<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">一个人历经磨难,却始终不屈不挠,同时磨难也就越发深重。这样的人生是一种不幸,但对有的人来说,这又是一件幸事,假如他同时兼具了优秀作家的两个素质:对自由的热爱和对世界的真实感受。高尔泰无疑就具备了这两个素质。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">《寻找家园》既是一部个人回忆录,同时也是一部文学杰作。在中国当代文学作品中,还很少有作品写出那样深重的受难感。当灾难结束后,许多人也曾控诉与反思,但这些都是限于历史决定论的框架。历史是一条线性道路,发生的一切都是必然的,可以理解的。大多数知识分子尤其充满欢快情绪,接下来的时代是他们的了,曾经饱受迫害的作家、学者此后功成名就,各种非正义的事件再也没有影响到他们的好心情。这个时候,高尔泰的回忆录面世了,他向人们重提那个年代知识分子遭受的罪孽,还有他们犯下的罪孽。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">上世纪八十年代,高尔泰是以美学理论家的形象为大众所知的。我第一次见到他是在1986年,在成都的四川师范学院,那时他从兰州大学调到川师不久,住在校园山坡上的一间旧楼里。他花白头发,蓬乱无章,笑咪咪地咧着嘴,没有一点名人的架子,不时还要夸耀一下自己的力气,亮出鼓鼓的肱二头肌给人看。由于耳朵不好,他常常会偏着头听人讲话,但又像是沉浸在自己的思绪中,显得心不在焉。那天的谈话围绕着某个右派作家复出后的作品,他批评那种劫后忠贞,露出嘲讽的神情。墙上挂着几幅他自己画的风景油画,风格是传统的。高尔泰自小喜欢绘画,亲炙过吕凤子先生。他的一生行迹由美学和绘画组成,当美学每次给他带来厄运时,绘画总是会帮他度过厄运。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/oURdAWjMsdJVCNia88Pl5oiaLcPiaF28KC7SIhaNboUKzBRY3ntyGRxv3zPn3l7whovRy3icA0y58iahiahtDHSJITYw/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="1.5265017667844523" data-w="283" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/oURdAWjMsdJVCNia88Pl5oiaLcPiaF28KC7SIhaNboUKzBRY3ntyGRxv3zPn3l7whovRy3icA0y58iahiahtDHSJITYw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">厄运始于五十年代,年轻的高尔泰从江苏师范学院毕业,分配到甘肃兰州一家中学教书,闲暇之余写了一篇美学论文《论美》。那个年代,所有的理论问题几乎都是讨论精神与物质的关系,尽管生活中的物质是那样贫乏。按照当时的指导思想,美的本质被钦定是一种客观存在,高尔泰却认为美的意义是主体赋予的,没有人的主体性,就没有美。这篇文章在《新建设》上发表后,宗白华、侯敏泽先生纷纷发表批评文章,傅雷、朱光潜先生也都与他通信,批评他的唯心主义观点。在这些著名学者看来,真理已经被证明了,他们现在都在努力跟上时代。在关于美的本质问题上,高尔泰理所当然被划入主观论的代表。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">这种非主流的美学理论给他带来灾难,在反右中尽管他一声未吭,仍然被定为极右分子。那一年,他21岁。直到改革开放以后,他才重操旧业,写出大量有影响的美学论文,其中许多内容都是他在敦煌工作时悄悄写下的,在文革中还一度成为新的罪证。这些论文运用八十年代流行的异化理论和人的解放,认为美是人的本质的投影。也就是说,人的本质是自由的,人在创造美的同时,也在创造自己,所以“美是自由的象征”。基于同样理由,他强调生命力的作用,正如他在回忆录中写道:“人生的意义,也只能植根于个体。它是被创造的,不是被赋予的。”这种浪漫主义的美学观在八十年代具有特殊的时代意义,在历经浩劫之后,他想要阐明,人是目的,不是手段,自由是生命最重要的价值。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">今天已没有人再关注美的本体论问题,不是说这个问题已经解决,而是说这个问题已经转移。几十年的美学领域不是政治批判,就是翻译西方理论,没有真正的创见,加之随着商业浪潮的兴起,美学热很快开始降温,高尔泰意识到美学已经引不起什么共鸣,就像他在回忆录中所写,九十年代读到讨论美学的文章,他“已无感觉”。他或许不再从浪漫主义来看美的本质了,但他对人道主义的信念却没有变,那是他一直坚持的观点。他仍然相信人的主体性:“人是自我创造的生物,有独立自由的个体精神,才有灵魂和灵魂的呼吸——与他人沟通的需要,然后才有文学。”当许多学者将追逐物欲视作人的异化时,他始终认为丧失自我才是人的异化。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">既然文学是人的主体性的表现,在一个蔑视个体的社会,顽强的生命力总是会遭到阻碍并试图冲破阻碍,痛苦的价值因而象征着文学的价值,这是他的回忆录呈现出受难感的主要原因。受难感不是单纯的控诉,在其中必须要能感受到灵魂的呼吸。没有灵魂的堕落和抗争,就只有外在的痛苦,没有受难感。而在高尔泰看来,知识分子背叛良知,放弃自我在数十年间已成为常态,这使得他们的受难具有一种内在因素,因此,当高尔泰写到这个群体时,他心中最重要的问题始终是,什么是知识分子?</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow: hidden;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 20%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 2em; height: 2em; border-radius: 100%; background-color: #5f9cef; line-height: 2em; color: #ffffff;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">2</span></section></section><section style="margin: -1em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top: 1px solid #5f9cef; width: 234.5px; float: left;"></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top: 1px solid #5f9cef; width: 234.5px; float: right;"></section></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; clear: both;"></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">仿佛是要印证萨义德关于知识分子的定义,高尔泰天生就是个流亡者。他出生在江苏高淳,抗战时期的家乡逃难,反右时期的夹边沟,文革时期的敦煌,以及改革时期的兰州、北京、成都和南京,数十年间辗转不定。每经历一次厄运,就被迫换一个地方。搬家于他已是寻常之事,他习惯了与时代的冲突,在坚持自己的观点方面,他始终孤傲而固执,当代许多著名学者都与他有过争议,这不能完全归于他无视权威的个性,他从来没有遇到过多元和宽容的时代,这使他的回忆录具有很大的容量,成为时代的一个缩影。当然,这更是他个人的心灵史:在颠沛流离中寻找家园。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">尽管童年遭逢乱世,传统的教育却培养了他的人文精神,使他的天性得以自由成长。但童年快乐的回忆很少,参加工作后不久他就成为右派,被发配到甘肃酒泉的夹边沟农场。由于杨显惠的《夹边沟记事》,这个地名已经为世人所知,但此书毕竟是出自采访者,与《寻找家园》出自亲历者不同,用高尔泰的话说,只有亲历者才会体验到“时间的硬度”。大戈壁的风沙很快就让他尝到了苦役的滋味。每天起早摸黑,在荒原上挖排碱沟,这种无效劳动与其说是为了改造自然,不如说是为了惩罚人。最可怕的还是饥饿,这从来都是囚徒生活的一部分,劳改犯们时常偷别人的食物,为争刮饭桶边上的糊糊而打架。一次,高尔泰在荒原上看到远处一棵沙枣树,收工时悄悄跑去摘沙枣,为了赶上走得越来越远的队伍,他差点在茫茫沙漠中迷路。多年后,他充满诗意地写道:“月冷龙沙,星垂大荒。一个自由人,在追赶监狱。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/oURdAWjMsdJVCNia88Pl5oiaLcPiaF28KC7PoQI5Cj2PRuMIXlSocnvHxaOv07lWqrNnEQ6aLEEmyKgFgzcgeKuag/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="1.1755555555555555" data-w="450" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/oURdAWjMsdJVCNia88Pl5oiaLcPiaF28KC7PoQI5Cj2PRuMIXlSocnvHxaOv07lWqrNnEQ6aLEEmyKgFgzcgeKuag/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">高尔泰熟悉十九世纪的俄罗斯文学,熟悉西伯利亚那些流放者的身影,这一文学素养为他提供了观察人性的视野。在反右中,知识分子就在他眼里表现出积极的作恶,曾经友好相处的同事,突然间开始互相揭发,而且大多是无中生有。然后在夹边沟,他目睹一个人身上既可以表现出善良,也可以表现出残忍。他在回忆录中写了几个普通人,逃亡者李沪生、思想者安兆俊、爱整洁的龙庆忠、军人郭永怀、张元勤,这些人性格各异,但渐渐地,劳役、饥饿和屈辱,使他们对生命失去了奢求,唯一的共同欲望是活下去,后来他们中许多人都在大饥荒年代饿死了。当饥饿蔓延的时候,高尔泰幸运地被调去兰州画画,躲过了一劫。那些裸露在荒原上的森森白骨——其中有许多是他熟悉的人——几十年后成为当地医院的物质标本,也成为他与这个世界的精神联系。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">如果没有这个联系,他在后来的岁月也不会显得那样顽固不化。绘画的才能再一次帮助了他,解除劳教后,他被常书鸿先生收留,到敦煌莫高窟研究所工作。夜幕降临时,面对茫茫沙碛和古代壁画,他想到永恒,想到绝对零度的突破。然而,艺术敦煌并不是一个与世隔绝的桃源。越是高级知识分子扎堆的地方,人际关系就越紧张,谦和的笑容背后永远掩藏着心机,所有人始终处在一种高度的精神戒备状态中,习惯了公共场合的自我表演。在学英雄的会上,人人都感动得流泪,他只得“尽量低下头去。从手指缝里斜眼窥看别人,发现有好几双晶莹泪眼在闪闪地观察我。连忙把垂得更低,低得都快碰到膝盖了。”到了文革时期,这种斗争的气氛就越发浓烈了,一位工人告诉他,最可怕的是知识分子,都想立功赎罪,告发别人。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">描写文革中互相撕斗的回忆录,并非只有高尔泰一人。然而,写出知识分子最不堪的丧失人格尊严的一面,显然是此书的一大特点。这不仅因为他早已成为阶级敌人,可以在某种程度上置身事外,冷静地观察,而且更是因为他想要指控人性。那些平日温文尔雅的学者专家,突然间就变成了凶猛的野兽,他们“剧烈地蹦跳叫喊,忽又放声歌唱,忽又涕泗交流,忽又自打耳光,忽又半夜里起来山呼万岁,敲锣打鼓宣传伟大思想。”他毫不容情地指出,在批斗会上,将常书鸿夫妇打得最凶的人,也是他们从前最信任的人。然而,所有知识分子实际上都是戴罪之身,最后都会遭到整肃。在这个地方,“他人就是地狱”这句存在主义的名言得到了最充分的证实。每一句话,每一个微笑,都要评估它可能产生的后果,提防有人怀疑和告密。于是乎,当大家被关进牛棚时,有的人睡觉假装打鼾,表示自己心里坦然;有的人假装说梦话,在梦里高喊革命口号。他们已经不需要监管人员,他们完全可以做到互相监督,还有比这更美妙的新世界吗?</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">从夹边沟活过来的人都曾有过生存的极限体验,由于高尔泰早已坠入底层,成了每次挨斗的靶子,唯一的护卫武器就是以眼还眼,对那些伤害他的人施以同样的报复,这是一个囚徒的本能反应。只要发现有人整他,他就会故意揭发其在私下里说的另一套话,事后他虽然会有复仇的快感,但仍然为自己和别人感到悲哀。然而,这还不是最深的悲哀,最深的悲哀是人们把这一切都归罪于时代而顾盼自怜。八十年代初,高尔泰从酒泉调到兰州大学,后又调到中国社科院,他在回忆录中用一段话概括出当时北京的气氛:“满城都是受害人。回城的知青从广阔天地带来各种荒谬体验,忙着谋生。上访者鸣冤叫屈,大都有一部血泪史。失宠的幕僚,站错队的干部,整人起家而仕途坎坷者,歌功颂德而未获宠幸的文人”。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">灾难过后,所有人都在控诉,所有人都是被迫害者。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow: hidden;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 20%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 2em; height: 2em; border-radius: 100%; background-color: #5f9cef; line-height: 2em; color: #ffffff;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">3</span></section></section><section style="margin: -1em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top: 1px solid #5f9cef; width: 234.5px; float: left;"></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top: 1px solid #5f9cef; width: 234.5px; float: right;"></section></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; clear: both;"></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">想到高尔泰曾是一个著名的理论家,他的回忆录不禁让人感到惊讶。理性和情感兼备的作家不多,高尔泰大概就算得上是一个。他对人的感觉不亚于他对理论的感觉,如果他的理论文章更多是出于对知识的消化和哲学的逻辑思维,他的叙事散文则体现出细致的观察力和文学的形象思维。不待说,后者更加需要依靠语言的魅力,而他却能自如地运用两种语言系统,正如他自己所说,文学的要素除了思想的穿透力、情感的深刻性,就是语言和体裁的独创性了。看得出来,他在叙事语言上下了一番功夫,不再采用欧式的长句子,而是从中国传统语言中吸取营养,由繁复的文字转为简洁的文字。书中生动形象的刻画俯拾皆是,如描写去山里开荒时打黄羊的一章:</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #007aaa; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">我们到门外观望,什么也看不见。落日苍茫,云山万重,天地间一派金红。无数雪山的峰顶,像一连串镶嵌在天空的宝石,璀璨辉煌。从乌黑浑浊的小屋里出来,突然面对这份庄严肃穆雄浑莽苍,我们都愕然悚然,一时没了言语。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #007aaa; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">铃声越来越清晰,随之暝色里影子似的出现了七只骆驼,在岩石下池边跪在一纵列。有两个人从驼背上下来,把一件一件很大的东西从驼背上卸下。然后一个人吆喝着骆驼起来饮水,一个人抱着皮大衣朝山上走来。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">他的文字刻画的雅致和省净,甚至具有一种声律感,反映了他在文学方面的某种追求。这是一个诗人眼里看到的戈壁滩,在他笔下,描绘出一种中国式的意境,这个意境产生于江南山水,产生于夹边沟和敦煌。对诗人来说,文学的基本性质是诗性,它通过语言塑造现实。因此,即使是毫无诗意的社会环境,他也要写出偶尔闪现的美,这使得他那充满磨难的叙事有一种张力。他在回忆中没有用美来逃避生活,而是用美来抵抗时代的暴虐,抵抗虚假的当代文学。换言之,他再一次用文字挑战了这个时代。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">过去了的整整一个世纪,就是一个道德上野蛮化的过程。这个过程的最大特色是,粗鄙取代高雅,成为知识分子的价值标准,也成为文学的价值标准,正是这个世纪与文学的粗鄙完全抛弃了基本的道德善,将人性践踏在地。毫无疑问,当代这一价值标准的代表艺术家是莫言和张艺谋,他们的作品已经取得世界级的成功,这些作品模仿西方现代艺术,显示对恶的崇奉,夸耀一种想象中鄙俗、暴虐和变态的民间社会。但正因为是模仿,往往显得过于用力。在那些虚构的故事与粗鄙的语言中,透露出某种奴隶般的沾沾自喜,而那种被赞赏的带有粗豪匪气的形象,则可以追溯到更早年代形成的暴力价值观。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">说到底,他们的价值世界里缺乏真正的同情,或者说没有真正的爱与恨,因此,如果说他们也有某种价值观,那就是道德虚无主义,他们最终表现出对权力的崇拜,实际上是非常自然的事。套用布罗茨基的一句话,当他们在自己的作品中描绘中国的历史与现实时,这是洞穴里的人在描绘洞穴。读者最终会明白,他们的巨大名声不过显示出这个时代的文学名誉是如何产生的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">相形之下,高尔泰的写作恢复了文学的真诚。他的一生跌荡起伏,充满传奇色彩,而他却没有将它写成传奇。他在回忆中寻找家园,抗议他所目睹和经历的文明的毁坏。写出这一切痛苦的真相,正是文学的本份。他在艺术与现实之间找到了一种平衡,在文学属于个人创作的意义上,他的回忆录已经不仅是时代的证言,而且是通过诗与散文的结合表达个人的心声,将民族半个世纪的受难上升到审美的高度。他始终是加缪所说的一个“自由射手”,从来就不合群,也从来没有将家国情怀变成一种狭隘的民族主义。当他不再谈论美学时,反而最充分地揭示出美是自由的象征。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">这部回忆录赢得了许多年轻人的喜欢,同时也招致各种异议。那些反对的声音都是来自他的同时代人,尤其是以前的同事。许多作家的作品与实生活实际上都有差距,他们的回忆录都会遭到当事人的驳斥。有人宣称:“在他的灵魂深处,其实隐伏着一些阴暗的东西。”他总是把周围的人看作敌人,对别人和自己都充满恶意,回忆录中的自述,如鼓励同事去追求必然失败的婚姻,声称一个人应当“体验”一切,也成了他有受虐心理的例证。此外,还有一些回忆录没写到的事,如他私下谈到夹边沟的犯人时,冷酷地说,知识分子最后都成了野兽,为抢夺一块饼干,在饿死者面前打得头破血流。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">然而,这样的“揭发”即使不是抬高了他,也使他这个人变得更加立体。给我们的印象是,他的确像一头荒野中离群的狼,孤独、敏感,对周围充满戒备,“时刻提防被袭击,并在感觉到危机时先发制人”。用现代文学的标准看,把人性看得太阴暗,这似乎正是一个现代作家的心灵特征。关键在于,一个作家写了什么,为人生赋予了什么。高尔泰的回忆录如果不是写出了一部中国知识分子的心灵史,至少也是提供了一部人类行为学的材料。就此而言,这部回忆录注定会成为传世之作。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">平心而论,他并没有回避自己性格的偏激,如他对常书鸿先生的不满和责怪,就表现出自己过于敏感的一面。他一生遭遇许多次波折,其实都与他的性格有关。他有过许多飞黄腾达的机会,但都因为“不识抬举”而错过了。他写了一些有学问但无人格的学者,也写了一些既有学问又有人格的学者,这些人具有正直感和同情心,屡遭磨难却又逆来顺受,这使他颇不以为然。他太固执己见,只看到他们被扭曲的人格,看不到他们一生谨小慎微背后的悲情,因而失去了许多珍贵友谊。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">如果不是出于反思和歉疚,他本可以不写出这些情节的。他的不宽容让许多人难以接受和失望,但对他来说,写出这些往事是他个人心灵的需要,他的心灵是由那个时代塑造的,也只有从那个时代中得到解脱。考虑到他一生饱受打击,颠沛流离,他的孤愤甚至不宽容并不令人感到意外。更重要的是,他很清楚,人性的丑陋也包括自己,正如他在为自己辩护的文章中所说,自己是“用泥污的肢体,带着创伤的灵魂,爬出那黑暗的隧道,我早就不像人样。”炼狱的经历使他一辈子很难信任他人,也很难与他人深交,这也是他无法与时代达成和解的原因。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">我想他与批评者之间的区别仅仅在于,他们原谅了时代,而他却没有原谅。尽管高尔泰从来没有站在一种阶级的立场看问题,但他与他们毕竟是同龄人,换言之,他们都是经过了价值重估后成长起来的一代人,接受的是现代的特殊道德,而不是传统的普遍道德,亦即善与恶有着基本的内涵,二者的界限是不能混淆的。这是现代人与前人最大的不同。在这个意义上,自新文化运动以来几代人其实是处在同一个价值时代,我们对世界、人性和美的观照已经跳不出适者生存的框架,尽管高尔泰在回忆录中透露出对传统文化的真切感情,但他却揭示出传统文化的价值与我们——包括他自己——已经没有多少关系。更深刻地说,当人们疯狂地陷入互相揭发和自我表演的污坑时,这并不是迫害者与受害者的问题,而是所有人的问题。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">极权不是一个简单的恶的故事,它是现代社会的产物,是我们每一个人的故事。现代的观念体系是由知识分子建立起来的,当知识分子信奉历史决定论,将诸如“良心”、“尊严”等基本准则视作应当被抛弃的旧价值时,其命运就已经注定。娜杰日达·曼德尔施塔姆在她的回忆录中描述过知识分子的这种自我毁灭,认为一旦思想自由、良心、人道主义这些特征消失后,知识分子阶层也就不复存在了。正因为现代知识分子的内心一无所有,他们害怕孤独,害怕被排斥在一致性的社会之外。许多人为虎作伥,落井下石,就是为了留在一个群体的家园里。他们达到了目的,却耗费了一生。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/oURdAWjMsdJVCNia88Pl5oiaLcPiaF28KC73f7ibdMjG5D61w4UpGw1jUhc8rf7dV7EKrY50ibGsBV4fQdbtunwkt0w/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.6363636363636364" data-w="550" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/oURdAWjMsdJVCNia88Pl5oiaLcPiaF28KC73f7ibdMjG5D61w4UpGw1jUhc8rf7dV7EKrY50ibGsBV4fQdbtunwkt0w/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">娜杰日达·曼德尔施塔姆</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">幸运的是,高尔泰始终保持了个体的独立,这一点他与娜杰日达·曼德尔施塔姆有着相似的固执性格,尽管这让他付出了一生都在颠沛流离的代价。然而,他并没有后悔,他在回忆录中告诉我们,家园在自己心中,在文字记录下的历史中。我最后一次见到他是在1990年底,那时他已经打算再回四川,来南京办手续。有一天,他突然来我家闲坐,照例是表演了一番亮肌肉,笑咪咪地说话,然后随便地吃了一碗家人下的阳春面。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">他谈了自己的一些近况,接着我们又谈论起文学,我提到前苏联作家阿马利里克的《被迫的西伯利亚之行》,因为帮助一些画家将作品偷送到国外,阿马利里克在1965年被流放到西伯利亚,书中用一种冷静的笔调描写了那段艰苦的流放经历。高尔泰听了后很感兴趣,走时就把这本书借去了。如今读他的回忆录,不禁回想起当年的情景,我突然发现他的目光其实是很锐利的,好象时刻在侦伺着人。</span></p>