十月革命的真相

<p><br /></p> <p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">我们都是十月革命的后代,这场在世界六分之一土地上发生的革命已经过去九十周年了,但是至今没有令人满意的对这场二十世纪最重大的历史事件前因后果的诠释体系。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">当今俄罗斯人已不再接受苏联时期统一口径的意识形态话语。他们知道以前那套史学观是按照左右历史、驾驭历史、改造历史和按照统一的口径教诲民众原则设计的,当时的提法是,历史科学的作用是&#8220;圆满地解释党和政府的历史性决议&#8221;。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">而中国人的认知来源,基本来自于先有斯大林的结论而后填充史料的《联共(布)党史简明教程》,以及由斯大林本人主导的十月革命二十周年献礼片《列宁在十月》。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">也许有人会说,由于政治立场各异,不可能存在一种各派均能接受的观点,但是,力求史实的客观性、真实性、公正性,尽量在原始档案的基础上真实地再现这场革命,应当是严肃的史学家的追求标准。至于价值评判的结论,也应该是建立在真实历史体系之上的以史据论的分析。而貌似最&#8220;政治正确&#8221;的雄辩真理的论点,如果是以人为编造的虚假历史为依托,则既经不起历史考证的层层辨析,也无法建立起自恰的理论逻辑体系,只能是海市蜃楼般的空中楼阁。说穿了,这种历史观不过是玩弄政治投机、为政治服务的历史,是为尊者讳而随意剪裁的历史。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">&#8220;十月革命是人类历史的新纪元&#8221;这句话,最早是托洛茨基在一九一七年五月十七日回国时说的,他的原话是,我们已经&#8220;开辟了一个新纪元,一个铁与血的纪元&#8221;,这后半句话虽然道出了十月革命的实质,却因为充满杀戮气和血腥味而很少有人提及。后来毛泽东说,&#8220;十月社会主义革命不仅开辟了俄国历史的新纪元,而且开创了世界历史的新纪元&#8221;,它震撼了世界,推动了人类文明进步。所以现在我们把十月革命作为世界现代史的开篇,认为它是二十世纪最伟大最震撼人心的事件,它&#8220;开创了人类历史的一个新时代,在资本主义统治延续数百年之后人类开始向社会主义迈进,至今时代的基本矛盾没有发生变化&#8221;(陈湘泗语)。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">一九一七年的俄国革命处在这样一个高度后,以它为题材的著作自然汗牛充栋,可以数十万计。苏联仅一九五八&#8212;一九五九年就发表了七千多部著述,数字大得惊人,却罕有真正有价值的东西,绝大多数是千篇一律、内容重复的应景之作。就连搞十月革命史的原苏联科学院院士明茨也说,至今没有一部像样的总结性著作。白俄学者德&#183;阿宁说得更坦率,&#8220;每个独揽大权的领袖人物,实际上自己就是历史学家&#8221;,斯大林二十五年的统治是最没有历史成果的。托洛茨基认为&#8220;那是一个撒谎年代的撒谎产物&#8221;。克伦斯基说&#8220;苏联关于十月革命的历史著作都是赝品&#8221;。西方普遍认为苏联对俄国革命的描述缺乏逻辑、贫乏无力、残缺不全。苏汉诺夫等一些亲身经历这场变革的社会主义者则认为,苏联时期的研究除了对十九世纪二十年代初尚有一些符合真实状况的叙述外,绝大部分是&#8220;背离了马克思主义&#8221;的奉迎之作,是打上了斯大林烙印的&#8220;固定化&#8221;模式,是从党史的编年史中删除一个个参与者的&#8220;非难过去政治&#8221;、为党内斗争中胜利者贴金的著述,不仅把作为科学的秉笔直书的历史毁灭,而且导致了正直历史学家本身的肉体消灭。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">过去我们从意识形态出发,认为这些人统统是站在反动的立场上抹煞十月革命的历史地位。但令人困惑的是,现在俄罗斯本国也很少有人对苏联时期的那套说法感到满意,俄国人现在很少谈&#8220;宏大叙事&#8221;,评价体系已经多元化,更多的是从基础档案做起,先把细小环节的真正史实搞清楚,然后再作价值评价。一个是有没有的问题,另一个是对不对的问题,这是两个层面,在第一个层面是可以取得相对一致的认同的,而在第二个层面,分歧是很正常的。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">二十世纪九十年代,俄罗斯档案面向公众开放,我国也相继翻译出版了多卷本的《苏联历史档案》,中国人在阅读了大量第一手的历史档案以后,如果仍然建立不起一套自己的、客观的、合乎科学、尽可能接近于历史真相的俄国革命史,那就是中国&#8220;苏联学&#8221;研究的失职。踏踏实实地直面真实的历史,让这场已经过去近一个世纪的俄国革命恢复&#8220;信史、良史&#8221;的面貌,才是历史唯物主义所要坚持的立场。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">现在俄国的思想界承认,革命很难自行产生新的东西,革命从来不会摧毁所有的一切而形成一张好画最新最美图画的白纸,传统的惰性无处不在地在发挥着作用。只是推翻了一个阶级,原来建筑其上的整个文化心态结构并没有发生根本改变,因此毫不奇怪在社会主义的口号下&#8220;皇权主义的个人崇拜、宗教审判般的非法镇压、缺乏竞争的大锅饭&#8230;&#8230;&#8221;这些中世纪的风习会一遍遍地重演。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">更可怕的是,在革命的政治游戏中,伦理道德被彻底颠覆,&#8220;恶&#8221;成为一种制胜的法宝,心慈手软者都会成为最早的出局者,这样一种&#8220;善良淘汰机制&#8221;甚至会比它所颠覆掉的旧体制更糟糕、更可怕。在此过程中造就的&#8220;道德虚无主义&#8221;者只能把世界分为红黑两个阵营,凡自身之外的一切包括模糊的灰色地带均被视为敌对的营垒,非此即彼的斗争便成为一种常态,只能以严酷的镇压体系和恐怖手段维系凝聚力,以强化集中制、等级制、兵营制的高压职能来对待异端。在这样的社会中,真诚、相爱、善良、仁慈、温情都将被扫进&#8220;资产阶级的垃圾堆&#8221;里,在这种道德时尚的主宰下,人性恶的一面会大大释放,只会距离理想越来越远。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">俄国思想界对这场革命有着深刻的总结,他们认为,改革与革命是一对互动的矛盾体,作为执政集团没有哪一个会愿意革命,他们处理社会危机的思路也是从自上而下的改革开始。但是由于统治者主导的改革会过多地从既得利益出发而往往缺乏公正性,下层民众便会对上层充满了仇恨和鄙视,民众中&#8220;当权者有罪&#8221;的思想十分普遍,它将迅速地积累起破坏现存制度的&#8220;强大社会力量,在提出激进要求的同时,激进知识分子唤起民众付诸行动,愤怒的情绪迅速地发挥了自己的作用&#8221;,而知识分子在民众身上找到的仅仅是模糊的本能。这种喧嚣声表面上看起来是民主个性的觉醒,但当革命的破坏性发挥完以后,喧嚣声沉寂下来以后,我们却发现除了改换了统治者以外,没有留下任何有益的东西。存在的可能只有两种:暴民政治以及它复归后又一次轮回到专制制度。在民粹派&#8220;为民谋幸福&#8221;的假象背后不过是少数精英愚弄&#8220;群氓&#8221;的一种手段,人民从来都不是社会的主人。历史将反复在&#8220;不公正的改革&#8221;和反对&#8220;肮脏自由的革命&#8221;之间震荡&#8212;&#8212;我们可以不同意他们的观点,但他们的很多思考与警示值得我们借鉴。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">二OO七年俄国重印了索尔仁尼琴在上个世纪八十年代写的《关于二月革命的思考》一文,以单行本的形式在俄罗斯发行,并被列入行政官员的必读书目。普京的目的就是站在执政角度防止革命。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"><strong>并不&#8220;震撼&#8221;的冬宫之夜</strong></span><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">二月革命后直到一九一七年年底,包括所谓十月革命的前后,俄国政坛上的斗争焦点除了对外关系上的&#8220;和平&#8221;与经济上的&#8220;土地&#8221;外,就是政治体制上的尽快还是推迟召开立宪会议的问题。一九O五年革命的爆发,就是在&#8220;立宪会议和民主共和国&#8221;的口号下进行的。彼得堡工人向尼古拉二世的请愿书的第一个要求就是:让&#8220;俄国土地上一切阶级、一切等级的代表、让所有的人,不管他们是干什么的都选自己的代表吧&#8221;。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">虽然苏联时期的官方史学声称那时出现了</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">无产阶级的苏维埃&#8221;和&#8220;资产阶级的临时政府&#8221;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">两个政权并存&#8221;的状态,然而实际上,二月革命以后相当长的时期内,布尔什维克不仅并未在苏维埃中占优势,也没有主张&#8220;一切权力归苏维埃&#8221;,而只是强烈指责临时政府拖延召开立宪会议。甚至在他们控制了彼得格勒苏维埃并据以发动推翻临时政府的十月革命时,虽然提出了&#8220;一切权力归苏维埃&#8221;的口号,也只不过是把它作为革命措施,而并未宣布苏维埃是永久性政府。相反,当时苏维埃代表大会通过的决议明确宣布:&#8220;工人和农民的临时政府在立宪会议召开之前掌握国家政权&#8221;。他们继续指责临时政府终于宣布的立宪会议选举日期是靠不住的,宣称只有苏维埃才能保证立宪会议选举如期举行。在十月革命前两周,列宁指示布尔什维克控制的军队要给士兵放假,以便组织他们回乡进行&#8220;关于立宪会议的鼓动工作&#8221;,争取农民选票以便&#8220;在立宪会议中获得多数&#8221;。在十月革命前夜,布尔什维克的机关报《工人之路》以通栏标题向人民发出号召:&#8220;把惟一彻底的和坚忍不拔的革命党&#8212;&#8212;布尔什维克选进立宪会议!&#8221;</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">就在俄历一九一七年十月二十六日,即打下冬宫、夺取政权后的次日召开的第二次全俄工兵代表苏维埃大会上,列宁不仅重申临时政府不愿召开立宪会议是它被推翻的理由之一,而且强调即将召开的立宪会议才是惟一有权决定国家问题的机关。他还明确表示,即使布尔什维克在选举中失败,他们也将服从&#8220;人民群众&#8221;的选择。可见正如&#8220;土地&#8221;(废除斯托雷平改革恢复农村公社)与&#8220;和平&#8221;(退出世界大战)一样,&#8220;立宪会议&#8221;在当时的俄国实际上是众望所归。各方争论的似乎只是&#8220;快慢&#8221;问题。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">而且更重要的是,苏联时期被描绘为连续体的&#8220;资产阶级临时政府&#8221;其实并不存在。从二月到十月,动荡中的俄国实际共经历了五届党派构成不同的短暂政府,其主导力量从右翼自由派、左翼自由派到&#8220;社会主义者&#8221;,总的趋势是一个比一个更&#8220;快&#8221;的主张者轮番得势。十月之变产生的苏维埃政府似乎只是第六个更&#8220;快&#8221;的&#8220;立宪会议&#8221;主张者上台。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">实际上,这个变化在十月革命的前一天已经开始:俄历十月二十四日,在各党派召开的共和国预备议会上,社会主义者已占多数但尚容纳了几个立宪民主党人的克伦斯基联合政府受到抨击。两大社会主义政党提出议案,要求&#8220;通过一项法令把土地移交给土地委员会&#8221;、&#8220;坚决支持建议与盟国宣布和谈条件并开始和平谈判的对外政策&#8221;,这两项要求与苏维埃政府次日提出的</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">土地法令&#8221;与</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">和平法令&#8221;几乎如出一辙。该议案以一百二十三票对一百O二票被预备议会通过。此举相当于对联合临时政府的不信任案,如果没有当夜的冬宫事件,它也将导致出现一个排除自由派的&#8220;清一色社会主义者政府&#8221;,而这正是布尔什维克在两周前提出的主张。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">由于列宁的坚持,尽管中央委员会中季诺维也夫、加米涅夫、卢那察尔斯基、李可夫等不少人反对,布尔什维克党还是退出了预备议会,并赶在&#8220;清一色社会主义者政府&#8221;出现前抢先夺取了政权。虽然布尔什维克采取的是类似军事政变的手段,可是当时俄国处在非常时期,前五届政府也并非经过全民选举,而且期间还有&#8220;四月危机&#8221;、&#8220;七月事件&#8221;、科尔尼洛夫兵变等非常事件,与之相比,十月冬宫之夜&#8220;水兵与士官生的冲突&#8221;也不算多么激烈。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">其实,在农民出身的俄军普通官兵往往具有皇权主义和保守倾向的时代,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">士官生&#8221;&#8212;&#8212;既有文化而又并无军官特权的</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">军人知识分子&#8221;曾是俄军中最富进步精神的力量。自十二月党人事件以来他们一直是倾向民主的,二月革命后他们中多数还倾向社会主义&#8212;&#8212;自然是民主社会主义。在反沙皇、甚至反对右翼自由派方面他们与布尔什维克并无矛盾。而且,在二月革命后初期自由派主导临时政府时,他们与布尔什维克关系良好,当时彼得格勒军事学校社会主义者士官生联合会经常请布尔什维克人士在他们举办的</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">社会主义理论讲座&#8221;上作演讲。只是在社会主义党派主导联合临时政府后,由于不满布尔什维克的&#8220;暴力倾向&#8221;,他们才成为</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">冬宫之夜&#8221;的 </span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">&#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">反革命&#8221;力量。实际上,这天晚上夺权与被夺权的双方多是社会主义阵营中的</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">党内同志&#8221;&#8212;&#8212;社会民主党与社会革命党人,只是被夺权的最后一届临时政府成员多为社会民主党孟什维克派和主流派社会革命党,而夺权的是社会民主党布尔什维克派和左派社会革命党。在一般人看来,双方的差别还不如前几次政府更替的双方明显。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">所以,尽管当时在彼得格勒的美国记者约翰&#183;里德对十月革命的报道以 《震撼世界的十天》为题而闻名于世,但在当时,这场变革不要说对世界,即使对彼得格勒人而言也并不是多么</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">震撼&#8221;的。起义当晚,彼得格勒军事革命委员会发布 《关于临时政府被推翻的通告》称,起义</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">未流一滴血就取得了胜利&#8221;。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">阿芙乐尔&#8221;号巡洋舰当时正在彼得堡造船厂大修,处在不下水状态,没有舰长、武器、装备、弹药。一个叫别雷舍夫的机械师在布尔什维克的行列中表现得最为积极,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1917</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">年</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">10</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">24</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">日即预定</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">武装起义&#8221;的前一夜,负责在水兵中做宣传工作的卢舍维奇任命别雷舍夫为</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">阿芙乐尔&#8221;号政委。而军事革命委员会任命的</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">阿芙乐尔&#8221;号巡洋舰政委别雷舍夫事后报告说:军舰&#8220;在彼得保罗要塞打出信号弹之后发射了几发空弹,准备视情况决定是否需要打实弹。结果无需如此,因为冬宫很快就投降了&#8221;。在赤卫队涌向冬宫大门时,由冬宫的防卫长官帕里琴斯基亲自打开宫门,并把他们带到了临时部长正在开会的地方。一直反对暴动的温和派布尔什维克党人卢那察尔斯基在当时的家信中也不无宽慰地记道:&#8220;事变竟轻易实现&#8221;,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">暂时牺牲极少。暂时。&#8221;显然,这场</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">暴力革命&#8221;几乎是波澜不惊地就成功了。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">而成功者当时也相当低调。苏维埃政府当晚成立时自称是</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">工人和农民的临时政府&#8221;,人们也将其作为</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">第六届临时政府&#8221;来接受。应当说,支持布尔什维克当晚行动的人并不多,而反感者不少。如前所述,就连布尔什维克党内都有相当一批人反对以这种方式夺权。他们当然支持以一个对苏维埃负责的政府取代临时政府,但既然以苏维埃的名义做这件事,总应该由苏维埃授权,不能先造成既成事实,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">在召开 (苏维埃)代表大会前夕就夺取政权,这一点我想谁也不知道。&#8221;于是正如卢那察尔斯基所言:</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">社会革命党人和孟什维克,甚至连国际主义者,都断然抵制我们。市杜马对我们十分恼火。市民、知识分子,乃至所有人,所有人都是这样&#8230;&#8230;&#8221;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">目前是可怕的令人胆寒的孤立&#8221;。但尽管如此,并没有什么人想采取实际行动与布尔什维克对抗。当时俄国人普遍相信,二月以来的革命形势在动荡中持续发展,而其目标就是立宪会议。立宪会议代表的选举和会议的召开,将意味着&#8220;革命宪政&#8221;大功告成,俄国将出现一个全民选举产生的、因而是有权威的而非</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">临时&#8221;的民主共和宪政政府,到时俄国的政局就会走上正常轨道。可以设想,如果布尔什维克当时不是以召开立宪会议为号召,而是公然提出取消立宪会议,那它的夺权必然会&#8220;震撼&#8221;得多,而能否成功也就未可逆料了。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"><strong>&#8220;震撼&#8221;世界的一月五日</strong></span><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">真正令人&#8220;震撼&#8221;的剧变来自两个月以后。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">原来列宁一直认为,选举时谁执政、谁来召开立宪会议是至关重要的。显然,他相信在自己大权在握的情况下,加上卓有成效的宣传鼓动工作,&#8220;革命宪政&#8221;会批准他所做的一切。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">纵观列宁从</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1905</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">年到</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1917</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">年使用</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">君主立宪制&#8221;(монархическаяконституция)、&#8220;立宪君主制</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8221;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">(конституционная</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> монархия</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">)、&#8220;民主立宪制</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8221;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">(демократическаяконституция)、革命立宪等概念的排序上就可以看出他的思想变化。把立宪制放在词尾是为了强调</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">立宪&#8221;,用立宪作形容词是为了强调</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">君主制&#8221;。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">君主立宪&#8221;与</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">立宪君主&#8221;是同一制度的两种叫法,意思相同但侧重点不同:立宪君主制,是把它看作君主制的一种,与其他的君主制并列在一起;君主立宪是把它看作立宪制的一种,是同民主立宪制并列在一起。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1905</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">年革命时他对</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">君主立宪&#8221;还是比较称赞的,认为这是资产阶级民主革命的重要内容,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">俄国掀起的立宪运动,当代人还没有看到过类似的当前这样的政治活跃局面&#8221;,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">专制制度不可能和这个阶级保持和平,以立法形式直接反映统治阶级的利益是必要的&#8221;,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">无产阶级应当支持资产阶级的立宪运动&#8221;,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">无产阶级的地位使它成为彻底的民主主义者&#8221;,&#8220;资产阶级革命对无产阶级是极其有利的&#8221;。在这个过程中列宁还专门把&#8220;自由派&#8221;与</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">反动派&#8221;区分出来。孟什维克认为</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">召集立宪会议是革命的彻底胜利&#8221;,十月革命当中,列宁多次说:</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">自由派资产阶级及其政党力图使革命半途而废,把君主制保留下来,由君主即旧政府来召集立宪会议,实现君主立宪制。无产阶级及其政党则力求把革命进行到底,彻底废除君主制,由临时革命政府来召集立宪会议,实现民主立宪制,即民主共和国。&#8221;</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">然而事态发展出乎他的意料。就在布尔什维克掌权的条件下,选举按期于</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">11</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">12</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">日至</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">15</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">日进行,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">25</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">日大致的得票结果,布尔什维克获得</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">23.9%</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">的选票,在</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">703</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">个席位中,只获得</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">163</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">席,远远低于社会革命党所获得的</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">40%</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">选票。到了</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1918</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">年年初立宪会议召开前,最终结果揭晓:在总共</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">707</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">个席位中,布尔什维克得到</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">175</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">席,占</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">24.7%</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">,仅仅略高于最初结果。而社会革命党得到</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">410</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">席 (其中左派社会革命党占</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">40</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">席),孟什维克</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">16</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">席,立宪民主党</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">17</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">席,各民族政党</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">86</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">席,其余几个席位属于几个小组织。这就是说,布尔什维克在他们主持的这次选举中只得到四分之一的议席,即使加上与布尔什维克结盟的左派社会革命党,列宁方面也只占有</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">30</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">%的议席,而主要的民粹派政党&#8212;&#8212;社会革命党,即使不算它的左派,仅其主流派就占有</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">370</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">席,已经明显过半。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">显然,布尔什维克输掉了这次选举,而且输得很惨。其惨还不在于得票少,而在于这是在它当权条件下、由它组织的选举。它没有理由、而且的确也并未指责这次大选有舞弊、贿选一类的污点。后来布尔什维克反对的理由只是说立宪会议的选举是根据临时政府的法律进行的,而这个法律现在已经过时。反对者指出,这个理由显然太过牵强:既然这次选举本来就没有合法性,为什么又要组织这次选举呢?考茨基也认为:</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">在立宪会议居于少数之后,才得出这样的结论,这不能不说是个遗憾&#8221;。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">其实布尔什维克在选举过程中已经感到不妙,并通过苏维埃全俄中央执行委员会颁布法令,授权那些选出的代表不符合其意愿的地方苏维埃可以暂停选举、召回已选出的代表并组织改选。然而,受到</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">革命宪政&#8221;思维影响的各地苏维埃并没有行使这一权力。于是列宁的人民委员会政府又在立宪会议预定开会日 (</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">11</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">28</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">日)前,以到达的代表太少为由宣布推迟会期。当天一些立宪民主党人示威抗议这个决定,要求</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">一切权力归立宪会议&#8221;,结果遭到严厉镇压。立宪民主党事实上被取缔,其当选代表或被捕被杀,或逃亡。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">直到一个多月后,立宪会议才在排除了立宪民主党人的情况下于</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1918</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">年</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">5</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">日召开。会前列宁已经打算</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">用武力更正票箱&#8221;,苏维埃政府便宣布在彼得格勒戒严,并调集忠于布尔什维克的军队进入首都。开会当天,布尔什维克代表建议立宪会议按人民委员会要求把权力交给苏维埃并自行宣布解散,多数立宪会议代表拒绝了这个要求。布尔什维克与左派社会革命党代表遂先后退出会议。其余多数代表在暴力的威胁下一直坚持到次日凌晨</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">4</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">时,终被布尔什维克调来的军队驱散。当天全俄中央执行委员会即宣布解散立宪会议。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">这一天,主要由孟什维克组成的(联合)俄国社会民主工党中央委员会发表 《致全俄公民书》,这个以&#8220;全世界无产者联合起来&#8221;开头、以&#8220;社会主义万岁&#8221;结尾的声明指出:&#8220;立宪会议被以武力驱散了&#8230;&#8230;甚至早在中央执行委员会打算做出解散立宪会议的决定之前,立宪会议就已经被解散了。布尔什维克一如既往,首先用武力解散了立宪会议,随后便关闭了塔夫利达宫不让任何一位立宪会议成员进入。只是在这以后,才要求中央执行委员会公布关于解散的命令。因为自布尔什维克党夺取政权以来,苏维埃的全部作用归结为在</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8216;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">人民委员会&#8217;的决定上盖上一个印章。没有任何</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8216;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">苏维埃政权&#8217;,有的只是布尔什维克党 (中央)委员会的政权,以及追随他们的那些武装队伍的政权。&#8221;</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">这一天,除布尔什维克以外的各社会主义党派,即孟什维克、社会革命党和人民社会党还联合发表传单,指出:</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;1905</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">年</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">9</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">日,尼古拉&#183;罗曼诺夫和特列波夫枪杀过要求召开立宪会议的工人。今天,当劳动人民经过</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">12</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">年斗争之后,立宪会议已由人民选举产生,而彼得格勒的工人又一次为立宪会议而遭到自称是工人阶级代表的那些人的枪杀!&#8221;从此,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">公民表达自己意见的权利被剥夺了。&#8221;&#8220;工人的旗帜被撕毁、被烧掉了。&#8221;</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">与这份传单类似,沙皇时代素来同情布尔什维克的左派作家高尔基,也在这一天激愤地写下了 《</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">9</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">日与</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">5</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">日》一文,严厉谴责布尔什维克。他把当天发生的惨案比之为点燃</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1905</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">年革命烈火的沙皇屠杀和平请愿工人的</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">流血星期日&#8221;:布尔什维克的</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">来复枪驱散了近百年来俄国最优秀分子为之奋斗的梦想&#8221;。罗莎&#183;卢森堡说,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">列宁和托洛茨基曾经强烈地要求召开立宪会议&#8221;,而十月革命后的立宪会议选举又</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">是根据世界上最民主的选举&#8221;,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">在完全自由的条件下进行的第一次人民投票&#8221;,布尔什维克却</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">毫无敬畏之念,干脆宣布投票结果毫无价值</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">&#8221;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">,是</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">逆历史潮流而动&#8221;的行为。考茨基说:</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">苏维埃组织优于普选,在于它更加专断,它可以把一切它看着不顺眼的组织排除在外&#8221;。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">我们的布尔什维克同志把一切都押在欧洲普遍发生革命这张牌上,因为这张牌没有拿到手,他们就感到不得不依靠行使赤裸裸的权力,即实行专政来代替他们所缺乏的条件。&#8221;</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">显然,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">5</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">日事件给俄国社会造成的</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">震撼&#8221;,远远超过上年</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">10</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">25</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">日黎明前的</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">冬宫事件&#8221;。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">10</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月事件基本上是</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">2</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月革命以来</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">革命宪政&#8221;进程的延续,斯托雷平改革的失败就注定了自由派的失势和社会主义者的上台,事实上这个变化也是在</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">7</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月和</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">9</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月两次临时政府更迭时就基本完成,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">10</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月末如果没有冬宫事件,自由派彻底下野和</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">清一色社会主义者政府&#8221;的出现也是势在必然。尽管布尔什维克的夺权手段招人非议,但既没有马上激化社会矛盾也没有导致什么反抗。克伦斯基政府已在冬宫事件前一天的预备议会上遭到实际上的不信任投票,产生</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">第六届临时政府&#8221;并不出人意料。十月之夜逃出冬宫的克伦斯基等一些临时政府领导人曾试图组织反夺权,但因没什么响应者而不了了之。社会革命党与孟什维克控制的全俄铁总等工会组织曾对布尔什维克的</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">政变&#8221;持异议,并威胁要罢工,但在立宪会议选举如期进行后即宣布与苏维埃政权和解。由于包括布尔什维克在内的主要政治力量都宣称俄国前途最终取决于立宪会议,人们也就在等待立宪会议结果的心态下大体平静地接受了既成事实,这两个月因而在传统上被称为苏维埃政权</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">凯歌行进&#8221;的时期。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">但驱散立宪会议就不同了。它把&#8220;革命宪政&#8221;进程完全倒转过来,成了</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">革宪政的命&#8221;,堪称是二月革命后俄国历史进程的又一次剧变。按后来</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">列宁主义&#8221;的说法,这是</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">无产阶级专政&#8221;粉碎了</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">资产阶级民主&#8221;。而按布尔什维克以外的其他社会主义党派的说法,则是</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">民主革命&#8221;的毁灭和</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">专制黑暗&#8221;的重返。不管哪一种说法,这一变化作为</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">民主&#8221;与&#8220;专政(专制)&#8221;的对决都可谓超级</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">震撼&#8221;。你可以说它是革命,也可以 (按反对派的立场)说是反革命,但唯独不能说这变化的意义比十月事件小。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">事实上,所谓十月革命后相对平静的政局,即苏维埃政权</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">凯歌行进&#8221;的局面,正是在这场</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">一月剧变&#8221;后被打破的。俄国的国内矛盾自此迅速尖锐化,不久就爆发了大规模的残酷内战。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">关于这场内战,各种</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">官书&#8221;上有着许多定义,但是列宁</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1919</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">年致罗日科夫的一封私人信件有个坦率的说法值得一提:列宁认为当时的内战是</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">苏维埃政权反对</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8216;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">普遍、直接、平等、秘密的&#8217;选举的斗争,即反对反革命立宪会议的斗争&#8221;,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">这是资产阶级民主和资产阶级议会制的世界性大崩溃,无论在哪个国家,没有国内战争就不会有进步。情愿者命运引着走,不情愿者命运拖着走。&#8221;</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">从某种意义上讲,内战是一场围绕&#8220;立宪&#8221;的战争,列宁政府的反对派最著名的口号就是</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">一切权力归立宪会议&#8221;。而内战中出现的许多反苏维埃势力也都以民主立宪为旗帜。包括大量的左派势力,也在</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">既不要列宁也不要高尔察克&#8221;的口号下成了反对派,他们要求在</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">左派&#8221;专政与右派专政之外选择道路,回到</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1917</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">年</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">9</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月前的民主政府甚至</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">一月剧变&#8221;前的苏维埃。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">专政&#8221;与</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">民主&#8221;的冲突如此尖锐,以至于布尔什维克方面当时抨击</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">民主&#8221;常常连</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">虚伪的&#8221;、&#8220;资产阶级的&#8221;等限制词都不用,干脆流行起</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">民主反革命(демократиче</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">саяконтрреволюция</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">)&#8221;、</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">立宪反革命(Кадетскаяконтрреволяция)&#8221;的说法,并由此衍生出</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">民主反革命时期&#8221;、&#8220;民主反革命缓冲地带&#8221;、</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">民主反革命政治派别&#8221;等一系列术语。</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">专政&#8221;是&#8220;革命&#8221;,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">民主&#8221;就是</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">反革命&#8221;,一月前后的剧变乃至于斯。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">这当然不是说后来反对布尔什维克的力量都是立宪会议的支持者或所谓民主派,而是说,二月革命以来人们期待的宪政民主前景在</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1918</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">年</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">1</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月的消失引起了空前的震动,打破了俄国社会当时已十分脆弱的平衡,使各种矛盾都集中爆发出来。各支民主派 (后来被称为</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">资产阶级民主派&#8221;,但当时布尔什维克更常称之为&#8220;民主反革命&#8221;)都打出立宪会议的旗号反对布尔什维克,先后在伏尔加河流域的萨马拉、乌法等地形成很大势力,在格鲁吉亚等地还建立了孟什维克领导的民主共和国。更严重的是,在二月革命后慑于当时人们对民主的认同而一时蛰伏的各种旧俄势力,也堂而皇之地出来抢夺江山,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">有枪便是草头王&#8221;的局面于焉形成。继</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">一月剧变&#8221;布尔什维克驱散立宪会议后,</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">4</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月乌克兰哥萨克首领斯科罗帕茨基驱散了二月革命后出现的乌克兰议会 (中央拉达),</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">12</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">月初军阀高尔察克驱散了从伏尔加河迁移到鄂木斯克的立宪议会委员代表大会,二月革命后昙花一现的民主权威至此荡然无存。而二月革命以来对</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">混乱的民主&#8221;不耐烦的人们,在混乱变成内战后也就各立山头</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family: &quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;"> &#8220;</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">收拾残局&#8221;。加上乘乱而起的民族分离运动、外国支持的势力,俄国一时陷入了空前残酷的兵燹战祸中,数百万人死于非命&#8230;&#8230;</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:&quot;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;;Arial Unicode MS&quot;">继一九O五年后俄国历史上又一次民主大实验,就这样以惨痛的内战以及内战后的&#8220;专政&#8221;告终。</span></strong><strong></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p>