<div id="js_content" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; color: #3e3e3e; min-height: 350px; position: relative;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;"> </span><img data-ratio="1.371875" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/kNOvDY2ZsnjRADQqscsAN0s8hdoRqerAYlLJMhaQndDYxspZPkJBlCgBzkiaBLBianiadXD7O2mUshz7W10EBrNhg/640?" data-w="640" _width="670px" src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/kNOvDY2ZsnjRADQqscsAN0s8hdoRqerAYlLJMhaQndDYxspZPkJBlCgBzkiaBLBianiadXD7O2mUshz7W10EBrNhg/640?tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; display: block; visibility: visible !important; width: 670px !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #ff4c00; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">一</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">了解审查制度最好的方式 ，就是与你的审查员呆上一周。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">我的中文书审查员叫张吉人，一名上海译文出版社的编辑。去年九月的时候，他陪着我参加了一次图书巡回活动。那是我第一次与审查员一同出行。当我乘着动车从上海前往北京的时候，他坐在我旁边。当我入住北京的宾馆的时候，他跟我住在一层。他参加了我的媒体见面会。他甚至还用电子表格做了一份巡回的计划，用不同颜色的标记，代表5种不同的活动，工作时间最长达到一天13个小时。有其他的作者朋友事前提醒过我这种计划表，所以在出发之前我跟张吉人提出请求，希望多留出一些时间给我自己支配。他的回复倒是直接：“从我的经验看，这种巡回活动在中国总是精疲力竭的。希望你能理解。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">然后就这样——没有任何调整，也没有歉意。在中国，人们很容易表现出这种残忍的诚实。有时这些受审查的媒体会直接告诉你一些你并不想知道的事。在我巡回期间，上海的《文汇报》发表了一篇关于我的人物特写，文章长达6000字，开头第一句话就是：“彼得·海斯勒今年45岁了，他胖了不少，眼角也出现了皱纹。”同样的故事还发生在北京，一名主持人在结束采访之后，关掉摄像机对我说：“说实话，我更喜欢你老婆的书。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">有几件事我需要澄清一下。第一，我体重只有150磅（68公斤）。第二，如果把张吉人称作审查员是有些不太公平的。尽管他确实把我的书变得，从政治上讲更可以被官方接受，但审查并不是他的唯一工作。在上海译文出版社，张吉人主管非虚构写作（nonfiction）部，他联系译者，编辑作者原稿，负责对外宣传。他今年37岁了，但看上去要年轻一些。他很瘦，留着寸头，戴一副猫头鹰似的圆框眼镜。他研究生念的是外国哲学专业，毕业论文关于马尔库塞，一位新马克思主义的思想家。他曾经跟我说过，他选择研究马尔库塞，是因为用马尔库塞的思想来抵抗中国的长期政治宣传，是非常有效的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/7qx5SrzibPH0UykfdYgmibGMLRgfakib4rZicNkVjYOIt6Ja7M4j39f5B4l8AEJDoj2zbibIFdZHnTKT2ibiau22HveicQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.6762589928057554" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/7qx5SrzibPH0UykfdYgmibGMLRgfakib4rZicNkVjYOIt6Ja7M4j39f5B4l8AEJDoj2zbibIFdZHnTKT2ibiau22HveicQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #b2b2b2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">何伟沙龙活动</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在我的巡回期间，张吉人无处不在，不是因为他想监视我，而是他的工作要求他应对发生的一切。但很多时候他很安静：站在人群的边上，倾听，观察，很少说话。他总是穿运动鞋，一件旧T恤和一条五分裤。这套休闲的打扮陪伴他每天工作的13个小时。有的时候我都会产出错觉：这不是图书巡回，而是炼狱巡回；而我的导游还是一名新马克思主义专业的研究生。但还是很感谢他的指导。最近有很多国外媒体的文章批评中国的审查制度，指责那些美国作者，为了能在大陆发表自己的书，而同意接受审查。那些文章带着狭隘的西方视角，很少考虑中国的读者们是如何解读这些书的，而像张吉人这样的编辑，被它们描绘成粗鲁的政府写手。这些才是我为什么会去参加这个图书巡回的原因之一——了解审查制度最好的方式，就是与你的审查员呆上一周。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">自从2013年以来，当局对待国外的媒体的态度变得越来越敌对。外国记者续签签证变得困难，很多报道活动受到了当地政府的阻挠，但中国的读者对西方作者的非虚构类书籍却越来越有兴趣。在所有非虚构类责任编辑之中，张吉人算是佼佼者。他所编辑的畅销书之中，有几乎六分之一属于外国作者描写中国的非虚构类。在张吉人看来，这代表了中国读者很物质：读者更关心这个国家长期的发展方向，而不是审查制度和政治宣传。“政党今年倾左，没准明年倾右”，张吉人在写给我的信中说，“在我看来，可以确定的是中国人现在变得越来越独立和思想开放了。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #ff4c00; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">二</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">我意识到，一旦书出版，我可能在涪陵就混不下去了。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">1998年，当我写我的第一部书《江城》的时候，我无法想象当时怎样能把一本由外国人写的描绘当代中国的书在中国出版。原因不仅是政治上的，还是商业上的。从商业上来说，那样的书就算在美国也没有市场。当时我是和平部队的一名志愿者，已经在中国的一所大学里当了两年的老师。我住在长江边上一个偏远的小城，涪陵。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: 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box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 670px !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #b2b2b2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">“江城”涪陵</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #b2b2b2;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在我完成初稿前，没有任何出版商跟我签下合同。在第一页，我是这么写的：“涪陵没有铁路。一直以来这里都是四川省很穷的地区。路也很破。去哪你都得坐船，但大多时候你哪也不去。”“破”这个词在我书中出现了36次，而“脏”这个词我用了超过24次。我从来没有仔细想过这些细节，直到一个出版社签下了我的英文初稿。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">那之后，我把初稿发给了两个我在涪陵认识的朋友：Emily Yang，我之前的学生，涪陵本地人，和Adam Meier，另一个同在和平部队工作的志愿者。他们两个人给我的反馈是完全不同的。Emily写到：“我想大家在读完你的书之后，就不会再喜欢涪陵了。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">但我又不能抱怨什么，因为你写的每一件事，都是真的。我只是希望随着时间的推移，这个城市会变得吸引人。”与此同时，Adam却认为我的那些描述还不够。他特别提到了，我删去了我们被打的那件事。那是在将要完成两年志愿工作之前，我们去了涪陵市中心，想要拿着摄像机拍一些这个城市的画面，留作纪念。但突然人群围了上来，指责我们拍这些不好的、贫穷的画面，是为了展示给美国人看。要知道这在当时是对外国人很常见的指控。我们跟他们解释我们是老师，但是人群并不相信。后来他们开始对我们拳打脚踢，直到我们匆忙跑掉。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">这是我在涪陵最不愉快的经历。我并没有把它放进我的初稿，因为我的书的一个主题是想描述作为一个外国人，如何不容易被当地人所接受；这个过程会很慢，有时还很痛苦。我担心如果我把被打的经历加入进去，主题就会被冲淡。但跟Adam讨论之后，我觉得这段经历是有必要的。同时这也确立了我编辑初稿的标准：我只更改那些错误的细节，不改动任何我真实想法，或我觉得原始质朴的地方。我保留了写在第一页，以及之后的35处的“破”字。对于那些可以预料到的中国读者的不满情绪，为了提高我编辑初稿的工作效率，我决定不再纠结。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; 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box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 670px !important;" alt="" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #b2b2b2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">英文版和中文版《江城》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">我意识到，一旦书出版，我可能在涪陵就混不下去了。于是2000年底，出版之前的一个月，我最后去探望了我当地的朋友。我参加了我之前最喜欢的学生的婚礼；然后去了一个偏远的中学上了一次课，我另一个学生现在在那里当老师。就在我开始讲课没多久，警察走了进来。他们从重庆过来，说这个活动被取消了，然后护送我走出了教室。我返回了北京。接下来的几周，几乎每个我在涪陵拜访过的朋友都被警察讯问过了。警察扣留了那对刚结婚的新人，讯问我们之间的关系。我的另一个学生打电话给我，疑惑地问：“警察是不是能听到你在电话里说的，他们知道近期我们所有谈话的内容。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">《江城》英文版出版之后，高层领导给我以前工作的大学下了一道任务：立即把这本书翻译成中文。这个任务被分配给了一名级别不高的外语教研部主任，叫李雪顺，同时他还是一名共产党员。他跟我岁数一样大，在我作为志愿者刚到涪陵的前几周，他表现的很友善，邀请我和Adam去家里吃午餐。但在那之后，他就刻意回避我们。后来我听说一位老同志警告他，不要协助美国人。我在《江城》的开篇这样描述：“他在整个学校里英语是讲得最好的，但他是一个不安的年轻人，且刚刚晋升了一个新的职位。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">李雪顺把上面描述自己的那短话翻译了成中文，一并翻译的还有书的前两章。他就像我书的责任编辑一样；同样作为编辑的，还有其他一些老师，他们每人负责翻译一到两章。翻译的任务是保密的，没有人告诉过我。这些翻译的老师，也不知道到底是哪一级的领导下的命令，和究竟要把这本书送到哪里去。没有一个老师完整地看过整本书。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; 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box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 400px !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #b2b2b2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">译者李雪顺（左）与作者何伟（右）</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #ff4c00; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">三</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">我很难评估记者在这种飘忽不定的审查环境中要面对怎样的风险。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">《江城》英文版出版几年后，中国的出版社开始联系我，试图获取这本书的大陆版权。但他们也跟我说，对书的改动，仅仅是出于政治上的原因。于是我拒绝了。我继续写了《甲骨文》和《寻路中国》，完成了我的中国三部曲。随着时间推移，我开始变得越来越不安。因为事实情况是，我在书中描绘的人，和我生活以及做研究的地方，却看不到、买不到我的书。我在涪陵的朋友跟我抱怨说，有一版中文的，是只供领导阅读的；还有一些书的章节，被未经允许地发到网上，翻译很潦草，有很多错误。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">2010年，张吉人代表上海译文联系了我。他跟我说现在的政治环境，是发表《寻路中国》的好时机，那本书正好关注的是中国农村的发展。在中国，图书出版的限制像潮水一样时涨时落。2010年是相对平静的一年：胡锦涛作为国家主席已经七年了，下一次交接要几年之后。我签下了合同，因为我觉得要是错过这个机会，这扇窗户就可能就会永远关上了。刚开始的印刷量很少，因为出版商觉得没什么读者会对外国作者写的关于中国的书感兴趣。但出人意料的是，《寻路中国》变成了畅销书。一年之后上海译文又翻译了我的《江城》，很快它卖出的册书，比过去10年在美国卖的英文版还要多。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; 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Arial;">那个曾经令我担心的问题——书中对于贫穷的直白描写——竟然变得不再敏感了。因为短短几年间，中国已经变了。“随着时间的疏远”，Emily Yang在她2011年给我的信中写到，“书中的一切都变得迷人，甚至那些脏污、败谢的花朵。”在最近的图书巡回活动中，采访我的记者们常会提到“思乡情”，他们说中国发展的速度是如此地无情，以至于很难记录这些细节。“有时在中国你会有这种窒息的感觉，要想做到完全注意这些细节，实在太难了。”赵丽娇，一名《中国青年报》驻北京记者跟我这样说，“也许因为你是外国人，你可以跟我们分开一点。如果你静止，就相对容易些。我们中国有句话，以不变，应万变。如果你不动，你就很容易注意到你周围的变化了。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">这些采访的内容很多，尤其在我精疲力竭的巡回期间。记者们读完书，又彻彻底底地把相关历史材料搜索一遍；一次一个记者甚至拿出了我1991年还上本科时写的一份人类学报告。由于非虚构类作品在中国开始引起大家关注，于是记者经常提问一些关于写作的高度技巧性的问题：固定套路是什么？你如何构建纵向的文章？而到了采访的尾声，现场的气氛又经常转到别处，问题也变得更宽泛、更发散：你认为中国缺少创造力吗？你需要信仰或宗教吗？现在的中国政治宣传会带来什么结果？</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">一个下午，我接受孙小宁的采访，她四十多岁，供职于《北京晚报》。我评论道，通过我过去几次来中国的经历，我发现中国人变得越来越会思考了。“人们现在想得多了，”她表示同意，“就像你在书中提到那条宣传口号：‘发展才是硬道理！’我们见这条口号好多年了，但没人认真地读它然后思考它。发展才是硬道理吗？这应该是个疑问句，不是个陈述句。我们应该走上发展这条路吗？”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">当我开始在我的笔记本上记录的时候，孙小宁笑了，她说：“在我来这的路上，我就想，虽然是我采访他，但你也一定会近距离的观察采访我，于是我就想你会留意到我们谈话的哪些地方？我早知道你会把看到的记录下来。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在她的文章里，她形象地把我们之间的谈话比作“交手”——手与手的搏斗。我跟我的编辑张吉人说，我感觉人们比我印象中的要自信多了。他告诉我这也是为什么外国图书开始流行的原因之一。上海译文出版社最近出版了《两个故宫的离合》，这是一本由日本记者写的，对比北京故宫和台北故宫文化差异的书。这本能受到好评，绝对是个不寻常的结果——要知道，在过去，唯一比美国作者写关于落后的中国小城市（像涪陵）还要糟糕的书，就是一个日本人去触碰台海关系这个话题。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/7qx5SrzibPH0UykfdYgmibGMLRgfakib4rZ9j560o7eXlZHeic8hpFwic1Jy5NQpUhGEWr8nm6YHN6ibWGDsx14c3vgQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.5085959885386819" data-w="698" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/7qx5SrzibPH0UykfdYgmibGMLRgfakib4rZ9j560o7eXlZHeic8hpFwic1Jy5NQpUhGEWr8nm6YHN6ibWGDsx14c3vgQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #b2b2b2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">日本作家野岛刚与《两个故宫的离合》<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">这种开明的变化，在大的政治气候中变得更加明显。记者们跟我说，这届政府让他们感到了更大的压力（因为工作不像以前那么“简单”了——编者按），采访过后，他们往往让我校对引用，同时跟我解释哪些部分是不能发表的。偶尔，我们会协商。有一次，一个杂志的编辑邀请我发表一篇旧的文章，但我告诉他那篇文章可能包含部分太过敏感的重要章节，最后我们妥协了。杂志发布了一篇Q&A的采访，谈论那篇旧文章的；我把那篇旧文章发表在我的个人网站上，供读者参考。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在我与媒体打交道期间，只有一次我的言论被扭曲转述，用作政治宣传了。那次图书巡回活动之后过了好久，一个记者邀请我为《China Daily》做一篇专访。之后他们从采访中移除了一些内容，并在标题下写了我的名字，做得好像我给他们写了一篇支持政府的署名社论一样。当我到找他们抱怨时，编辑把那篇文章从China Daily的英文网站移除了，但却拒绝发表撤回声明。最后，只怪我自己早应该知道这些。毕竟《China Daily》是出了名的擅长这种政治小动作。我之所以答应他们的采访，是因为在我已经成功地接受了许多令我满意的采访了。我很难评估记者在这种飘忽不定的审查环境中要面对怎样的风险——普通人似乎变得更开明了，对外界充满好奇；但整个系统仿佛进入了一个限制更多的阶段。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #ff4c00; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">四</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">这类细节就是我在中国不经意间总会注意到的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">那次图书巡回活动的某一天早上，我有半个小时的空闲时间不用接受采访，我去了张吉人的办公室，给一些书签名。在他的办公桌上，放了一本介绍早期美国环保运动的书。那是他打算出版的一系列六、七十年代的图书之一。“六十年代的美国就像现在的中国，”他跟我说，“我们这刚刚才有了环保意识。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在中国，非虚构类文学并没有很长很传统的历史。之前张吉人在译文出版社，负责的是哲学类和教科类图书的出版工作。2010年，他创立了非虚构类图书部。他跟我讲，成立这个部门的其中一个原因是经济上的——那时候，国有出版社转制，变成公司，编辑们都背负着卖出更多书的压力。但在张吉人经手的图书里，依然可以看到学术类的和理想主义的书。去年他的七本图书包括：《桑切斯的孩子们》，一个1961发表的关于墨西哥城贫穷问题和城市化的研究；《论自愿为奴》，一个16世纪反对暴政的法国作者写的论文；以及《跟大卫·哈维读<资本论>》。而他今年的书单包括《社会理论的主要问题》、《穷忙》和《经济人的末日》。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">当我在张吉人的办公室签书的时候，我跟他及另外两个编辑聊天。聊着聊着我们就谈到翻译。有人提到了孙仲旭，一个自杀的译者。孙仲旭翻译了两本理查德·耶茨的书，以及一些其他书。在我的图书巡回活动中，他的名字也经常被人提及——人们说他的翻译非常有才气。一名年轻的编辑，莫晓敏说，孙仲旭生前饱受忧郁症折磨。而且她认为这是跟他从事的翻译工作有关。“挣得不多，还得不到赞扬”，莫晓敏说到，“换我，我不会想这样工作的。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/7qx5SrzibPH0UykfdYgmibGMLRgfakib4rZQqV09hS705z9I7WyrFpiadVTd2V3ia6MEeFdurAJCZ3tqflNa9o7Dfug/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="1.35" data-w="480" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/7qx5SrzibPH0UykfdYgmibGMLRgfakib4rZQqV09hS705z9I7WyrFpiadVTd2V3ia6MEeFdurAJCZ3tqflNa9o7Dfug/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #b2b2b2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">译者孙仲旭，生前完成了30多部译作，包括塞林格的《麦田里的守望者》，理查德·耶茨的《恋爱中的骗子》、《复活节游行》，伍迪·艾伦的《门萨的娼妓》，卡佛的《火》，奈保尔的《看，这个世界》和乔治·奥威尔系列作品。2014年因忧郁症自杀，年仅41岁。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">我提到，据我所知，中国自杀的人数要比别其他地方高。“这很正常，”张吉人回应我说，然后短暂地停顿了一下，他继续讲，“在我小的时候，我爷爷自杀了。”他解释说他的爷爷是一名高中老师，在文革期间由于他的政治主张而受到了攻击。一开始，他想投湖自尽，结果在最后一刻，他没能鼓起勇气。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">“后来他又尝试了许多次，”张吉人说，“当时我们家住在上海一栋楼房的三层。有一天我爷爷爬到四层楼，然后就从窗户跳了下去。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">房间开始变得安静。这类细节就是我在中国不经意间总会注意到的——一个老人有条不紊的把他自己置身于更高的楼层，来确保这一次他能成功。然后张吉人继续说道：“他是个数学老师。事情发生时我只有十岁。我跟他特别亲近。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">另外的两个编辑是张吉人的朋友，但是他们也没有说什么，也没人问问题。在中国，像这类话题可能意味着，他们已经聊过自杀很多次了；或者意味着，这是他们第一次谈到这个。最终，我们的谈话被转移到了别的话题上，屋子的气氛又回暖起来。我继续签书。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #ff4c00; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">五</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">但那条审查的线，究竟应该画在哪呢？</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在上海译文出版社，每一份原稿要经由三次审批：编辑，编辑的上级和公司老板。时不时的，高级别的人会做一些改动；但更多的审查工作，是由像张吉人这样的普通编辑操办的。2013年，《纽约时报》发表了一篇关于外国作者在中国出版图书的文章，文章提到“出版社被要求雇用审查员，他们大多数是信仰笃定的党员。”但这么说并不准确。在上海译文出版社，没有员工的工作是专门审查内容。这看上去是一个学术上的用词差异，但是实际上区别很大，尤其是在一个涉及很多方面都政治管控的国家。在中国，报纸和杂志的审查力度要比书籍大得多。像国家发行的报纸，比如《China Daily》，积极地为政党做宣传。在互联网上，审查员删除所有提及到禁忌话题的内容。但像张吉人这样的编辑，不是党员、没有意识形态上的禁忌或绝对不能说的话题。他的自我审查，是防御性的：并不是为了宣传某项方针或者掩盖某些真相；他只是为了尽量避免招惹到高层领导。尽管事实上，他的目标——尽力准确地翻译一本书并出版它——很有可能和高层领导的目标发生冲突。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">结果变成了这种很奇怪的，执行人不热情的审查制度。在我的书《寻路中国》中有一章，我描绘了当地政府如何操控村级选举。但这些内容没有一处被删减或修改。我在这本书里写到的，或许是最负面的事：书的最后一章，我描绘了一个叫丽水的工业城市。在镇工厂里，我看到老板雇用未成年工人，违反安全法规，破坏环境和贪污腐败。在一段里我写道，我亲眼见证地方税务官员，勒索两名企业家。以上这些内容，都原封不动地被保留在书中。这一章的一百四十页，只有九个字被删了，因为提到了一段反对政党的内容。剩下的章节，只有三处被砍掉：两处提及到了轮子，一处描写了一个喝醉的蒙古导游跟我说，成吉思汗是个伟人，就像希特勒和本拉登一样，而中国人没有权利宣称成吉思汗属于他们的历史。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">《江城》的审查就更莫名其妙了。我们被人群攻击那一段，讨论三峡大坝缺点的部分，和讨论高校党支部无知的部分——全都没有修改，也没有被删。反倒是那本书被砍的最长一段，是我跟我中文老师的对话，里面提及了某前领导人的名字，他之前是个孤儿。在这一段对话里，我不小心冒犯了我的中文老师，因为我用了“bastard”而不是“orphan”。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">张吉人告诉我说，他本来想把那一片段单独拿出来，但是提及那个名字又提到“bastard”，太冒险了，尽管这段的主旨是，表现外国人学中文时多么笨拙。你看，这就是审查制度的趋势：批评当地政府和当地政党活动是可以的，但是批评高层领导人是越线的。提到轮子的会被删。天安门经常要被叫做“事件”或“暴乱”。关于西藏或新疆的内容也很容易被删。张吉人跟我说，他并没有删除那个醉酒蒙古导游的故事，是出版社的头儿删的，防患未然。毕竟《寻路中国》是他们出版的第一本外国人写的关于中国的书，他们不想让政府当中的某人读了这段醉酒蒙古导游的话，联想到西藏问题。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">张吉人跟我说在他准备《寻路中国》时，常常焦虑——他形容像走钢丝一样。但是，当那本书的成功出版，创立了一个基准线。“多亏这次最开始的成功，现在我很有信心，且能很熟练地应对这些敏感的内容，”张吉人在给我的信中写到。我的书中被删的内容越来越少。《寻路中国》400多页，出版商一共删了差不多5页内容；一年之后的《江城》，一共只删了两页；又一年后的《奇石》，只删了20句话，只相当于一张剪报的大小。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在从北京去上海的火车上，我和张吉人讨论着审查制度。聊到某一处，他说：“你知道我从来没跟你谈过出版你的《甲骨文》那本书。”那本书包含了关于维吾尔人和轮子的报道。我知道那本书会跟我的其他书受到不同待遇，因为其他书主要关注普通人在乡村和小城市的生活。我所有的这些书，都在台湾，无需审查地出版了；在大陆，这些引进版的《甲骨文》很常见。就像很多其他禁书一样，台湾版的《甲骨文》不难买到——淘宝，还其他一些在线零售商，都在卖这本书。但是大陆读者总是不习惯台湾书的繁体字和纵向的排版。但无论如何，我不希望出版一本核心内容被和谐的书，张吉人也跟我讲，他也没兴趣做这个工作。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/7qx5SrzibPH0UykfdYgmibGMLRgfakib4rZdghwsQFSnhk0ykMUtRxj8PAe04c65gN5gPZHCiaVs7C7sSG1WTGLrUg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="1" data-w="800" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/7qx5SrzibPH0UykfdYgmibGMLRgfakib4rZdghwsQFSnhk0ykMUtRxj8PAe04c65gN5gPZHCiaVs7C7sSG1WTGLrUg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #b2b2b2; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">何伟“中国纪实三部曲 ”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #b2b2b2; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">左至右《甲骨文》《江城》《寻路中国》</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">但那条审查的线，究竟应该画在哪呢？我在《纽约客》的同事Osnos，去年给《时代杂志》写了一篇署名社论，谈论他决定不与中国出版社签他的书：《Age of Ambition》。他还警告那些为审查辩护的作者，不要再说有多少比例的内容没有被删除，“这是诱惑人接受审查制度，作为非主体内容——修建枝干保留核心故事完整——但这改变了那些关于描述中国的比例，给世界留下了一个并不真实的中国印象。”大多数西方媒体的文章一直批评这种做法；《时代杂志》描绘外国作者热衷于“乔治奥威尔式的拥抱审查机器”。但中国的审查制度显而易见这个特点——拥有着广泛的审查机制但工作起来却很粗糙——或许不像很多外国人想象的那么危险。就连乔治奥威尔都会同意这点。在《动物农场》的第一版前言中，他警告那些觉得审查制度才是信息自由最大威胁的自鸣得意的想法：“危险的事实是，英国的文学审查，很大程度上是自愿的。（是看不见的。）”他的书就被很多出版商拒绝出版。他还写道：“不受欢迎的想法变得沉默，不舒服的事实不公布，这不需要任何官方的禁止。”</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">所有作者都知道，一个故事或一本书，能被很多文学之外的因素所影响：作者先入为主的观念，编辑的期待，不对等的调查研究和市场的需求。记者的责任是撇开那些可能会造成负面影响的因素；不能撇开的，考虑哪些可以被控制，哪些可以降低影响。审查，抛开人们对这个词膝跳反射般的厌恶不谈，在某些情况下，对一个外国作者来说，能造成的危害要比其他因素要小。一方面，中国的审查制度可以用文件证明存在，相比之下，在美国，是一些微妙的力量改变着出版物。对于我的那些中文书来说，里面有专门的一页，告知读者有些内容被删减了，并引导他们去我的网站看那些内容。而我的网页都没有被防火墙屏蔽，我在上列出了所有移除或更改的内容。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">当我准备把《奇石》那本书中的被和谐内容发表到网上时，一位读者联系我想要一份删减的清单。我们通信了一段时间，最终他承认，他是一名喜欢外文书的警察。他拒绝告诉我他的单位。作为一名读者他熟悉那些我写到的与中国警察的不愉快经历。当我问及他关于审查制度的看法时，他形容为“对作者的侮辱”。但他还写到：“中国人有中国的方式，用一种聪明的方法解决这个问题。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/7qx5SrzibPH0UykfdYgmibGMLRgfakib4rZTiamTicwg5QLrz5D7N6sjkKj77bOAtuSMnRhgKa0Qa9rmlf0J3Sy8qEw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.6620689655172414" data-w="435" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/7qx5SrzibPH0UykfdYgmibGMLRgfakib4rZTiamTicwg5QLrz5D7N6sjkKj77bOAtuSMnRhgKa0Qa9rmlf0J3Sy8qEw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #b2b2b2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">《奇石》新书沙龙</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">这种足智多谋，作为外人是很难领会的。西方的评论对审查制度总是倾向于自以为是的态度，把描绘其他国家的限制，当做对自己价值观的庆祝。最差的一点是，当描述到审查制度时，那些评论根本不在乎中国读者和编辑们的看法。像最近两篇主流媒体关于审查的报道——一篇来自《时代杂志》，一篇来自《南华早报》——他们的文章里甚至都没有引述一条关于中国读者的评论。也没有引用任何一个署名的编辑的评论。当然这些文章不需审查就能发表，它们并不缺少被删减掉的细枝末节，它们缺少的是核心。不把中国的读者考虑进来，不管中国的图书编辑的看法，是很难站在他们的角度思考这个问题的，也很难说同情他们。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在西方，流行的趋势对待审查制度的态度是很霸道的，这种方式如果用到其他类似的涉及到发展的问题，比如贫困问题，就会显得不合适。但事实上，贫困问题和审查问题比我们想象得还要像。一个人试图获取信息的行为（包含教育，接触新的想法和自由表达），像一个人试图提高生活质量一样复杂。西方社会流行讲“自我审查”这个词，来责备普通的个体甘愿接受审查，但这似乎是不对的。就像在经济学上，我们没有一个“自我贫穷”的词来描绘这些穷人，去责备他们的行为导致了他们一直都这么贫穷。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">像张吉人这样的人，他出生的年代，系统里的限制要比今天多很多。所以他们很愿意以一个积极的态度看待问题。从他的观点看，问题的关键不是自我审查，而是他为能把这些外文书引进到中国所做出的努力。而他真的愿意为此而冒风险。就在我巡回活动的前一周，他因为一本书的腰封惹上了麻烦。一名学者的名字出现在上面，而这名学者莫名被牵扯到八十年代末的某个事件。张吉人事先没有想到这个腰封会惹上麻烦，但这个系统就是这样充满不确定性。每个作者的书都有不同待遇，一些事情今年能通过，明年就通过不了。如果有谁越过了这条隐形的线，并惹怒了新闻出版总署，他就会丢了饭碗。所以腰封这件事，上海译文不得不召回六千本图书，然后更换它们的封面。这是件令人难过的事，但中国的编辑们的很擅长干这个：有时他们只切下那些惹怒官方的某一页或两页。张吉人因此被罚了年终奖，还得写检讨，对这些他只是耸耸肩说：“重要的是你能做什么，而不是你做不了什么。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #ff4c00; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">六</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">然后我跟他说作为一个外国人想要理解中国的政治是有多难。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">图书巡回活动之后，我又去了一趟涪陵。我先飞到重庆，我的前同事李雪顺和另外一个老师从机场接了我，然后我们三人一同开车走高速去涪陵。那是新建的三条高速公路之一，同样新开通的还有两条铁路线，其中一条是动车。我曾经工作的学校，现在搬迁到城区外一个较大的地址，这也是1999年开始的高校扩张的一部分。以前我在涪陵教书的时候，学校只有两千名学生，现在超过了两万人。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">我写完第一本书的那些恐惧感，于一两年后就渐渐消失了。李雪顺和我一直保持通信联系。随着时间发展，我们都同意那会当同事时，是不可能成为朋友的。他开诚布公地跟我讲领导要求翻译我书的事。他不知道领导最后把他们翻译的书怎么样了，但他说他很享受翻译前几章的工作。有次他跟我提了一句，如果我将来在中国出版书的话，可以推荐他做翻译。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">2010年，当我与上海译文签约的时候，我跟他们提了李雪顺的名字。我做这个只是出于礼节，我猜出版社可能会需要有相关经验的人。没想到，张吉人面试了李雪顺，然后就聘用他翻译我的《寻路中国》这本书。书出版后，我发现李雪顺的翻译有很多闪光点。最开始是我的岳母告诉我的，我的岳母毕业于台湾，她的中文很考究。她跟我说大陆版的《寻路中国》是非凡的。评论家也高度赞赏它。很快李雪顺就有了很多其他出版商提供的工作；他还翻译了我的另外两本书。一位供职于北京出版社的编辑写信跟我说：“很多像我们这样的80后，对中文语言的美感是忽略的。我们成长于一个充满政治语言的教育系统。《寻路中国》的翻译是中国最好的翻译之一。我从中学到了很多东西。我非常感谢李雪顺先生。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/7qx5SrzibPH0UykfdYgmibGMLRgfakib4rZt0WMyn7Q342bXnF7ibQ82LvfnawXHQoiapodrQdbG4icAkJ3HJF6aXPtg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.665" data-w="400" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/7qx5SrzibPH0UykfdYgmibGMLRgfakib4rZt0WMyn7Q342bXnF7ibQ82LvfnawXHQoiapodrQdbG4icAkJ3HJF6aXPtg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #b2b2b2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">李雪顺（左）与何伟（右）</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在涪陵的某一天，我拜访了李雪顺的办公室，他拿出一把钥匙，打开一个大壁橱，里面有那版领导要求翻译的手稿。我从没见过它，它就像另一个时代的文物：手写体，写在廉价又轻薄的信纸上，抬头有学校的名字，上面甚至还有学校的前四位电报号码。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">李雪顺开始跟我谈论90年代。然后我跟他说作为一个外国人想要理解中国的政治是有多难。“我们也不懂，”他说，“学校也不懂。没有人知道如何跟外国人接触。”他说他最近开始思考以前的日子，因为他翻译了一本书：《桑切斯的孩子们》，就是那本张吉人出版的，描写墨西哥城贫困问题的书。“一些书里的内容让我想起了我的小时候，”他说，“那时候我们很穷，没有玩具，有时甚至都吃不饱。”李雪顺在四川省东南部的一个农场里长大，他是全家唯一接受过教育的人。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">李雪顺今年45岁左右，像张吉人一样，他们都是改革的一代。邓小平主政的时候，他们都是孩子，那是1978年，他们跟着这个国家的经济改革和教育改革一同成长。但很多人对贫穷和与世隔绝依然印象深刻。他们的父母们和祖父母们会给他们流露一些关于上一个年代的恐怖感。他们这代人，让我想起了美国的六、七十年代：他们的上一代，经历了经济大衰退和二战。我明白了为什么张吉人会想出版《桑切斯的孩子们》，因为这本书在六、七十年代的美国，引起了人们关于贫穷和城市化问题的广泛讨论。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">我之前的很多学生，也算是这一代人，现在他们很多都在小城市的中学当老师。我依然跟其中很多人保持联系。偶尔，我会发一些调查问卷给他们。去年的调查问卷，有29个人参与了。他们之中，家庭收入的中值是每年大约一万六千美元（十万人民币）左右，这是高于这个国家的平均值的。几乎每个人都拥有一辆车或一套房，其中两个人同时拥有车和房。这种变化是如此的剧烈，要知道他们大多数都来自贫穷的农村。当他们90年代末刚参加工作时，工资只有大约500美元（3000人民币）每年。但当我问及他们的自己认为的社会地位时，70%以上的人依然觉得自己贫穷或处于较低的社会等级。一个在私立学校工作的老师，他每年工资能拿超过一万五千美元（九万四千多人民币），还拥有两处房和一辆车，没有任何贷款，但他依然认为自己出于较低的社会等级。在中国，对于中产阶级的定义似乎依然不明确。我能感觉到，我的学生们正在试图寻找对这个新社会环境的期待。这个国家变化得是如此迅速，以至于没什么人对他的状况有安全感。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">他们现在作为老师，经常会对他们的学生们谈论到曾经的生活是多么不同。“我了解我的学生们的世界，”Maggie Qin在调查问卷中写到，“但他们并不知道我们的世界，而且他们也体会不了，因为生活对于他们来说太容易了。”在中国，代沟是非常巨大的，而改革的一代可能是唯一一代会同时思考前辈和后辈的人。这一代人就像一座桥，想到当这一代人变老，并逐渐出现在这个国家权力的高层时，我就会对这个国家的未来充满好奇的乐观。长远地看，张吉人可能说对了——现在的政治情形只是表面的风暴，一旦风暴过去，不会对社会深层造成什么影响的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">但这些充斥在我脑海里的想法，都跟涪陵无关。我在涪陵时候，李雪顺还给我看了一样东西。他走到壁橱，拿出一本很破旧的《江城》，翻到149页，指着一段描写乌江的文字问我：“你写的是河西岸，但应该是东岸，对不对？”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br data-filtered="filtered" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我读了一遍，又在脑子想象了一下地理画面，然后感谢他指出了这个错误。我跟他讲，我会通知美国出版社更正这个错误。他把那本旧书放回了壁橱里，掏出钥匙，锁上了门。</span></p><div><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></div></div>