一双可怜人——读《朱安传》

<h2>&nbsp;&nbsp;</h2><div id="js_content" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; color: #3e3e3e; min-height: 350px; position: relative; font-family: &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, Helvetica, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2017/Nov/11152017LZ.png" width="690" height="490" alt="" /><br /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp;</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">关于朱安,鲁迅说:这是母亲给我的一件礼物,我只能好好的供养它,爱情是我所不知道的。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">对于她和鲁迅的关系,朱安如此总结:你们总说鲁迅遗物,要保存,要保存!我也是鲁迅遗物,你们也得保存保存我呀!</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">人生境遇,没有什么比这样的关系更让人感到悲凉,也更让人感到绝望的了。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">少年时读鲁迅,是在强大的宣传机器的影响下,尽管如此,依然被鲁迅的文字所惊艳,只是不解,为何鲁迅的文字会如此冷峻绝望,隐然还有一丝阴冷的气息,一副拒人于千里之外的模样?暗暗想象,鲁迅在做这些文字时,是咬着后槽牙写就的。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">后来以知识分子研究作为自己历史研究的起点,对鲁迅的经历稍稍了解,隐约觉得,鲁迅的性格,鲁迅的表现,应该是和朱安有关的。这大概也是一种人物研究的思维定式:一个人的成长,对其起决定性影响的,一是其家庭环境,再就是婚姻的影响。对于鲁迅来说,这两个问题,其实是一个问题。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">只是后来的研究兴趣,与&#8220;鲁迅&#8221;渐行渐远,关于朱安对鲁迅的影响的猜想,也就搁置下来。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">恰巧最近读到《朱安传》,让我对于这个问题一下子又提起了兴趣。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">众所周知,鲁迅是已经盖棺定论的人物:伟大的无产阶级革命家、思想家和文学家。这一连串耀眼的光环,我们每个读过书的人几乎从上小学都会背。可是,这么一个神圣的形象,在朱安面前,却无论如何都不能完成逻辑上的自恰。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&#8220;无穷的远方,无数的人们,都和我有关&#8221;,鲁迅对这个世界是有爱的,可是对这个世界充满深情的鲁迅,对于自己的眼前人朱安,可曾有过一丝怜悯和爱?无怪乎杨绛先生读完此书,会发出这样的感叹:&#8220;朱安最后那一声凄惨的呼号,实在动人怜悯。&#8221;</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">没有办法自恰,就避而不谈,鲁迅自己如此,后来的鲁迅研究者为尊者讳,在很长的时间也避而不提。当年鲁迅去世后,许寿裳等人在着手起草年谱时,就遇到了要不要把&#8220;朱女士&#8221;写进去的问题。倒是许广平的态度很大方:难道历史家的眼光,会把陈迹洗去吗?</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">可是,如果让鲁迅走下神坛,以人的视角来打量,就会发现,鲁迅也是个可怜人。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">诚如此书的作者所言,处在新旧兴替的时代,&#8220;在对待婚姻的问题上,鲁迅跟同时代知识分子如胡适、陈独秀、徐志摩等相比,都要更为彷徨,更为矛盾&#8221;。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">尤其是如果我们拿鲁迅和胡适的婚姻相比较,鲁迅的可怜就越加明显:鲁迅和胡适生活在同一时代,都是少年丧父,婚姻都是由寡母包办。但结果却大相径庭。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">就像胡适所说,他接受&#8220;小脚太太&#8221;江冬秀,&#8220;不过心里不忍伤几个人的心罢了&#8221;,&#8220;假如我那时人心毁约,使这几个人终身痛苦,我的良心上的责备,必然比什么痛苦都难受&#8221;。所以,胡适接受寡母安排的婚姻,用他的话说,&#8220;不过行吾心之安罢了&#8221;。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">鲁迅接受朱安的心理,和胡适并无不同,但过程却曲折的多。首先是婚约的拖延,从周朱两家订婚到鲁迅和朱安步入洞房,中间经历了七年,这在那个时代,对于女方来说,是一种近乎绝望的等待。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">那么鲁迅呢?</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在这期间,鲁迅曾经试图改变,先是从日本写信回来,请朱家姑娘另嫁他人,不得,退而求其次,鲁迅提出希望朱安能够放足,进学堂,这在鲁迅,是一种尝试接受这个婚姻的努力,而对曾经经历了鲁迅退婚要求的朱家,又意味着什么呢?果然,朱安既没有放足,也没有进学堂。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">两个格格不入的人,被生生安排到了一起。这个婚姻,从一开始,就埋下了不幸的种子。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">鲁迅的新婚之夜甚至婚后是否有性生活,现在常常被拿来说明鲁迅的痛苦。其实痛苦是双方的,不,也许还要加上鲁迅的寡母周老太太。后来周老太太对于周建人的婚事不闻不问,其中很明显有鲁迅婚事的影响。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">家成了牢房,逃脱是鲁迅的唯一出路。所以他一再请求老友许寿裳帮忙在外地谋一个职位。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">看起来,鲁迅是得愿以偿,在许寿裳的介绍下,他到了北京。可是,真的逃脱了吗?</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">并没有。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">随着鲁迅的北上,朱安在周家开始了七年似弃妇非弃妇的日子,鲁迅呢,也过着似单身而非单身的生活。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">有一年,鲁迅会绍兴探亲。朱安备酒席款待亲友,席间朱安当着亲友指责鲁迅的种种不是,鲁迅则一言不发。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">朱安面对的,是寂寞和绝望,鲁迅面对的,除了寂寞和绝望,还有生活的负担。如今我们常常怀念民国,觉得那是一个文人生活舒适的时代,其实无论在哪个时代,靠卖文而生,都别有一种艰辛,不信我们看鲁迅1933年在上海写给寡母的信,那时候,鲁迅已经是名满天下:&#8220;家中即可没有问题,甚好,其实以现在生活之艰难,家中历来之生活法,也还要算是中上,倘还不能相谅,大惊小怪,那真是使人为难了。&#8230;&#8230;现在不大走出外面去,只在寓里看书,但也仍做文章,因为这是吃饭所必需,无法停止也&#8230;&#8230;&#8221;,又如:&#8220;男为生活计,只能漂浮于外,毫无恒产,真所谓做一日,算一日,对自己,且不能知明日之办法&#8230;&#8230;&#8221;</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">不是人到中年,没有家室之累的人,很难体味鲁迅文字里的悲凉。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">行文至此,我们就可以回到文章开始时的问题,那就是鲁迅的文字为何呈现出如此冷峻绝望的面貌?他为何一生与人辩难,&#8220;一个也不宽恕&#8221;?</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">个人以为,文字既是鲁迅谋生的方式,还是他情绪发泄的一个出口。否者,一个人在如此绝望压抑的环境里,如何取得平衡?</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">尽管鲁迅一直把朱安视为一个&#8220;不存在&#8221;,但就像作者所论述的那样,每当他提起笔,&#8220;盘旋在他脑海的正是那个整日愁眉苦脸操持家务的主妇,&#8220;两只阴凄凄的眼睛恰钉住他的脸&#8221;,将他逼到墙角,无路可逃&#8221;,&#8220;时时刻刻让他体会到&#8220;浓黑的悲凉&#8221;。&#8221;这可以说是隐藏在鲁迅文风背后的朱安影响。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">鲁迅是相信人性的,其早年弃医从文,也恰恰是为了唤醒人性。但终其一生,鲁迅深陷人性的深渊而不能自拔,无法找到自救的方式;他想&#8220;肩住黑暗的闸门,放青年们出去&#8221;,但他自己却湮没在黑暗之中。他能做的,只有&#8220;破坏&#8221;,捣乱这个他深深厌恶的世界。鲁迅的早殇,或许与他内心深重的郁结不无关系。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">与鲁迅同样处境的胡适,却找到了抵抗黑暗的方向,那就是&#8220;制度的建设&#8221;。胡适不纠缠于具体的人性,而是转向了改造制度的方向,注重一点一滴的进步,进而以&#8220;建设者的姿态&#8221;,在近现代史的大舞台上走完他的一生。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在近现代史上,胡适和鲁迅互为镜像,因为相同的经历因为不同的过程而呈现出不同的姿态,而鲁迅和朱安,也互为镜像,从鲁迅的人生可以映照朱安,从朱安的人生,也可以映照鲁迅。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">读完《朱安传》,忍不住感叹:这一双可怜人。</p></div>


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