最好的记者，从来不会出现在最好的时代 – 纵览中国-China In Perspective

<div><div style="display: inline-block;"></div></div> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 一 <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">美国，1971年。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这一年，加州Cupertino高中在校生史蒂夫·乔布斯16岁，还要再过5年才会在车库里创建苹果公司；24岁的希拉里·罗德姆刚从大学毕业两年，根本还不认识阿肯色州的穷小子比尔·克林顿；富二代特朗普从宾大沃顿商学院毕业之后，已经开始接手老爸的房地产公司；而在篮球场上人挡杀人佛挡杀佛的迈克尔乔丹呢？那时刚刚8岁。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这一年，美国在越战的死亡人数已经超过4万。美国国防部长麦克纳马拉，虽是越战的主要操盘手之一，但对这场战争却越来越感到动摇和怀疑。终于，他想要全面弄清美国关于越战的决策过程，于是在1967年他成立了“越战历史专题组”，要求收集整理所有关于越战的决策资料。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">他心里很清楚：最终的结论很可能让他这样的越战决策者灰头土脸、狼狈不堪，受到千人质疑、万人唾骂。但他更清楚：个人的毁誉和形象，在面对美国公众和历史的责任感面前，根本无足轻重。所以他只要求项目“包罗万象且尽量客观”，而绝不进行任何干涉，甚至都不跟同在一栋五角大楼里办公的项目负责人盖尔勃见面。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这项目原计划只是找五六个人，在业余时间用三个月完成，后来的工作量却远超想象：数十名优秀员工用了将近两年才大功告成。多达7000页的47卷越战报告，除了大量正式文件之外，更包括了决策者的个人笔记、会议记录、电话记录、备忘录甚至一张便签这样的材料。它的核心结论就是：美国被拉入越战泥淖，决策者的主观故意因素占了相当比例。历届主政者都先让自己相信派兵去越南是对的，然后再把这样的结论推给公众。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1969年6月，报告被装订打印，一共只有15套，被列为最高机密级别。其中两套被送往著名的民间智囊兰德公司。因为高度机密且流传范围极小，除了项目负责人盖尔勃通读过之外，只有丹尼尔·艾尔斯伯格读了，他是兰德公司的高级雇员。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.662" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/uhsGeSyqOw5T01SUtPXp3Btl8HJJO5ANicoxBrdbPCiaFgvvNkhrAUdMnJkkf8UQ2n9QI2v5Bkd8jzqkBw7UJpwg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="500" _width="auto" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/uhsGeSyqOw5T01SUtPXp3Btl8HJJO5ANicoxBrdbPCiaFgvvNkhrAUdMnJkkf8UQ2n9QI2v5Bkd8jzqkBw7UJpwg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: auto !important;" alt="" /> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">丹尼尔•埃尔斯伯格艾尔斯伯格现为资深发言人，作家和活动家，居住在华盛顿和加利福尼亚。生于底特律，毕业于哈佛大学。他曾在美海军陆战队担任两年的连长，后来在哈佛大学完成了经济学博士学位。1959年加入兰德公司，成为经济部的分析家。1964年受聘于五角大楼，为国防部长罗伯特•麦克纳马拉服务。后来，在越南为国务院工作两年后，回到兰德公司。1971年，艾尔斯伯格因公开五角大楼文件而成为全球瞩目的对象。从那以后，他不断吹起对不义之政和暴行的哨声，由于反对核武器，抗议美国政府发动的海湾战争、伊拉克战争，抗议美国政府对其他国家的野蛮干涉，他已经被拘留70多次，其中一次他和自己的儿子迈克尔•埃尔斯伯格一同被逮捕。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这位哈佛毕业生，在从越南战场上回来之后，就从支持战争的鹰派转变成了反战的鸽派。他读完越战报告后，被战争真相困扰得寝食难安。他决定不惜一切代价改变美国的对越政策，即便犯法坐牢也在所不惜。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">于是艾尔斯伯格做了一件出格的事：把这些高度绝密的文件从公司偷偷带出来，在自己两个孩子的帮助下，开始复印这些绝密文件。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">与此同时，他推动参议员富布莱特向国防部提出质询，也建议相关律师向法庭提起诉讼要求公开越战报告；可国防部根本不理会参议员的要求，律师也认为法庭不会受理这样涉及国家机密的案件。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在行政和司法程序都走不通的情况下，艾尔斯伯格只有最后一条路了：新闻媒体。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.6669921875" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/uhsGeSyqOw5T01SUtPXp3Btl8HJJO5ANuzA90kSBMLOlx1xvcqFaJIGwiaZSibOAtIgiaVAbrshj4cMXj4Onia0wlA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1024" _width="auto" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/uhsGeSyqOw5T01SUtPXp3Btl8HJJO5ANuzA90kSBMLOlx1xvcqFaJIGwiaZSibOAtIgiaVAbrshj4cMXj4Onia0wlA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: auto !important;" alt="" /> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 二 <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">言论和出版自由，一直以来都受到美国宪法第一修正案的明确保护。新闻界拥有受宪法保护的新闻自由权利，使他们较少法律上的负担。一旦因为泄密而闯祸，法院也基本不会追究新闻界的信息来源，只会让政府去揪出泄密者。艾尔斯伯格很清楚：公诸于众之后新闻界或许没事，但他自己很可能因为泄密而吃官司。可他不在乎。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1971年春，他找到了在越南时相识的反战派记者、《纽约时报》华盛顿分部的尼尔·希汉，在波士顿交给他几千页越战报告的复印件。希汉立即向上层通报，很快《纽约时报》总编罗森塔尔就接到了报告：发现一座金矿，阅读量极其巨大，需要立即增援大量人手。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">很快纽约时报关于越战报告的“X项目”成立。报纸调集了所有在世界各地报道战争和国际事务的精英，在希尔顿酒店租了几间套房，夜以继日地研读报告。他们看标明绝密的报告是否包含已经公开报道过的内容；看过去十年自己的报道如果与真相不一致是出于什么原因；看报告中是否有即刻影响国家安全的内容；更重要的，是通过各种渠道核实报告的真实性。因为《纽约时报》毕竟不是《真理报》，虽然后者也说自己客观、公正、独立。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">与此同时，报纸高层中也存在巨大分歧，支持发表和反对发表的两派都有充分理由，而这些人无一不是身经百战、经验丰富、媒体精英中的精英。此时就连报纸的法律合作伙伴LDL律师事务所也建议：不要公开，否则政府的强烈反弹或许不堪设想。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">从保险起见，不发表或暂缓发表似乎是最佳选择，反正也不会对报纸有什么可预见的伤害。但听完一堆高级副总裁陈述利弊之后，报纸的发行人、终极大BOSS苏尔茨伯格拍板：发！发十天的系列报道，每天六个版！<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">于是1971年6月13日星期天，《纽约时报》开始连载越战秘密报告的系列报道。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.656" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/uhsGeSyqOw5T01SUtPXp3Btl8HJJO5ANiaEw5xSQ0JmP3ChZJmicGicCrS84c6bq4L71rIgQvGbQic2WCicv69oBRGg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="500" _width="auto" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/uhsGeSyqOw5T01SUtPXp3Btl8HJJO5ANiaEw5xSQ0JmP3ChZJmicGicCrS84c6bq4L71rIgQvGbQic2WCicv69oBRGg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: auto !important;" alt="" /> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">越战报告项目的负责人盖尔勃，看到国家最高机密竟在报纸上以通栏大标题刊登，吃惊得几乎晕过去。整个美国国防部都炸了锅，可什么也做不了。因为国防部是主管对外事务的，国内事务轮不到它来插手，你国防部就是派一个兵去抓一只小强都是违法的，这就是美国政府和民众的共识。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">国防部只有通知司法部，尽可能晓以利害，让他们来接手。可偏偏司法部对国防部的秘密报告一无所知，所以也还没有多大反应，想一切等周一上班再说。美国行政机构机构之间因为分权而产生的滞后效应，在这一事件中暴露无遗。这是行政机构的不幸，却是新闻界的大幸。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第二天，纽约时报的第二篇报道出炉。司法部在下午才拿到国防部送来的备忘录，开始研究要不要采取法律行动。到了晚上，司法部通知纽约时报：停止发表，归还报告。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">此时纽约时报内部也闹翻了天。支持暂缓发表的人认为：轰动效应已经足够，在政府警告之后继续发表会产生不可预知的后果。反对暂缓发表的人认为：我们怎么告诉我们的读者，以新闻独立为原则的纽约时报居然屈从了司法部的一个电话？<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">最后发行人苏尔茨伯格在伦敦旅馆里被电话叫起来，让他做决定。他想了很久，然后说：不要停！继续发！于是纽约时报向司法部声明：我们只服从最高法院的最后决定。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">后来罗森塔尔说，一旦服从了司法部的要求，美国新闻史上的游戏规则就变了：发表等于是报纸说你有你的要求和利害，但发不发我说了算；停发等于是报纸说我有我的打算，但规则是你说了算。而这对于美国意味着什么，每个人都明白。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">周三，司法部检察官向纽约地方法院提起诉讼，声称继续发表会对国家利益造成无可挽回的损失；而纽约时报在出庭时表示，美国从来都没有政府机构对媒体报道进行“预先检查”这一臭名昭著的行为。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">此时因为意见不被采纳，LDL律师事务所已经告诉纽约时报：别找我们了，你们自己玩吧。纽约时报临时找到了一位耶鲁大学的法学教授、宪法学专家比盖尔，通宵准备法庭陈诉。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">法官古尔芬决定：他对双方的对错不作任何判断，但因为事关重大，他发出了一个法庭禁制令，判决纽约时报必须暂停发表。他要求双方都回去准备，周五上午再开庭听证。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">而这一禁制令，也是美国历史上的第一次：报纸在法庭命令下暂停发表一篇报道。顷刻之间，这一事件立即成为轰动全美的爆炸性新闻，受关注度甚至超过了越战报告本身。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.7092050209205021" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/uhsGeSyqOw5T01SUtPXp3Btl8HJJO5ANMIFR6PR4oO19iadvaAMN4HTbm4YdkvyVe9N6l51q7RAV79B6vguW0YA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="478" _width="auto" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/uhsGeSyqOw5T01SUtPXp3Btl8HJJO5ANMIFR6PR4oO19iadvaAMN4HTbm4YdkvyVe9N6l51q7RAV79B6vguW0YA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: auto !important;" alt="" /> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 三 <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">纽约时报刊发越战报道时，最沮丧、失望、伤心、愤怒可又无可奈何的并不是司法部，而是他们的老对手华盛顿邮报。这结结实实的一耳光，打得整个华盛顿邮报都在抖。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">纽约时报第一篇报道一出笼，华盛顿邮报上下都疯了一样四处寻找消息来源，但短时间哪有眉目？华盛顿邮报只有从美联社那里获得纽约时报的样报，然后再加上自己掌握的背景，“改写”成自己的报道。在外人看来，重头内容都一样——只不过比纽约时报晚了一天而已；在业界看来，无异于承认自己技不如人、退居二流。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这种靠对手报道而苟活的状态，对于华盛顿邮报上上下下而言，无异奇耻大辱。更耻辱的是，还没法不这样做：你不可能回避这样级别的新闻。当时华盛顿邮报一名执行编辑说：“我们一边抄，一边哭。”<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在纽约时报被法院暂时禁止发表的时候，华盛顿邮报不仅没有松懈，反而更紧锣密鼓地寻找报告来源。在他们看来，这是上天留下的唯一一点机会：他们必须在这两天找到秘密报告，发表纽约时报还没有发表的内容，力争后来居上、扳回这一局。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">毕竟是人脉丰富的老牌报纸。华盛顿邮报的副总编巴迪坚终于联系上了艾尔斯伯格，正对纽约时报暂停报道不满的他同意将报告交给邮报，只有两个条件：1 不要批驳纽约时报的已有报道；2 要持续重磅报道，不要轻描淡写浅尝辄止。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">巴迪坚在机场准备去波士顿取文件的时候，虽然已是周三夜里，还是按照程序给执行总编布莱德利打电话，问如果弄到了秘密报告，我们是否要在周五发表？布莱德利回答：如果邮报不肯发表，就让他们另外找一个家伙当执行总编吧。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这一态度很快成为华盛顿邮报编辑记者的共同心声：在新闻自由上，没有妥协余地。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">巴迪坚顺利地带着一大堆复印材料回到了华盛顿，这些东西没有装订、没有顺序、甚至没有页数号码。此时已是周四凌晨，他直接到了布莱德利家里，此时全报社最优秀的编辑记者已经在此等候。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">两个屋子。一个屋子是记者编辑在尽快解读文件、撰写报道，另一个屋子是为报纸提供法律服务的RKW事务所律师，与报纸高层一起商议究竟是否刊发。与纽约时报只是单一的报业集团不同，华盛顿邮报是一个媒体集团的龙头产业，集团的下属子公司被政府找茬的可能性比纽约时报要大得多，这也是华盛顿邮报高层顾虑更多的原因。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">争论了整整一天，律师和报纸高层在傍晚时分达成了一个妥协：延迟两天。不在星期五发，而是给司法部发个通知：我们也有越战秘密报告，将于周日发表。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">事情似乎已成定局，各方面都可以接受。但此时另一个屋子里的记者编辑出来找吃的了。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在屋子里饿了整整一天、殚精竭虑撰写报道的这些媒体精英，正准备找东西填点肚子，出来一听说这个妥协，立时勃然大怒，整个屋顶都快让他们掀翻了。他们说，这是在这辈子走南闯北出生入死之后，听到的最特么操蛋的主意。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">报纸的顶尖记者罗伯茨说，要是他们不在明天周五发布，他将立刻辞职，离开他工作了一生而且两周后就将荣誉退休的《华盛顿邮报》。巴迪坚对布莱德利说：如果不发表，整个报社的人心就再也别想被凝聚起来了。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">最后，终极决定权交给了《华盛顿邮报》发行人、54岁的董事长凯瑟琳·格雷厄姆，第一位进入世界500强的女企业家。一大群见多识广、经历过无数大风大浪的记者、编辑和律师，统统在等她作出最终决定。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", 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box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 500px !important;" alt="" /> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6; font-size: 11px; color: #b2b2b2;">美国报业第一夫人——凯瑟琳·格雷厄姆。从生前被称作“新闻界最有权势的女人”，到逝世后被誉为“华盛顿乃至全美传媒的第一夫人”，凯瑟琳一生地位尊荣、声名显赫。然而造就这位报界“女皇”的力量既不是股海妙策，也不是政坛裙带术，而是“发展于美国、奉献于世界”的新闻专业主义。 <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">凯瑟琳几乎从不过问报纸的具体操作，但作为集团的一把手，她考虑的远远比普通雇员要多得多。集团刚刚在两天前上市，一旦惹上法律官司，股票认购者就有权退出认购合同，集团下属的电视台执照就可能被吊销，公司的巨额投资就可能亏得血本无归。所以虽然看上去人人都在担风险，但其实所有风险的分量都是凯瑟琳一个人在担。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">报纸的截稿时间快到了，所有人都等待着凯瑟琳的决定。她知道她正面临一生中最关键的抉择之一。她问过律师意见，律师不支持发表，但也对她说：现在是你必须独立作出决定的时候了。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">不发表，肯定没有大麻烦；发表，跟可能带来的赞誉相比，毁掉整个集团的可能性更大。记者编辑紧张、高层律师紧张，人人都不知道凯瑟琳在巨大的压力下，会作出怎样的选择，毕竟风险的比重一目了然。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">凌晨12点25分，离截稿时间只有5分钟的时候，凯瑟琳对着话筒平静地告诉他们：做下去吧，我们把它登出来！<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">周五，在纽约时报等待开庭之际，华盛顿邮报的通栏大标题也极其醒目：五角大楼文件披露，美国在1954年企图推迟越南选举。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <img data-ratio="0.535632183908046" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/uhsGeSyqOw5T01SUtPXp3Btl8HJJO5ANyPRW9NkcZtRp1tZX9l97l398AO77bFuBh3VrM0BGgPekRZwONG44kQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="870" _width="auto" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/uhsGeSyqOw5T01SUtPXp3Btl8HJJO5ANyPRW9NkcZtRp1tZX9l97l398AO77bFuBh3VrM0BGgPekRZwONG44kQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: auto !important;" alt="" /> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 四 <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">华盛顿邮报的报道问世，司法部更加头痛，而纽约时报也快疯了：他们现在眼睁睁地看到乌龟要跑到兔子前面去了。周五这一天，纽约时报报社里的气氛是：去他的禁制令，我们要继续发！<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">虽然纽约时报气急如火，但他们很清楚：这是老对手华盛顿邮报此时能够给予他们的最大支持。不是为了竞争，而是为了这群人终生为之奋斗的新闻理想：没有什么比冒着法律风险刊发报道更有力地捍卫新闻自由的了。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">意料之中，华盛顿邮报很快接到了司法部的类似通知：停止刊发，归还文件。他们干净利落地拒绝了。与此同时，华盛顿邮报的律师没有像纽约时报的LDL事务所那样大敌当前撒手不管，他们虽然原来坚决反对发表，但此时他们已经做好了出庭的准备：你否决了我的建议，但我依然会为你死拼到底。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">周五下午5点15分，华盛顿联邦法院，司法部正式指控华盛顿邮报泄露国家机密，而华盛顿邮报的律师则反驳：两百年来这个国家一直在新闻自由的制度下运作，你正在试图改变。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">晚上8点，法官格赛尔宣布：法庭没有看到有任何证据证明，发表这些文件会危及国家安全。他警告华盛顿邮报：你们可能会面对严重的刑事指控。但他说，他不能发出如古尔芬法官一样的禁制令，禁止邮报暂停报道。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">司法部立即向联邦上诉法院上诉，晚上9点45分，上诉法院法官到齐。凌晨1点20分，三名法官推翻了起初的决定，要求华盛顿邮报暂停发布相关报道。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">可就在两个小时之前的10点43分，邮报已经送上了街头。此时律师抓住这一空隙问法官：已经卖出去的几千份报纸怎么办？法官只好说：这个命令适用于第二期报道之后的报道。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">于是华盛顿邮报重新做了头版，右边的一条消息说法庭命令禁止报道越战报告，而左边就是一篇这样的报道。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">周一法庭重新开庭，应司法部的要求，法庭听证是秘密进行的。司法部的证人有越战军官、情报专家等，他们相信他们能说服法庭：邮报的报道是一次彻头彻尾的泄密。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">可他们小看了华盛顿邮报新闻人的专业素养。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">每当司法部证人举例说明越战报告的哪些部分可能涉及国家安全时，在场的邮报编辑就立即递给他们的律师一张纸条，上面写着这一消息位于哪本书的哪一页、哪本杂志的哪一期、哪份报纸的哪一版。也就是说，这些消息早就透露给公众了。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在没有手机、没有个人电脑、没有搜索引擎的时代，这种专业能力不仅让司法部显得闭塞无知，甚至连邮报自己的律师都佩服得五体投地。他们后来说，那天深受教育。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">经过纽约和华盛顿两地的一系列出庭听证，最终两案合一，最高法院宣布受理此案。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.544" data-s="300,640" 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background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">司法部的总检察官是67岁的格列斯沃特，他担任哈佛法学院院长长达20年，在美国法学界是大神一般的人物。纽约时报的律师是46岁的比盖尔，他在哈佛和耶鲁都呆过，在哈佛时跟格列斯沃特正是师生关系。华盛顿邮报的律师是出身于美国小镇的格林顿，从下层一步一个脚印，进入到纽约最顶尖的律师事务所。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">全美政界、法律界和新闻界的精英尽出，都在这一决定历史走向的时刻放手一搏。中午1点听证结束，法官退庭商议。28日法官宣布：原来按日程要闭庭休假的最高法院，现在无限期推迟休假，直到此案作出裁决。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">而就在这一天，艾尔斯伯格向联邦检察官自首，稍后被取保候审。本来是刑事重罪，但因为在之后的水门事件中，发觉司法部以非法手段调查艾尔斯伯格，于是案子最终被法院撤销。艾尔斯伯格抱着赴死的决心做了一件大事，最终却没有坐牢。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在此期间，美国国会众参两院都开始有机会接触五角大楼越战报告，而其他二十多家大小报纸也在利用各种可能披露报告内容。整个国家都在等待最高法院的终审结果。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">幸好等得并不是太久，6月30日上午消息传出：最高法院将于下午2点半公布裁决结果。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.5625" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/uhsGeSyqOw5T01SUtPXp3Btl8HJJO5ANdf8aquibxIQ0YtOwQ0ffXKhZGCSz9snMicCnw1swo8WM3ibWeghEvXUcQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="832" _width="auto" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/uhsGeSyqOw5T01SUtPXp3Btl8HJJO5ANdf8aquibxIQ0YtOwQ0ffXKhZGCSz9snMicCnw1swo8WM3ibWeghEvXUcQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: auto !important;" alt="" /> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 五 <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">美国的新闻事业并非一蹴而就，报业的粗俗化远远走在民众素质的提高之前。美国政府对新闻的干预也不乏先例，南北战争期间北军名将谢尔曼就曾下令把《先锋报》记者抓起来当间谍毙掉，幸亏林肯的干预才救了那记者一命。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">随着法治的逐步完善，新闻界也渐渐开始自律，他们逐步以这个国家公众利益的代言人自居，而美国宪法第一修正案明确保护了新闻自由。在新闻媒体几乎为零的1787年，制定宪法的那群立国先驱可谓远见卓识。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1935年3月5日，凯瑟琳的父亲、华盛顿邮报发行人尤金·迈尔公布了华盛顿邮报的办报原则：<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1、报纸的第一使命，是报道尽可能接近被确认为事实的真相。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2、报纸要报道我们能够了解到的有关美国和国际重要事务的全部真相。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">3、作为新闻的传播者，报纸要如绅士一般正派。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">4 、报纸的内容应该老少咸宜。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">5 、报纸要对读者和普通民众负责，而不是对报社老板的私利负责。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">6 、只要对公众有益，报社要准备为坚持真实报道而牺牲自己的利益。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">7 、报纸将不与任何特殊利益结盟，但是在报道公共事务和公众人物的时候，要公平、自由和健全。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这些原则在今天的移动互联时代仍然适用，只需要把“报纸”换为“媒体”即可。即便并不能保证时时刻刻都百分之百地做到，但美国新闻界一直在遵循这样的原则。而保护新闻喉舌不受行政机构扼杀的终极保障，是法律。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1971年6月30日，最高法院的9位大法官除了一位请假之外，其余8位都在法官席上就坐。首席大法官伯格宣布：即刻解除对《纽约时报》和《华盛顿邮报》发表越战报告的禁制令。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">9位大法官以6：3的表决结果，推翻了之前地方法院对于报道的禁制令。最高法院没有出具一份裁决书，但每一位大法官都写下了一篇意见书。大法官Potter Stewart的意见，表达了最高法院在这一案件上的多数立场：<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“没有一个自由的、获得了充分信息的新闻界，就不可能有脱离蒙昧的人民。”<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">消息传出，纽约时报和华盛顿邮报办公室里传出的欢呼声，在整个美国回荡。这不仅是两家报社的喜讯，这是整个美国新闻界争取来的胜利。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">美国并没有像司法部声称的那样，在越战报告公诸于世后，国家利益受到严重损害。相反在”泄密事件“发生近半个世纪之后，美国依然是全世界最强大的国家、依然是唯一有能力在全球驻军的国家、依然是一举一动都影响全世界的超级大国。如果说航母和苹果是美国的硬实力，媒体就是美国的软实力。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2001年7月，凯瑟琳·格雷厄姆逝世。十年后，这一份名为《美国-越南关系，1945-1967：国防部的研究》的越战报告全文解密，向美国公众开放。而丹尼尔·艾尔斯伯格，至今健在。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.576" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/uhsGeSyqOw5T01SUtPXp3Btl8HJJO5ANnltiboz2w60mK4ibInMMFkR5sRJyb7hywvffkoicEW5hmibK32UScEeZZw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="500" _width="auto" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/uhsGeSyqOw5T01SUtPXp3Btl8HJJO5ANnltiboz2w60mK4ibInMMFkR5sRJyb7hywvffkoicEW5hmibK32UScEeZZw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: auto !important;" alt="" /> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">美国并没有记者节。最好的记者，也从来不会出现在最好的时代。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">任何成就，都要靠自己去争取。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">而未经摧折的所谓新闻理想，本来也一文不值。