆发:从宋太宗即位第一年(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #bfbfbf;">976年</span>),宋真宗天禧三年(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #bfbfbf;">1019</span>)年,短短44年间,大宋帝国的科举录取人数,就达到了<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">9323</strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">人</strong>;与此相比,唐朝289年,也不过才录取了<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">6442</strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">人</strong>。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">科举录取的大扩张,也随之带来了整个社会读书风气的活跃,对此<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">宋真宗</strong>甚至亲自写了<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">《劝学诗》</strong>,劝告整个帝国的人民要读书上进,我们熟悉的那两句名言:<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&#8220;书中自有黄金屋&#183;&#183;&#183;&#183;书中自有颜如玉&#8221;</strong>,就是来自宋真宗的御笔。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">在唐朝,尽管通过科举也可以当官,但当时仍然非常讲究门阀士族,朝廷高官普遍仍是王侯将相的后代,但宋朝开始的这种不拘一格降人才的科举选拔,很快就为宋朝打开了人才的流通渠道,宋朝的知识分子们,以北宋时大臣文彦博为例,就公开提出了希望皇帝与<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&#8220;与士大夫共(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #b2b2b2;">治</span>)天下&#8221;</strong>的观点。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Piaib73Xg14yCayEX24kUyApcmkN7p6381Y64ohnxvwUgTtiaKd6Sy7PL1AVxRzHwTGibLRv1SN7pnnuTepRNEezkw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="1.427055702917772" data-w="377" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Piaib73Xg14yCayEX24kUyApcmkN7p6381Y64ohnxvwUgTtiaKd6Sy7PL1AVxRzHwTGibLRv1SN7pnnuTepRNEezkw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;tp=webp&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">&#9650;</span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">北宋宰相文彦博,曾提出&#8220;与士大夫(共)治天下&#8221;的观点。</span></strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">宋朝的皇帝,也普遍懂得自我节制与分权。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">宋朝时就规定,皇帝颁发的任命诏书,必须要有宰相署名,否则就不具有法律效力,也就是说,光你皇帝一个人说了,不算,否则这种官就叫&#8220;斜封官&#8221;,乱搞的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">宋仁宗</strong>时,皇帝想提拔他宠爱的妃子张贵妃的伯父张尧佐当宣徽使,宋仁宗到了朝堂,下了一道圣旨,没想到当时作为御史中丞的<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">包拯</strong>却跑来阻挠,说皇帝你怎么能乱封官呢?包拯越说越激动,在皇帝面前唾沫横飞,溅得宋仁宗一脸口水,宋仁宗非常不爽,可又觉得包拯说的有道理,最终没办法,只有撤销了圣旨,口水也得自己擦掉。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">对于违反法律规定的圣旨,当时,宋朝的官员也有权&#8220;封杀&#8221;。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">南宋<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">宋光宗</strong>时,<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">楼钥</strong>当中书舍人,他就曾经很直接地对宋光宗说,凡是不合乎法律规定的圣旨,<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&#8220;缴奏无所回避&#8221;</strong>。对此宋光宗也无可奈何,碰到一些大臣或嫔妃的私人请托,宋光宗也经常委屈的说:<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&#8220;楼舍人,朕也惮也!不如且已<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">(</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">罢了</span><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">)</span>!&#8221;</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">正是宋朝皇帝们这种&#8220;不(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; color: #b2b2b2;">轻</span>)杀士大夫&#8221;,和&#8220;与士大夫共治天下&#8221;的执政理念,最终极大激发了宋朝知识分子的&#8220;参政、议政&#8221;热情,因为在那个时代,笔杆子受到极大的尊重,文人士大夫(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #bfbfbf;">知识分子</span>)仕途上有上升通道、经济有保障、社会地位高,因此当有一次<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">宋神宗</strong>感慨说人才不足的时候,<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">程颢</strong>马上当场斥责说:</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&#8220;</strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">陛下奈何轻天下士?</strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&#8221;</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">宋神宗听后,马上挺直身板,神情严肃地说:</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&#8220;朕不敢!朕不敢!&#8221;</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="89189" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25.6px; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-width="100%" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 670px;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; display: inline-block; width: 35px; height: 38px; background-image: url(&quot;http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Piaib73Xg14yCayEX24kUyApcmkN7p6381gibYYxo4oDcKscSHHc43hQXOxtTx3VN55XkRwJ3DkQIckicbJIGVIqog/0?wx_fmt=png&quot;); background-color: #000001; background-size: 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 35px;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; border: 0px; color: #000001; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">0<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">5</span></p></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">而士大夫们(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; color: #b2b2b2;">知识分子</span>)对此的回报,便是对这个帝国,至死不渝的忠诚和捍卫。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">与1644年崇祯上吊前,和1912年清廷退位前,朝臣们树倒猢狲散、紫禁城里无人上朝的凄凉比起来,宋朝的灭亡,显然要悲壮得多。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">公元1279年,在崖山海战失败后,进士出身、誓死不降的宰相<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">陆秀夫</strong>,最终背着<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">宋帝昺</strong>一起投海自尽,而追随大宋灭亡的,则是崖山海战前后,有多达<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">十万军民</strong>为南宋或战死、或跳海自杀&#8212;&#8212;这也是人类文明史上,最大规模的一次集体殉国行为。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">所以后人常说:崖山之后无中国。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">因为,正是大宋皇家对于帝国子民,和知识分子的节制与尊重,最终让无数人甘心,为大宋帝国赴汤蹈火、万死不辞。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2017/Nov/1142017WTX.png" width="440" height="524" alt="" /><br /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">&#9650;</span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: 1.6;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #7f7f7f;">崖山海战后,文天祥选择了为宋朝慷慨赴死。</span></strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">崖山海战后,南宋的状元宰相文天祥也宁死不屈,最终从容就义&#8212;&#8212;临刑前,文天祥在元大都(<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; color: #b2b2b2;">北京</span>),向南朝着大宋的土地方向跪身叩拜,然后慷慨赴死。文天祥死后,他的妻子欧阳氏为他收尸,发现了他的遗书:</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><blockquote style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; max-width: 100%; border-left: 3px solid #dbdbdb; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&#8220;孔曰成仁,孟曰取义,惟其义尽,所以仁至。读圣贤书,所学何事,而今而后,庶几无愧。&#8221;</strong></span></p></blockquote><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;">这,或许就是,一个朝代遗留下的:</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">帝国风骨。</strong>&nbsp;</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-size: medium; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="3238" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 25.6px; border: 0px none; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 5px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-width: 28px; border-style: solid; -webkit-border-image: url(&quot;https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/yqVAqoZvDibFOMiauiblNRxUzYlMGDqE3COlYv0NgXxm0X9bTX6Rb3Kbyu5YOWOhicUJvlWz67ibROIeaNjSJ1bLDZw/0&quot;) 28 fill; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">参考文献:</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #bfbfbf;">游彪:《宋史十五讲》;凤凰出版社2011年版</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #bfbfbf;">吴钩:《宋:现代的拂晓时辰》;广西师范大学出版社2015年版</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #bfbfbf;">李峰:《论北宋&#8220;不杀士大夫&#8221;》;《史学月刊》2005年第12期</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #bfbfbf;">顾宏义:《岳飞之死与宋太祖&#8220;不杀大臣&#8221;誓约考》;华东师范大学学报2001年1月刊</span></p></section></section></section></section></div></div><div></div>