<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">胡适与夏道平是不同的两代人，胡适是上世纪的九零后，而夏道平则是新世纪的00后，如果说胡适是五四新文化运动之父，夏道平就是新文化运动之子。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">胡夏两人，因属于不同时代，人生际遇不同，在思想方面当然也就有所不同当然。即便如此，两人毕竟还都是《自由中国》知识分子群中比较著名的两位，在思想观念层面亦有不少相似处。本文以胡适与夏道平为例，通过比较两位知识分子的异同，来展示20世纪中国自由主义思潮的变迁。</p><div></div><div><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">胡夏两人的相同点</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">胡适与夏道平在1949前后朝代鼎革之际的选择是相同的。胡适坚决站在国民政府一边，从道义上支持蒋介石先生的政权。夏道平作为“国民参政会”的研究室主任，也站在国民政府一边。当时，夏道平的顶头上司是雷震，而胡适在1949年也筹划与雷震一起主办《自由中国》杂志，胡夏两人结识，源于雷震的介绍。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在《自由中国》时期，可以说，胡适与夏道平是非常投契的。《自由中国》中刊登了不少胡适的海外演讲，胡适的这些英文演讲，很多都是夏道平翻译的，不仅如此，两人在“抗议政府对经济的管制”、“副总统的人选问题”、“言论自由的争取与保护宪法”三个方面，都有交集。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（1）“政府不可诱民入罪”事件</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">胡适对夏道平的支持，最有名的例证就是与夏道平一起抗议政府的金融管制。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1951年，夏道平发现台湾的公职人员竟然冒充普通民众向社会公众兜售金银外汇，如果有群众上当受骗，这些公职人员就公开自己的身份，然后按照当时的法律法规，将这些群众押进监狱，而这些公职人员，也因为办案有功，得到巨额的现金奖励，说白了，这是典型的“钓鱼式执法”。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">发现这种情况后，夏道平写社论《政府不可诱民入罪》，发表在《自由中国》4卷11期。此文将批判的锋芒指向了两个层面：一是政府的金融管制措施；二是政府有预谋的诱民入罪的罪行。对夏道平此文，胡适非常欣赏。他在给雷震的信中说：<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">《自由中国》第四卷十一期有社论一篇，论《政府不可诱民入罪》。我看了此文，十分佩服，十分高兴。这篇文字有事实，有胆气，态度很严肃负责，用证据的方法也很细密，可以说是《自由中国》出版以后数一数二的好文字，够得上《自由中国》的招牌。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">然而，这篇评论触到了政府中既得利益者的痛处，“曾引起有关机关（军事的）的不满，因而使到言论自由也受到一次无形的伤害”，“为了批评时政得失而引起了意外的麻烦”。其中，台湾保安司令部部长彭孟缉，为此大发雷霆，还扬言要“与雷震算账，决不放松，法律解决也可以。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">为息事宁人，《自由中国》在接下一来的一期中刊登了陶希圣的赔罪文章《再论经济管制的措施》。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">远在美国的胡适看到《自由中国》的赔罪文章之后，非常生气，认为是极大的耻辱，为此向雷震请辞《自由中国》的“发行人”。在给雷震的信中，胡适写道：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">我因此细想，《自由中国》不能有言论自由，不能用负责态度批评实际政治，这是台湾政治的最大耻辱。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">我正式辞去"发行人"的名义，一来是表示我一百分赞成《不可诱民入罪》的社评，二来是表示我对于这种"军事机关"干涉言论自由的抗议。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">由此可见，在这个问题上，胡适坚决站在夏道平一边，站在言论自由一方面，站在反对政府管控经济的一边。可以说，在这一事件中，胡夏两人，相互配合，相得益彰，捍卫了知识分子的人格尊严。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（2）胡适做不做“副总统”的问题</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1954年，台湾国民政府有意让胡适回台担任副总统，一时之间，让胡适担任副总统的言论喧嚣起来。听闻这个消息之后，远在美国的农民党党魁董时进非常兴奋，他当即写信给《自由中国》的主编雷震，希望胡适出来竞选“副总统”。信中写道：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">这样一个响亮的招牌，为什么不扛出来？在平时我也不爱管这些闲事，这是什么时候！所以我们顾不得别人的误会，我也明知道这对胡适本人并不一定是福，也许是牺牲了他，但是现在也顾不得了，为几万万人而牺牲一个人也应该。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在这里，董时进体现出的“舍己为群”的价值理念，恰恰是违背尊重个人选择的自由主义理念的。当时，董时进还在《自由中国》10卷3期发表《我对副总统选举的意见》一文，文中主张：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">在中国目前办选举，我以为还是只好用推选的方式，大家认定某人最适当，推荐他出来，然后再由国民大会选举之。使他不就也得就，如果大家诚恳地敦促，料想也没有不就之理。子牙诸葛那种隐士，也还离海出山，何况在目前这样危难时期，大家要一个人出来负责领导，解救几万万人民，而竟死也不肯出来，除非是凉血动物了。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">由此可见，为了让胡适出来，董时进还采用了激将法。从董时进的这些言论，可以看出他绝非懂胡适之人。当时，真懂胡适的人，恰恰就是夏道平。针对董时进等人的言论，夏道平在《自由中国》10卷4期以朱启葆的笔名发表了《我不赞成选胡适先生做副总统》一文，不赞成的理由，夏道平给出了三条：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">第一个理由，也是最重要的一个理由：我们确信，真实的民主社会，要保有多方面的相对性的权威，不容许政治的权威成为绝对的。胡适先生在我国学术教育界是有其权威的。他的民主思想，自由主义，是所有意志向上的国人一致皈依的。如果让他继续保持这个权威而不加以损害，对于我们国家走上民主，总是有益的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">第二，副总统在我国宪法上是毫无权责的。胡适先生当选了副总统，情势上不能有所作为，法律上也不许有所作为。尸位素餐的事体，又何贵乎要找胡适先生呢？……</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">第三，为蒋总统保留一个铮友，对蒋总统有益，对国家也有益。一个握有政治大权的国家元首，除掉政治制度该给他的权力以制衡作用以外，最重要的，他自己还要或多或少保有几个朋友——铮友。……</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">应该说，夏道平的这三条理由，句句击中胡适的心坎。他不愧是胡适的知音。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">夏道平说的第一条理由，与当年蒋介石让胡适担任国府委员被胡适拒绝的理由不谋而合。1947年，蒋介石有意让胡适担任国府委员，结果为胡适拒绝。在陈述拒绝之理由时，胡适写道：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">“我因为愿意帮国家政府的忙，所以不愿意加入政府。……“我在野，——我们在野，——是国家的、政府的一种力量，对外国，对国内，都可以帮政府的忙，支持他，替他说公平话，给他做面子。若做了国府委员，或做了一院院长，或做了一部部长，……结果是毁了我三十年养成的独立地位，而完全不能有所作为。结果是连我们说公平话的地位也取消了。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">夏道平所说的第二天理由，也是胡适所顾虑的，让胡适做副总统，也就是给外界尤其是美国做做样子罢了。利用胡适的形象来遮掩当时国民政府专制独裁的本质。这样的副总统，完全是无职无权的摆设。对此，胡适不仅不把副总统放在心上，而且即便总统一职，他都婉言谢绝了呢。1952年，胡适自美访台，为方便胡适日常生活，陈雪屏安排杨日旭作为胡适的秘书。1952年12月，胡适与蒋介石曾有一番密谈。密谈的内容，在当时很少为人所知。不过，胡适特地告诉了杨日旭。据他后来的补记：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">民国四十一年十二月十二日，阴。胡先生、陈雪屏、董作宾赴日月潭。晚间总统派总统府秘书沈奇来邀胡先生过总统行馆一谈，当日晚十一时胡先生当步归。雪屏先生嘱先睡。次日返台北，旭曾面询胡先生昨晚与总统谈话情形，胡先生面告：“总统希望我以无党籍人士出面竞选总统。”旭问：“先生如何回答？”胡先生说：“我婉谢了。”旭问：“何故？”胡先生说：“我没有军队。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">日旭补志 八五、六、十二</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">也就是说，1952年，蒋介石就有意让胡适做总统，胡适觉得自己没有军队，无权无势，婉谢推辞了。胡适连总统都拒绝，怎么可能会出来做副总统呢？夏道平论胡适因为无职无权，绝不应该出来做副总统的言论，正是胡适内心的真实想法。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">夏道平指出的第三个理由，也是胡适的真实想法。其实，早在1933年，当汪精卫邀请胡适做教育部部长的时候，胡适就推辞了，推辞的理由就是胡适想为政府做诤友。这一点，从1933年他写给汪精卫的信中看得最清楚。信中，胡适写道：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">“我所以想保存这一点独立的地位，决不是图一点虚名，也决不是爱惜羽毛，实在是想要养成一个无偏无党之身，有时当紧要的关头上，或可为国家说几句有力的公道话。一个国家不应该没有这种人；这种人越多，社会的基础越健全，政府也直接间接蒙其利益。我深信此理，故虽不能至，心实向往之。以此之故，我很盼望先生容许我留在政府之外，为国家做一个诤臣，为政府做一个诤友。” </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（3）一起为言论自由而奋斗</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1950年代，胡夏两人还有一个共同点，就是对思想言论自由的重视。胡适对言论自由的重视早已是众所周知，晚年为了寻找帕特里克·亨利“不自由，毋宁死”的中国版，上穷碧落下黄泉，找到了范仲淹的那句“宁鸣而死，不默而生”，以此来呼吁人们为言论自由而奋斗。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">与胡适比起来，夏道平也不遑多让。1955年12月，针对台湾当局管控言论的做法，夏道平在《自由中国》发表《论言论与新闻的管制》一文，文中写道：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">政府的决策人， 对于言论自由和新闻自由之应否尊重，应该好好的重新考虑。……言论自由、新闻自由是政治的防腐剂，真心谋国的政治家应该运用它、珍重它，不应该怀疑它、畏惧它、乃至糟蹋它。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">由此可见，夏道平对言论自由的追求。除此之外，夏道平呼吁言论自由最有名的一次，乃是趁着蒋介石过寿时写的一篇文章。1956年，恰逢蒋介石七十大寿，为过寿，蒋介石希望下面的人员切实发表国事，反省以前的过失。为此，《自由中国》杂志社同仁乘机做了祝寿专号，胡适写了《述艾森豪总统的两个故事给蒋总统祝寿》的文字。与胡适这篇文章相呼应，夏道平也在《自由中国》发表《请从今天起有效的保障言论自由》一文，公开要求蒋介石切实保证言论自由。文章最后，夏道平写道：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">今天，各报刊讨论国事批评时政的文章，足够琳琅满目了，以之寿蒋总统，照我个人看，有点像击鼓传花，以求热闹于一时。热闹一时也未尝不可，但最好的办法，应该是植树造林，以留纪念于永久。从今日起给言论自由以有效的保障，才是类似植树造林的办法，以此寿人，不朽；以此寿国，万万岁。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">由此可见，胡夏两人，在言论自由的追求上，都是奋斗不懈的。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">关于胡适追求言论自由的风格，夏道平也有过论述，他称之为“争而不斗”的言论风格。对此，夏道平写道：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">“胡适终生致力于言论自由之争取的‘争’，究不同于许多人高声喝彩的‘自由斗士’的‘斗’。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">其实，夏道平又何尝不是如此。可以说，在追求言论自由的风格上，胡夏两人也是非常类似的，他们都是温文尔雅温润如玉的谦谦君子，在争取自由时更侧重于争，与他们两人不同，殷海光也好，李敖也罢，则侧重于斗。殷海光、李敖可谓斗士，胡夏两人可谓君子。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">除此之外，在阻止蒋介石总统非法三连任这一问题上，胡适与夏道平也是一致的，不过他们采用的方式方法不太一样。胡适侧重于做蒋介石的诤友，通过张群、陈诚等人劝说蒋介石不要再寻求连任。与胡适相比，夏道平没有如此深厚的人脉，他更侧重于通过公共舆论的方式来劝谏蒋介石。在这一问题上，夏道平相继写下了《蒋总统不会做错了决定吧？》、《敬向蒋总统做一最后的忠告》、《蒋总统如何向历史交代？》等文章，公开反对蒋介石非法三连任。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">此外，晚年胡适主张“容忍与自由”，他的这一主张，建立在“善未易明 理未易察”的基础之上，也就是说，从认识论的角度来讲，真理不是那么容易发现的。这与哈耶克主张的“无知论”有相似之处，而夏道平是哈耶克的忠实信徒，在这一点上，胡夏两人，也是有共同语言的。</p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow: hidden;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 20%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 2em; height: 2em; border-top-left-radius: 100%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-left-radius: 100%; background-color: #5f9cef; line-height: 2em; color: #ffffff;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></section></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">胡夏两人的不同处</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">共同点之外，胡夏两人，还有许多不同之处。这些不同之处，体现了20世纪中国自由主义知识分子的思想变迁。从年龄上来讲，胡适算是夏道平的老师一辈，从求学背景来讲，胡适留美，夏道平未曾出国留学；从专业领域来讲，胡适侧重文史哲，夏道平在自由经济领域用力甚勤，可以说，夏道平之所长，正是胡适之所短。因为晚出，从后见之明的角度而言，夏道平在自由主义的认知方面，似乎也比胡适更胜一筹。下面，笔者拟从留学背景与师承、专业领域、对工程师的不同态度三个方面来考察胡夏两人的不同点。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（1）留学背景与师承</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">关于胡适的留学背景与师承，早已是众所周知的故事了。他从康奈尔大学农学系转到哥伦比亚大学哲学系，最服膺的是美国哲学家杜威。与胡适比起来，学者对夏道平的求学背景与师承明显关注不够。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">夏道平在大学时期就读于武汉大学。当时，武汉大学的创建，与当时的留英学生（尤其是伦敦政治经济学院的学生）有关。武汉大学的创办人王世杰、周鲠生、李四光等人都有留英的背景，王周两人都是伦敦政治经济学院的高材生。可能正是由于这一因素，民国时期武汉大学的各个院系多数都是英国留学生任教，而夏道平所就读的经济系就有两位伦敦政治经济学院的留学生任凯南、杨端六任教。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在夏道平读书的1930年代，计划经济的思潮因为苏俄五年计划的成功而弥漫于世界，与此同时，经济干预的理念随着凯恩斯主义的盛行风靡一时，但夏道平所接收的经济学理念，却因为任凯南的存在走向了纯粹的古典自由主义思想之路。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这里，很有必要梳理一下伦敦政治经济学院与民国知识分子的关系。民国知识分子中，那些最有名的公共知识分子，像罗隆基、储安平、费孝通等人都受到伦敦政治经济学院政治学教授拉斯基的影响，成为介于自由主义与社会主义之间的民主社会主义者。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">而在这一群知识分子背后，还有一群从伦敦政治经济学院经济系毕业的知识分子，如任凯南、周德伟、蒋硕杰等人，他们的思想与行为则与罗隆基、储安平等人有很大的不同。他们在政治上主张民主政治，在经济上则主张严格遵循市场经济原理来发展经济，他们是典型的亚当·斯密的精神传人。任凯南等人之所以坚守这一理念，也与他们的求学背景有关。在伦敦政治经济学院中，但凡是政治系与社会学系的教授，多是费边社会主义者，他们在政治理念上的代表就是拉斯基，同样在这所学校里，但凡是经济系的教授，则多数是古典自由主义者，他们反对对经济的任何人为干扰，其代表人物有：埃德温·坎南、罗宾斯、哈耶克。他们一直致力于对拉斯基思想的批判，弘扬古典自由主义的思想。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">伦敦政治经济学院政治学系教授与经济学系教授的思想分野，其实也构成了英国工党与保守党的迥然不同。英国工党的理论家当时是拉斯基，而后来英国保守党领袖撒切尔夫人的理念则完全来自于哈耶克。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">作为埃德温·坎南的学生，任凯南自然对古典自由主义情有独钟。而任凯南的思想倾向，为夏道平接受哈耶克的经济学主张典型了思想基础。当然，夏道平接受古典自由主义经济思潮的影响，在当时凯恩斯主义盛行的年代，也并不是一帆风顺的。据他在《自由经济的思路》自序中回忆说：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">所不幸的，在我们经济学系一年级教经济学的那位先生，是刚从德国回来的。他所教的，是当时德国流行的社会主义经济学。他还在三年级教一门经济政策，那是从铁血宰相俾斯麦以来德国的那套玩意儿。所以我在起步念经济学的时候，就被到“非”经济学的歧途。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">不过很快，在任凯南的帮助下，夏道平很快走出了误区，对此他回忆说：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">所幸到了二三年级的时候，由于接触面的扩展，我没有深深地走进那个歧途。这是得力于好几位从伦敦经济学院回来的教授，其中特别是任凯南老师。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", 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box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 400px !important; background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">夏道平</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在回忆所受任凯南影响的时候，夏道平提到了一些细节，他回忆说：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">在第三学年开始上课的某一天，任老师以主任的身份带一位新来教统计学的先生进到我们教室，在任教师讲完几句介绍话以后，那位留美的年轻硕士在滔滔的演讲中，扯到当时美国时髦的制度学派而大“盖”一阵。他讲完后，任老师在临走时的讲话中又简短地以他一向结巴巴的词句，在微笑中着力点了一句：制度学派不过是德国历史学派的后代。这句话，我当时不懂其中的含义。到后来念经济思想史的时候，从奥国学派与德国历史学派的方法论的争辩中，我才领悟到任老师那句话透露了他自己的经济思路。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">为什么要重点强调夏道平的师承呢？那是因为，在许多年来对民国自由主义知识分子的研究中，许多研究者如谢泳、许纪霖等对自由主义知识分子的研究，其指向的研究对象如储安平、金岳霖等人，很多时候都是拉斯基似的民主社会主义者，而通过夏道平的师承，从任凯南到周德伟、蒋硕杰再到夏道平，我们可以追寻到中国古典自由主义知识分子的脉络。这些思想脉络，随着1950年代殷海光在《自由中国》翻译哈耶克的《到奴役之路》，在思想上也就逐渐清晰起来。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">可以这样说，1940年代之前的胡适，其自由主义的理念，受杜威、拉斯基等人的影响，有点民主社会主义的色彩。1940年代之后，受冷战与苏俄式极权主义的刺激，还有哈耶克的影响，胡适的自由主义思想，逐渐带有古典自由主义色彩。与胡适比起来，夏道平因为从求学时代就因缘际遇，受英国古典自由主义思想熏陶，他的自由主义理念，不像胡适那般驳杂。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（2）专业领域之不同</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">夏道平与胡适，两人虽然都写过很多政论，算是政论家，但是在专业领域方面，两人迥然有别。虽然两人都反对计划经济，但是，两人反对的理由并不一样。夏道平反对计划经济，是从奥地利经济学派的理由来阐释的。这一学派的一个重要主张，乃是把人当人看。既然是人，因为每个人的价值偏好不同，因此，同样一件商品，对不同的人而言，就有不同的价值。这种人的主观主义，很大程度上影响着商品价值。经济学关注的对象既然是人，人是主观的，与之相比，自然科学关注的对象是物，物是客观的，既然人与物不同，因此所使用的方法论就不应该一样。研究一个物质，可以采用自然科学的方法论，但是研究经济学，就不应该用自然科学的方式。那些推崇计划经济或统制经济的理论家，恰恰就是把人看做物，用自然科学的方法论来研究经济，结果给人类带来了灾难。对此，夏道平严格的将自由经济的方法论称作个人主义的方法论，以区别于其他经济制度。由此可见，夏道平反对计划经济，一方面源于他的经验教训。由于抗战结束后担任“国民参政会”的研究室主任，他亲眼目睹了统制经济的弊端，埋下了反对计划经济的思想种子。另一方面，从1950年代开始，夏道平逐渐受到哈耶克等人的影响，翻译了奥地利经济学派的许多学术名著，在这一过程中，他成为了自由经济的信奉者与传道者。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">与夏道平类似，胡适自1940年代开始开始反思计划经济。在给朋友的信中，胡适写道：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">我还是感觉今日国内的朋友们太注重大规模的建设计划了。套一句老话： “为政不在多计划，在力行如何耳。”这一句两千年的老话，在今日仍有一部分的真实性。大乱之后，应该多注重与民休息。…… “天网恢恢，疏而不漏”一句话源出于主张自然无为的老子。后人多注重 “不漏”二字，而忘了 “恢恢”二字，和 “疏”的一字。疏是不细密，恢恢是大而宽。 “恢恢而疏”，老百姓才能充分发展其自身的能力，从各方面谋生存，谋树立，谋发展。我曾听我家乡老辈说他们的祖上在太平天国乱后的恢复情形，故深信老百姓有此恢复能力。所虑者 “天网”或太密耳。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">与夏道平相比，在经济学方面，胡适是外行。美国读书时，经济学是胡适最不感兴趣也是成绩最差的一门。据江勇振《舍我其谁：胡适》披露：胡适在英国文学、历史学以及法文德文等选修课上的成绩大都是八十分乃至九十分以上的高分，而他选修的几门经济学课程，除了经济理论史一门得了85分的高分，其他两门中，一门经济学入门得分75，一门财政学得分77，远逊于其他学科的成绩。因此，他对市场经济的坚守，不是建立在对经济理论的理解之上，而是建立在他家乡经济发展的经验主义之上。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">此外，他反对计划经济，还源于对无为哲学的发挥。胡适认为最好的政府就是不作为的政府，这种不作为，指的是政府不干扰民间的经济活动，把原本属于社会的领域还给社会，进而建立一种“小政府大社会”的格局。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">也就是说，与夏道平从自由经济的角度反对计划经济相比，胡适更多是从无为哲学的角度以及家乡的经验主义层面反对计划经济。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（3）胡夏两人对工程师的不同态度</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">由于胡适在经济领域的盲点，他的自由主义未免不太纯粹。与夏道平比起来，胡适在这一点上是存在思想盲点的。这从两人对工程师的不同态度看得非常明显。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">晚年的胡适，对工程师的哲学多有赞颂。1952年，他在台湾演讲《工程师的人生观》，对此种人生观多有赞颂。他说：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">工程师的作用，在能够找出自然界的利益，强迫自然世界把它的利益一个一个贡献出来；就是改造自然、控制自然，以减除人的痛苦，增加人的幸福。这是工程师哲学的简单说法。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">胡适的这一工程师哲学，源于他对科学的迷恋。他的这一工程师哲学，导致他成为了一个社会改革家，一位进步分子。这一点，夏道平是不以为然的。在很多文章中，夏道平都借用哈耶克的理论，多次批评“科学迷”影响下的“工程师心态”。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">关于这一点，夏道平借用马赫禄普的理论，认为有以下五种主张的人不能称作是真正的自由主义者，这五点主张是：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">1：从个人自由转变到组织的自由。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">2：自由与平等之间的关系，在观念上纠结不清</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">3：把“不受干涉”转变到“有效的能力”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">4：把自由主义者视为改革家或者进步分子</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">5：自由主义者对于异己者的宽容与同情，因而有人不自觉地或被逼地渐渐转到他所宽容或同情者的立场，从而成为反自由者的同路人。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这五点中，胡适有四点完全达标，但是在第四点上，胡适似乎犯了错误。对此，夏道平在《谈自由、念胡适》中评价胡适说：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">就马文所指的“把自由主义者视同改革家或进步分子”这一点来讲，我们却没有足够凭据认定胡适也有或绝无此一误解。因为在他的那篇短文中，在讲政治自由容忍反对党的地方，他提到英国工党靠不流血的革命而上台执政，接着他写下一句：“所以在许多人的心目中，自由主义竟变成了和平改革主义。”这句话中的“许多人”，是不是胡适也把他自己包括在内呢？即令我们不敢断然否定，至多也只能说这是可以置疑的一点。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">夏道平是谦谦君子，即使指出胡适的缺陷，也是委婉含蓄。不过，从这一点来看，在自由主义的认知层面上，夏道平无疑要高出胡适一筹。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">从以上三点中，可以看出胡夏两人的不同之处。简言之，夏道平是一位纯粹的古典自由主义者，而胡适在人生的前半生，在自由主义色彩之外，还带有民主社会主义色彩，这种色彩，随着时间的推移，越来越淡。不过，胡适对科学的迷恋以及对工程师哲学的推崇，显出他的自由主义底色不单纯的面向，这是值得后人深思之处。</p> </div>