<p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">世界经济论坛(World Economic Forum)在11月2日发布了<a href="https://cn.weforum.org/press/2017/11/GGGR17/" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e6e9e; text-decoration-line: none;">《2017年全球性别差距报告》(Global Gender Gap Report 2017)</a>，中国位列所有144个国家中第100位，是该报告自2006年发布以来，历史排名最低。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">打开这份报告，我们发现中国不仅落后挪威、丹麦这些北欧国家，甚至排在许多非洲、东南亚国家之后。我们不禁要问，中国女性的地位为什么会不如卢旺达（排名第4）、菲律宾（排名第10）、孟加拉（排名第47）？</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;"></p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;"></p><table style="margin: 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; border-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: #e0dbd2; width: 670px; color: #333333; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;"><tbody style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #fdf8f0;"><th style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right: 1px solid #d5cdbf; border-top: 0px; background-color: #e9decf; color: #000000; height: 32px; border-left: 1px solid #d5cdbf;">全球性别差距排名</th><th style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right: 1px solid #d5cdbf; border-top: 0px; background-color: #e9decf; color: #000000; height: 32px;">国家</th><th style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right: 1px solid #d5cdbf; border-top: 0px; background-color: #e9decf; color: #000000; height: 32px;">全球性别差距排名</th><th style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right: 1px solid #d5cdbf; border-top: 0px; background-color: #e9decf; color: #000000; height: 32px;">国家</th></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f8f3ea;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: #e0dbd2;">1</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">冰岛</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">15</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">英国</td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #fdf8f0;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: #e0dbd2;">2</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">挪威</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">47</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">孟加拉</td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f8f3ea;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: #e0dbd2;">3</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">芬兰</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">49</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">美国</td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #fdf8f0;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: #e0dbd2;">4</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">卢旺达</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">53</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">蒙古</td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f8f3ea;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: #e0dbd2;">5</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">瑞典</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">64</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">老挝</td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #fdf8f0;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: #e0dbd2;">6</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">尼加拉瓜</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">71</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">俄罗斯</td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f8f3ea;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: #e0dbd2;">7</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">斯洛文尼亚</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">100</strong></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">中国</strong></td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #fdf8f0;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: #e0dbd2;">8</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">爱尔兰</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">108</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">印度</td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f8f3ea;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: #e0dbd2;">9</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">新西兰</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">114</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">日本</td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #fdf8f0;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: #e0dbd2;">10</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">菲律宾</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">118</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">韩国</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;"></p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">虽然《报告》参考的数据是客观的（例如“出生性别比”、“男女识字率”），但数据的选择，以及把各项数据综合起来得到“性别平等指数”的过程却是主观的。在下面的文章里，我通过分析“性别平等指数”的构成来解释为什么《报告》的排名这么出人意料，以及为什么性别平等不该用世界排名来比较。</p><div><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">性别差距是相对概念</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">《报告》的“性别平等指数”，是取各国在政治、经济、健康、教育这四个大项得分的平均值，而每项又由几个小项指标组成，例如“教育”是由“识字率”、“小学入学比例”、“中学入学比例”、“大学入学比例”组成。每个小项的计算方法都是“女性的值”除以“男性的值”，所以一个男女识字率都仅为70%的国家，和一个男女识字率都为99%的国家，得分都是满分1分。而一个女性识字率97%、男性识字率99%的国家，却只拿到0.97分。下图中，博茨瓦纳和加拿大都在“识字率”这个小项上拿了满分，尽管加拿大的绝对水平要更高。而中国则因为女性识字率低于本国男性识字率，所以只拿到了0.95分。</p> <table style="margin: 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; border-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: #e0dbd2; width: 670px; color: #333333; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;"><tbody style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #fdf8f0;"><th style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right: 1px solid #d5cdbf; border-top: 0px; background-color: #e9decf; color: #000000; height: 32px; border-left: 1px solid #d5cdbf;">国家</th><th style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right: 1px solid #d5cdbf; border-top: 0px; background-color: #e9decf; color: #000000; height: 32px;">女性识字率</th><th style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right: 1px solid #d5cdbf; border-top: 0px; background-color: #e9decf; color: #000000; height: 32px;">男性识字率</th><th style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right: 1px solid #d5cdbf; border-top: 0px; background-color: #e9decf; color: #000000; height: 32px;">女╱男</th><th style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right: 1px solid #d5cdbf; border-top: 0px; background-color: #e9decf; color: #000000; height: 32px;">识字率得分</th></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f8f3ea;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: #e0dbd2;">加拿大</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">99.0</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">99.0</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">1</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">1</td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #fdf8f0;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: #e0dbd2;">博茨瓦纳</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">81.8</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">80.4</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">1.02</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">1</td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f8f3ea;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: #e0dbd2;">中国</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">92.7</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">97.5</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">0.95</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">0.95</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;"></p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">《报告》的“性别差距”是一个相对概念，即该国女性地位比该国男性地位低多少。中国的“性别平等指数”低于卢旺达、菲律宾，意思是卢旺达的男女差异小于中国的男女差异。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">那中国到底在什么方面有巨大的男女差异呢？下面的图表显示，中国“丢分”最多的大项是“健康”，主要原因是出生女孩数远少于男孩数，出生性别比世界垫底。目前学术界针对中国这种现象有两种解释，一种是很多<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/missing-girls-indirect-measures-and-critical-assumptions-a-response-to-yong-cais-comments/A964E83AB82D604476C42823C73DF850" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e6e9e; text-decoration-line: none;">女孩出生时没有上户口</a>，所以未被统计，另一种是偏爱男孩的父母<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/missing-girls-or-hidden-girls-a-comment-on-shi-and-kennedys-delayed-registration-and-identifying-the-missing-girls-in-china/61E21855F8A1D958660973841BBC46FD" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e6e9e; text-decoration-line: none;">选择了流产或者杀害女婴</a>。</p></div><div> </div><table style="margin: 0px 0px 28px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; border-spacing: 0px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: #e0dbd2; width: 670px; color: #333333; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;"><tbody style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #fdf8f0;"><th style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right: 1px solid #d5cdbf; border-top: 0px; background-color: #e9decf; color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 32px; border-left: 1px solid #d5cdbf;"></th><th style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right: 1px solid #d5cdbf; border-top: 0px; background-color: #e9decf; color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 32px;">政治</th><th style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right: 1px solid #d5cdbf; border-top: 0px; background-color: #e9decf; color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 32px;">经济</th><th style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right: 1px solid #d5cdbf; border-top: 0px; background-color: #e9decf; color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 32px;">健康</th><th style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right: 1px solid #d5cdbf; border-top: 0px; background-color: #e9decf; color: #000000; text-align: left; height: 32px;">教育</th></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f8f3ea;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: #e0dbd2;">世界各国中位数</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">0.175</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">0.670</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">0.975</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">0.991</td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #fdf8f0;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: #e0dbd2;">中国</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">0.160</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">0.654</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">0.918</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">0.963</td></tr><tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f8f3ea;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: #e0dbd2;">中国与世界各国中位数之差</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">0.015</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">0.016</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">0.057</strong></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px 10px; box-sizing: border-box; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: #e0dbd2; font-size: 14px;">0.028</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;"></p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">指标的选择</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">我们看到这份排名会觉得吃惊，还有《报告》选择的细项指标。而这些细项指标的选择也是有争议的。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">首先看“政治”这个大项。其中有一个小项指标是“过去50年国家元首中女性的比例”。多数国家在过去50年也只有几任元首，所以把这个指标纳入排名值得商榷。印度和孟加拉因为曾有男首相的女儿长期任职首相，所以在这个指标上排名数一数二，而瑞典这样女性参政比例很高、但恰好还没出过女首相的国家，这一项得分为0。</p><div> <p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">再看“政治”下面“女性议员比例”这个小项。世界经济论坛的本意是奖励那些女性参政比例高的国家。但在政治体制不完善的国家，女性议员能否切实代表女性民众的利益？更大的问题是，男女比例50：50的社会，一定需要议员比例也是50：50才算性别平等吗？这在政治学界远不是一个已有定论的问题。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">此外，目前世界上绝大多数高比例女性的议会，最初得以达到40%甚至50%的女性比例，依靠的是<a href="http://quotaproject.org/" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e6e9e; text-decoration-line: none;">配额制度</a>，即议会或主要党派保障议员或提名人中有一定比例为女性。这样的配额制度在复数选区（一个选区选多位民意代表）的国家<a href="http://www.quotaproject.org/faq.cfm" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e6e9e; text-decoration-line: none;">比较容易实施</a>，因为法律可以规定当选议员里必须有一定比例为女性。而在单数选区（一个选区选一位民意代表）的国家，妇女配额则不易实施，像美国、加拿大、尼日利亚都没有妇女配额。所以单数选区的国家，在女性议员指标上有不小劣势。</p></div><div><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">再看“经济”这个大项，其中有一个小项是男女参与劳动的比例，世界经济论坛认为男女差异越小，社会越平等。理论上，这个观点是成立的——随着社会发展，性别刻板印象越来越少，“挣钱养家”不再是男性的专职，“收拾家务”也不再是女性的专职。不过，通过查阅数据，我们发现妇女参与劳动的比例与国家经济发展水平呈<a href="https://ourworldindata.org/female-labor-force-participation-key-facts" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e6e9e; text-decoration-line: none;">“U型关系”</a>：在欠发达和特别发达的国家，妇女参与劳动比例高，而发达水平中等的国家，妇女参与劳动比例低。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;"><img src="http://i.ftimg.net/picture/9/000074869_piclink.jpg" style="margin: auto; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: medium; border-style: none; max-width: 100%; display: block;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;"><img src="http://i.ftimg.net/picture/1/000074871_piclink.jpg" style="margin: auto; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; border-width: medium; border-style: none; max-width: 100%; display: block;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">上面两张图显示，妇女参与劳动比例和人均GDP在非洲是负相关（上图），但在欧洲是正相关（下图）。举坦桑尼亚和冰岛为例，两国都有70%的妇女参与劳动，但女性参与劳动的原因可能完全不同，在坦桑尼亚这样的发展中国家，女性参与劳动更多是迫于生计。因此，在“经济平等”方面是否该给坦桑尼亚和冰岛这两类国家同样的分数，也值得讨论。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">只从“排名”来看性别平等没有意义</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">解释完了为什么这份排名出人意料，我想探讨“性别平等”排名本身的意义。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">“性别平等”是一个复杂的概念，有很多定义和量化的方式。我认为横向的“世界性别平等排名”没有意义，因为稍微改变几个参考的指标，我们就可能得到完全相反的排名。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">举日本为例，在世界经济论坛这份报告中，日本排名所有144个国家中第114位，在中国、印度之后。仔细看日本各项得分，我们会发现日本在基础保障方面几乎完全做到了性别平等——男女的中小学入读率、出生比、预期寿命都是世界上差异最小的，得分世界第一。然而，日本女性参与劳动比例低、鲜有人成为政商界精英，所以在高等教育性别比、男女收入比、女性参政比这几个指标上都排在末尾。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">这样一个社会，世界经济论坛认为它是世界上性别差距最大的地方之一，因为排名选取的指标惩罚像日本这样鲜有女性进入精英阶层的国家。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">但如果我们稍微改变参考指标，日本就可能排名世界前列，整个排名也会头尾颠倒。在<a href="http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e6e9e; text-decoration-line: none;">《2010-2014 世界价值观调查》</a>里，有一题询问各国民众“打老婆是否合理”(Justifiable: For a man to beat his wife)，有84%的日本人表示“什么情况下都不合理”，排名所有60个受访国家中第16位。世界经济论坛这份排名里位列第4的卢旺达，只有不到10%的人认为打老婆“什么情况下都不合理”，位列世界最末位。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">我举日本这个例子并不是因为该国在性别平等问题上做得多好，也不是因为“性别平等”这个概念等同于对“打老婆”行为的态度。我是想指出排名顺序很大程度上取决于参考的指标——由于“性别平等”是一个复杂、多维度的概念，我们怎样定义就决定了我们会得到怎样的结论。日本既可能是性别平权的正面典型，也可能是反面典型。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">另外，谈到“性别平等”时我们关注的是社会上哪一群女性，也会影响我们对每个国家的评价。如果看社会1%的精英阶层（如担任CEO、受过高等教育的女性），中国的两性差距远小于日本。但如果看社会的99%，日本却比中国更平等。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">因此，给各国打一个性别平等综合分然后横向比较，没有太大意义。如果想做国与国之间的对比，应该看某个具体小项，例如性别出生比、入读大学比例等。世界经济论坛排名最有价值的地方，就是它搜集了各国的小项数据，而在每个小项上的横向比较是有意义的。当然，由于各国在一些指标上的统计口径不同，更严谨的读者可能只会比较同一个国家过去几十年在某一项指标上的变化。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">中国性别平等的现状</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">说了这么多横向比较，中国女性的地位近年来究竟是提高还是降低了？</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">让人欣喜的数据有很多——出生性别比<a href="http://acwf.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0121/c99060-28073685.html" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e6e9e; text-decoration-line: none;">连续七年下降</a>（虽然离自然值还差很远），义务教育阶段男女入学率<a href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tJsj/zxfb/201710/t20171026_1546608.html" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e6e9e; text-decoration-line: none;">已无差异</a>、农村妇女自杀率过去十年较九十年代<a href="https://www.economist.com/news/china/21605942-first-two-articles-chinas-suicide-rate-looks-effect-urbanisation-back%20target=" "="" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e6e9e; text-decoration-line: none;">几乎减半</a>。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">同时我们也看到这样的数据——<a href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-03/03/c_127535710.htm" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e6e9e; text-decoration-line: none;">近九成女大学生</a>在招聘过程中遇到过性别歧视﹔从基层的村委会主任到高层的人大政协委员都只有<a href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tJsj/zxfb/201710/t20171026_1546608.html" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e6e9e; text-decoration-line: none;">一成是女性</a>﹔浙江大学和前北京大学教授分别公开表示<a href="http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001074883" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e6e9e; text-decoration-line: none;">“学术界不是女性地盘”</a>、女生一般<a href="https://www.weibo.com/1497574603/Fv2jyf8uE" target="_blank" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e6e9e; text-decoration-line: none;">“死读书、阅读面窄”</a>。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;">如前文所说，性别平等是一个多维度的概念，无法简单用“九分、十分”或者“进步、退步”来描述。中国在一些指标上已经没有男女差异，在一些指标上进步显着、但离理想状态还有差距，在另一些指标上做得远远不够。我们在看政府或公益组织发布的性别平等报告时，不妨翻开小项数据，国家在平权问题上的进步与退步就体现在这些细节里。</p><p style="padding: 0px 0px 1em; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 28.336px; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Arial, "Hiragino Sans GB", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Heiti SC", STHeiti, "Microsoft Yahei", SimSun, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px; background-color: #fff1e0;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box;">（作者目前在北京从事法律相关研究。本文仅代表作者观点。）</em></p> </div>