<div></div><div><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">罗伯特·穆加贝(Robert Mugabe)是津巴布韦的独裁统治者,<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/15/world/africa/robert-mugabe-history.html" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; color: #cc2222;">执政近40年</a>。本周,<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/world/20171122/zimbabwe-mugabe-mnangagwa/" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; color: #cc2222;">他宣布即将辞职</a>。关于这位“战斗英雄”出身的总统的前景,很快出现了很多疑问。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">如果历史可以借鉴的话,可以看出,许多铁腕人物离开领导职位后的生活并非一帆风顺,这可能会导致让他们下台的行动变得更加复杂。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">无论是为了避免被起诉,还是守住通过腐败获得的财富,或者是在某些情况下避免死在对手手中,很多威权领导人都不肯放弃手中的权力。下面我们回顾一下那些失去权力的铁腕人物后来的境遇。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"></p><div style="list-style: none; margin: 0px auto; padding: 15px 0px 10px; max-width: 600px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/11/23/world/zim-strongman1/zim-strongman1-articleLarge.jpg" data-url="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/11/23/world/zim-strongman1/zim-strongman1-articleLarge.jpg" alt="查尔斯·G·泰勒等待审判,2012年。" width="auto" height="auto" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: initial; border-style: none; background: url("../../img/download.gif") center center no-repeat; min-height: 64px; display: inline-block; max-width: 600px; height: auto;" /><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; font-size: 11px; color: #999999; width: 560px;">Pool photo by Toussaint Kluiters</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; color: #666666; width: 560px;">查尔斯·G·泰勒等待审判,2012年。</p></div><p style="list-style: none; padding: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"></p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">查尔斯·G·泰勒(Charles G. Taylor),利比里亚</strong><br style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">查尔斯·G·泰勒的例子说明,一个威权领导人想要和平退休是多么困难。泰勒曾是一名军阀,后来成了利比里亚总统,于1997年至2003年领导这个国家。在政府和叛军试图结束利比里亚内战的谈判中,有多名国际领导人介入并承诺提供庇护,于是他最终辞职。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">“历史会善待我的,”泰勒在辞职演讲中说。之后,他在加纳总统的护送下离开了这个国家,最终去了为他提供庇护的尼日利亚。“我已经接受了作为牺牲品的角色。”</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">但后来的事情并不像泰勒期望的那样。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">有一段时间,他和几十名亲戚流亡在尼日利亚,用据信是从利比里亚的财政收入中偷来的钱维持原来的生活方式。但要求逮捕他的<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/30/world/africa/liberian-seized-to-stand-trial-on-war-crimes.html" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; color: #cc2222;">呼声越来越大</a>,他最终因战争罪<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/30/world/africa/liberian-seized-to-stand-trial-on-war-crimes.html" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; color: #cc2222;">站在了国际法庭上</a>,因为他在邻国塞拉利昂长达10年的内战中所扮演的角色而被指控谋杀、性奴役,以及使用儿童士兵。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/31/world/africa/charles-taylor-sentenced-to-50-years-for-war-crimes.html" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; color: #cc2222;">泰勒被判处50年监禁</a>。这是自纽伦堡审判以来,首次出现前国家元首被国际法庭定罪的情况。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"></p><div style="list-style: none; margin: 0px auto; padding: 15px 0px 10px; max-width: 600px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="https://cn.nytstyle.com/international/20171123/zimbabwe-strongmen/?_ga=2.102589249.1988411638.1511316722-280166754.1483080393" data-url="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/11/23/world/23zim-strongmen6/23zim-strongmen6-articleLarge.jpg" alt="在2013年的一次听证会上,胡斯尼·穆巴拉克向支持者挥手。" width="auto" height="auto" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: initial; border-style: none; background: url("../../img/download.gif") center center no-repeat; min-height: 64px; display: inline-block; max-width: 600px; height: auto;" /><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; font-size: 11px; color: #999999; width: 560px;">Associated Press</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; color: #666666; width: 560px;">在2013年的一次听证会上,胡斯尼·穆巴拉克向支持者挥手。</p></div><p style="list-style: none; padding: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"></p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">胡斯尼·穆巴拉克(Hosni Mubarak),埃及</strong><br style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">胡斯尼·穆巴拉克是另一位掌权多年、下台后最终遭到审判的领导人。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">穆巴拉克担任埃及总统长达29年,但在2011年的阿拉伯之春(Arab Spring)运动期间,面临民众起义。经过18天的大规模抗议,数千人每天在开罗的解放广场(Tahrir Square)集会,穆巴拉克于2011年2月下台。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">他把权力移交给了军政府。仅在两个月后,该军政府逮捕了他。这个国家要求他为自己几十年统治期间对人权的践踏和腐败负责。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">他因一系列指控受审,有时是<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/04/world/middleeast/04egypt.html" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; color: #cc2222;">躺在医院的病床</a>上被推进法庭。在之后六年的大部分时间里,他在法律上处于悬而未决的状态,最终被判犯有腐败罪。在被关押了6年之后——有时是在医院,有时是在埃及臭名昭著的托拉监狱(Tora Prison)里——<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/24/world/africa/hosni-mubarak-egypt.html" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; color: #cc2222;">今年他获得释放</a>,在武装警卫的护送下,回到自己位于开罗赫利奥波利斯社区的宅邸。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">穆巴拉克的审判经常被认为是叙利亚总统巴沙尔·阿萨德(Bashar al-Assad)拒绝下台的原因之一。阿萨德在阿拉伯之春运动期间面临民众起义,后来起义演变成旷日持久的内战。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"></p><div style="list-style: none; margin: 0px auto; padding: 15px 0px 10px; max-width: 600px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="https://cn.nytstyle.com/international/20171123/zimbabwe-strongmen/?_ga=2.102589249.1988411638.1511316722-280166754.1483080393" data-url="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/11/23/world/23zim-strongmen5/23zim-strongmen5-articleLarge.jpg" alt="穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲在的黎波里,2010年6月。" width="auto" height="auto" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: initial; border-style: none; background: url("../../img/download.gif") center center no-repeat; min-height: 64px; display: inline-block; max-width: 600px; height: auto;" /><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; font-size: 11px; color: #999999; width: 560px;">Ismail Zitouny/Reuters</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; color: #666666; width: 560px;">穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲在的黎波里,2010年6月。</p></div><p style="list-style: none; padding: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"></p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲(Muammar el-Qaddafi),利比亚</strong><br style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲提供了另一个教训:坚持掌权太久也有风险。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">有42年的时间,卡扎菲一直统治着利比亚。然后出现了阿拉伯之春运动。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">在卡扎菲的领导下,利比亚安全部队镇压了聚集在利比亚第二大城市班加西街头的反政府抗议者。该国的民众起义迅速蔓延,在卡扎菲拒绝让步之后,抗议演变成了大规模内战,最终引发了国际社会的干预。2011年初,卡扎菲发誓说,为了维持对利比亚的控制,他宁愿以烈士的方式死去。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">“我将奋战到底,至死方休,”他在电视讲话中<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/23/world/africa/23libya.html?pagewanted=all" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; color: #cc2222;">对全国人民说</a>。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">卡扎菲始终不肯屈服,尽管他显然已经无法再控制这个国家了,因为叛军迅速<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/24/world/africa/24libya.html" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; color: #cc2222;">占领了他堡垒般的大院</a>,并于2011年8月完全控制了的黎波里。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">几个月后,2011年10月,卡扎菲在试图逃跑的过程中死在叛军的手中。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"></p><div style="list-style: none; margin: 0px auto; padding: 15px 0px 10px; max-width: 600px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"><img src="https://cn.nytstyle.com/international/20171123/zimbabwe-strongmen/?_ga=2.102589249.1988411638.1511316722-280166754.1483080393" data-url="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/11/23/world/23zim-strongmen1/23zim-strongmen-articleLarge.jpg" alt="6月,约瑟夫·卡比拉。" width="auto" height="auto" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-width: initial; border-style: none; background: url("../../img/download.gif") center center no-repeat; min-height: 64px; display: inline-block; max-width: 600px; height: auto;" /><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; font-size: 11px; color: #999999; width: 560px;">Phill Magakoe/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; padding: 0px; color: #666666; width: 560px;">6月,约瑟夫·卡比拉。</p></div><p style="list-style: none; padding: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff;"></p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">约瑟夫·卡比拉(Joseph Kabila),刚果民主共和国</strong><br style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">刚果民主共和国总统约瑟夫·卡比拉依然紧握权力。按照宪法的规定,他应该在第二个任期结束后,也就是去年12月下台。但他拒绝退位,在国内引发了漫长的政治和经济危机。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">他之所以坚持担任总统,可能并不是因为愿意继续领导国家,更多是出于对自身安全和财富的担忧。卡比拉是2001年在父亲洛朗-德西雷·卡比拉(Laurent-Désiré Kabila)被暗杀后上台的。</p><p style="list-style: none; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;">在之后的那些年里,他被广泛指控以牺牲国家利益为代价积聚财富。调查人员和一些政府官员表示,卡比拉掠夺了<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/world/africa/congo-joseph-kabila-corruption.html?_ga=2.175465442.1988411638.1511316722-280166754.1483080393" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: #cc2222;">数百万美元的公共资产</a>。他知道自己下台后可能面临腐败和人权指控,并被没收非法所得。选举被推迟到了2018年12月,尚不清楚是否会如期进行。</p><div style="list-style: none; margin: 20px 0px; padding: 0px; color: #999999; line-height: 18px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Lantinghei SC", "Heiti SC", sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"><p style="list-style: none; padding: 0px;"></p><p style="list-style: none; padding: 0px;">翻译:王相宜</p></div> </div>