<p> </p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">近来有不少关于民主进程挫折的讨论。这是哥伦比亚大学一次讨论会的主题</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">[1]</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">。这也与胡平关于中国崛起的解读相关</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">[2]</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">。外交关系委员会(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">The Council on Foreign Relations</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)的研究员</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">Joshua Kurlantzick</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">出了一本专著《民主的退潮(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">Democracy in Retreat</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)》</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">[3]</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">。《民主的退潮》一书的讨论比较详细全面,后面我将简略考虑这本书对中国民主转型的意义。但我先提醒大家注意比较新比较全面的民主理论。最近民主退潮或挫折的部分原因可以追溯到常见的民主理论过于简单。简单的民主理论使得转型国家的领袖和精英对民主转型的挑战和困难认识不足以及民众对民主的成果期望过快过高。下面我先提及新的民主理论,然后考虑民主退潮的问题,最后联系中国的民主转型。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">开始讨论以前,我们先需要认识到民主制对以前的政治制度是一场革命。人类历史上多数政治制度(部落首领制,君王制,世袭制,帝国)是自然发展的结果(有些有创新但没有根本改变,属于改革性质)。但是民主制度,无论古希腊的民主制度还是现代的自由民主制,完全不同。人类社会不会自然发展成民主制。它需要人们思想的根本改观,废除许多原有机制(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">institutions</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">),同时建立许多新机制。新机制包括选举,分权,法治,各种监督,言论和出版自由,公民社会等等。这些新机制不仅需要新的硬件,还需要思想意识的变化。如果这些新机制中的某一个没有正常建立,整个民主制度就可能达不到期望容易产生挫折,退潮,或衰败。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">广为所知的民主转型理论由亨廷顿(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">Samuel Huntington</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">),利普塞特(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">Seymour Martin Lipset</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">) 等提出(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">[3]</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">,</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">36</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">-</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">37</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">页;福山的书也有介绍</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">[4]</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">,</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">27</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">章)。这个理论很简单:一个国家经济发达到一定高度以后会产生大批中产阶级。中产阶级会有政治诉求,最终导致民主。这个理论有合理的一面也有不合理的一面。合理的一面是它总结了已经实现民主的西方国家的先例。用它来分析文化背景和传统相似的国家有很大参考价值。前面我指出民主制度是大的变革。中产阶级的出现不一定会自然产生民主。简单的民主理论不一定适用于传统不同的国家;这是它不合理的一面。普遍的民主转型需要更详细的民主转型理论。实际上现在已经有这种理论。福山的政治秩序和衰败一书第三部分</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">“</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">民主</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">”</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">有四章</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">[4]</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">。我曾写过两篇文章介绍其中的三章(作了一些附加,评论,和延伸)</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">[5,6]</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">。新的理论完全包含以前的简单理论。如果经济还没有高度发展,大部分民众缺乏基本的公民知识,不知道自己有权力,没有时间参与政治,那么民主转型很难成功。但经济发达只是民主的必要条件而不是充分条件(当然也有个别特例,例如印度经济非常落后时仍然成功进行了民主转型)。关于新的民主转型理论如何运行,请参考福山的书,书中写的相当清楚。</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">[5]</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">是我参照福山的书写的中文简介(我曾经尝试画图解释但没有印出来,所以最好还是读原书)。</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">[6]</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">是结合福山此书的后面两章以及中国情况的一个概述。另外我认为主导宗教/意识形态也是一个需要考虑的重要因素(见文后链接)。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">现在来看《民主的退潮》一书。这本书相当详细全面,考虑了世界各国的民主转型,包括成功的,失败的,停滞的,倒退的。首先,第二章和第三章清楚地介绍了四次</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">“</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">民主波</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">”</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">。我以前讲到中国大陆可能不会受</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">“</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">民主波</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">”</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">的太大影响。但是了解</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">“</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">民主波</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">”</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">和其它国家的民主转型经验教训仍然有价值。其次,作者似乎不知道新的民主转型理论。依我看,前面的民主转型理论对书中讨论的许多课题都有帮助,至少可以加深理解程度。所以这本书应该与新的民主转型理论结合起来考量。</span></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">第四章的主题是经济。我这里先对政治演进和经济发展的关系做个非常简单的俯瞰,后面讨论需要这些知识。从罗马帝国消亡到公元</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">1800</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">年西方(中国和世界其它国家类似)经济长期停滞,进展极其缓慢。但从</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">1800</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">年左右开始,西方经济开始飞速发展。科学技术是个因素。但</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">1800</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">年时文艺复兴已经有五百年之久,宗教改革和科学的飞速发展也有二三百年了。为什么经济快速发展没有更早发生?</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">1800</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">年开始的西方经济飞速发展很可能应该归功于自由民主制度和市场经济。自由民主制度和市场经济有很大相似(都是分布式-</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">distributed</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">或</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">decentralized</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">),当然它们也有重要不同。稍详细一些的讨论请参考</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">[7]</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">从中央指令式体系转到分布式体系是一个革命性的转变。这二百多年西方国家能够产生经济高速发展主要是政治和经济都成功转变成为分布式体系。前苏联的垮台是它企图继续用中央指令式体系来发展经济,最终失败。中国则结合中央指令式体系和市场经济,而且相当成功。(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">Aaron L. Friedberg </span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">用不同角度分析</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">[8]</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">也有参考价值;另外</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">[8]</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">对中美关系有很好的分析和展望。)我的看法:中国的成功途径只在追赶先进时有用,接近先进水平时发展速度会减缓甚至停滞,因为结构的限制。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">经济在《民主的退潮》一书里占有重要地位;第四章专门讨论经济,其它地方也常涉及。一个要点是体制改革是一个长期过程。如果仔细思量上面对政治和经济的俯瞰,这应该不令人奇怪因为政治和经济都需要根本性的改革。越是缺乏民主和市场经济的传统,需要改革的越多改革的幅度越大。建立新机制和使公民适应新体系都需要时间。因此需要教育民众,使大家明确民主对经济发展有长远的好处,但因为需要调整结构短期中期改革不一定得到现实好处。前期改革的成功会为将来的发展打好坚实的基础。注意领袖不能许诺民众过多(需要</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">manage expectations</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)。如果许诺过多,将来达不到期望会使民众失望。这可能导致转型挫折,甚至民众可能要求回到专制。这方面南非做的比较好,泰国,菲律宾,俄国做的差。另外很重要的是需要掌握好转型的快慢,平衡民众的承受能力同时改进大多数民众的经济状况。这一点与前面有联系。多数民众不会过多考虑理论和长远的展望。政治领袖需要控制改革的尺度和速度使多数民众看得到改革的好处又符合改革的长远规划。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">无论哪类民主转型理论,中产阶级都是民主转型的中坚力量。《民主的退潮》有一章专门考虑中产阶级。在一些转型国家里中产阶级不仅不推动民主甚至站在专制一边,例如有些时间在泰国和菲律宾。虽然背景因素可能不太相同,我认为中国将来也可能会发生类似情况。需要特别注意防止发生。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">最后总结一下。研究中国的民主转型需要采用新的较详细的民主转型理论(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">[4]</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">,</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">27</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">-</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">30</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">章)。《民主的退潮》一书总结了世界上许多不同文化背景,政治传统国家民主转型的经验教训。世界各国民主转型的经验教训包括策略,规划,成功,挫折,失败等。中国的民主转型如果在新的民主转型理论的框架下,深入考虑各国的民主转型的经验教训,就可以少走弯路少付代价。</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""><em>注释:</em></span></p> <p><em><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">1</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">20</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">位美国顶尖政治学家共同探讨美国民主制度,结论让他们感到恐惧</span></em></p> <p><a href="http://www.chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=188025"><span style="color:#1155CC"><em>http://www.chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=188025</em></span></a></p> <p><em><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">2</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)胡平演讲如何解读中国之崛起</span></em></p> <p><a href="http://www.chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=187623"><span style="color:#1155CC"><em>http://www.chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=187623</em></span></a></p> <p><em><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">3</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">Joshua Kurlantzick, "Democracy in Retreat: The Revolt of the Middle Class and the Worldwide Decline of Representative Government," Yale University Press, 2014. </span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">4</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">Francis Fukuyama, "Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy," Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014. </span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">5</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)韩家亮:民主为什么扩展?</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""> http://chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=171769</span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">6</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)韩家亮:</span><a href="http://han-jialiang.hxwk.org/2017/06/30/%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb%e8%bd%ac%e5%9e%8b%e6%88%98%e7%95%a5%e6%8e%a2%e8%ae%a8/"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Gungsuh",serif;color:purple;background:white;">民主转型战略探讨</span></a></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">7</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)韩家亮:中共十九大意味着什么? </span><a href="http://chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=186067"><span style="color:#1155CC">http://chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=186067</span></a></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">8</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">Aaron L. Friedberg, “A Contest for Supremacy: China, America, and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia,” W. W. Norton & Company; 2012. </span></em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""><em>相关链接(探讨民主与文明的关系):</em></span></p> <p><em><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">1</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)韩家亮:伊斯兰国家民主转型初探</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""> http://chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=153572 </span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">2</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)韩家亮:自由民主制与基督教</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""> http://chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=158730 </span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">3</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)韩家亮:民主适合非基督教国家吗?</span></em></p> <p><em>http://chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=164083</em></p> <p><em><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">4</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)韩家亮:探讨中国的民主转型前途</span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""> http://chinainperspective.com/ArtShow.aspx?AID=170579</span></em></p> <p> </p>