<p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">都说中国人历来讲求平庸之道，从这个角度看，倘向西方思想界学习，一生追求政治平衡的柏克，按理应是最大热门。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">吊诡的是，假设要读者开列名单，卢梭、伏尔泰、孟德斯鸠、亚当斯密、黑格尔、马克思、托克维尔等必然上榜，还会有各种生僻的名字，但可以肯定，多数情况下我们看不到柏克。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">无论知名度还是重要性，柏克是一位连盲人都无法漠视的存在。现实何以让人如此匪夷所思？</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">一个民族最大的遗憾并不是无知，而是封闭通往真知的大门。</strong>比较一下以柏克为精神标杆的国家如英美，以及那些对柏克各种忽视的国家，其迥然不同的国运，足以证明柏克的重要性。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; widows: 1; background-color: #ffffff; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border: 1px solid #000000; display: inline-block;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.1em 0.3em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #ffffff; background-color: #000000;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 18px;">邪恶之所以得逞，</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 18px;">是因善良之人无所作为</span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">提起美国独立战争，我们会想起大陆军总司令华盛顿，或英军总司令克林顿。大陆军的确是以少胜多击败了英军，但事实上，在战争的决胜天平上，英国王室的妥协值得一提，而柏克于此功莫大焉。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">独立战争的起点，一般以波士顿倾茶事件为标志，作为辉格党的文胆、党内实际主宰者，同时又作为纽约殖民地在英国议会的代理人，柏克从一开始就站在北美一边，为捍卫殖民地人民利益不遗余力。当英国陷入鏖战泥淖时，柏克发表著名演讲《与美国和解》，强有力影响了多数议员，让他们决定“放美洲一条生路”。随后，他又写下《致布里斯托首长的信》，此二者在终结战争方面，扮演了相当重要的角色。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">对美国独立运动的声援，尽展柏克的自由主义思想。而除此之外，柏克所为还包括，他为宗教宽容所做的“舌若电光、应者莫当”的辩护，他对黑奴贸易连篇累牍的痛斥，他与当局在印度殖民地的腐败行径进行的艰苦战斗，甚至，柏克还提出“自然的贵族”，以此对抗世袭贵族，几乎得罪整个贵族阶层，柏克“挑战式”地写道：“<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">除了美德和智慧，再没有任何东西可以作为当政的资格</strong>。”最让同僚刮目的是，柏克批起王室来同样一点儿面子不给，他谴责国王插手政治，并最终使自己的经济改革法案得以通过—此法案顶住了乔治三世的执意反对，至今还被称作18世纪英格兰所通过的最重要的改革法案。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">邪恶之所以得逞，是因善良之人无所作为</strong>。”自由是柏克进行一切政治思考的前提。作为英国议会一员，按“阶级分析”论也属统治阶级，完全应该反对美国革命，因为那是要“颠覆”自己的。然而即使冒着被冠以“英奸”的危险，他也要为北美张目，可见，柏克对自由的追求，是出于对人类命运的关怀，而没有掉入狭隘的爱国主义、民族主义的泥潭中。在自由与专制之间，柏克坚定地站在了自由一边。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这样一位极端热爱自由的好汉，怎么会被人称为“保守主义者”？甚至，最后还成了“保守主义宗师”？</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">谁让柏克那么热爱自由，却又偏偏在有生之年，遇到了那场震惊世界的法国大革命呢？</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; widows: 1; background-color: #ffffff; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border: 1px solid #000000; display: inline-block;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.1em 0.3em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #ffffff; background-color: #000000;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 18px;">用暴力制造凝聚力，</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 18px;">必然造成暴力的滥用</span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">法国大革命到底有多震撼？有个细节可兹佐证：康德听到消息后，打乱数十年如一日的钟表般作息，抽出时间大赞大革命是一种“理性”的体现！</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">冷静如康德都被惊动，遑论别人？将国王送上断头台的“壮举”，让欧洲各地出现骚动，以稳定著称的英国也不例外，出现了一个风云人物—革命派牧师普莱斯，夜以继日地煽动英国人干两件事：支持法国革命和自己也搞革命。1789年11月4日，普莱斯的布道辞《论爱国》发表，为法国革命唱起最强劲的赞歌。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">就在全英国除了国王一人瑟瑟发抖、其他人似乎都在观望乃至期待天翻地覆慨而慷时，一件让人迷惑不解的事情突然发生了：柏克站出来，与乔治三世站到了同一条战壕。当全世界都在为大革命的“伟大成果”欢呼时，柏克冲着全世界吼道：“<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">法兰西是在用犯罪换取贫穷！法兰西不是为了她自身的利益而牺牲美德，她放弃了利益是为了可以出卖美德</strong>！”</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">堪称自由派旗帜的柏克，居然将大革命视为洪水猛兽？没错，柏克毫不掩饰对大革命的愤怒，但凡英语中能找到的下流话，在四百页篇幅中滚滚而出，很多人以为柏克疯了。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">撇去情绪性语言，我们看看柏克是如何抨击大革命的：</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1，柏克认为，传统对秩序与自由至关重要，而雅各宾派及其领导下的高度集权的政府，对同胞和法兰西传统大肆行使专横权力，毁掉国家与个人之间的各种缓冲比如行会、社区等机构。既然消灭了旧制度，本由旧制度承担的社会凝聚职能只好由军队和暴力来执行，而<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">用暴力来制造凝聚力，必然要造成暴力的滥用！</strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2，柏克极力主张宗教宽容，认为宗教是社会基础，攻击宗教的人自然是社会的敌人，攻击宗教的革命也必然是罪恶的革命。针对大革命废除基督教信仰，柏克道：“你们的独裁者是用恐怖手段来统治的，他们知道，<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">谁畏惧上帝，谁就对别的东西无所畏惧</strong>。于是，他们就把那种唯一能够产生真正勇气的畏惧，从你们的头脑中斩草除根。”</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">3，针对大革命追求卢梭式人民主权，试图构建人间天堂，柏克道：“它扬言是一种纯粹的民主制，但我认为它正沿着一条笔直道路迅速变成一种有害而不光彩的寡头政治。<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">绝对的民主制就像绝对的君主制一样，都不能算作政府的合法形式。</strong>每当一个民主制政体出现必定要出现的严重分歧时，公民中的多数便会对少数施加最残酷的压迫，这种压迫会扩大到更多人身上，比王权统治残暴得多。” </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">4，针对大革命所暴露的理性至上，柏克认为，社会并非仅仅是理性的产物，大革命精神导师卢梭的天赋人权是一种愚蠢的抽象权利，世上只存在具体的人赋人权，“那些形而上学的权利进入日常生活，就像光线穿过介质，必会发生折射。”卢梭认为自然权利不证自明，若政府违背契约，公民就有权重组政府。大革命正是在这一原则下不断被推到新的高潮。面对普遍的恐慌和秩序的崩溃，柏克指出：这全是理性误用的结果，“<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">个人是愚蠢的，人类是明智的</strong>”，抽象理论无法得到经验的证明，而人类的政治实践变幻莫测，用抽象理论去指导具体的实践，极有可能导致理性的误用。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如上，正是保守主义的基本要素：传统、宽容、审慎、经验，但它们所围绕的皆为自由。今天我们说柏克保守，正是在说他时刻在保守着英国的自由传统，“<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我们把自由权看作祖先给我们传下来的，并将由我们传给后代的遗产</strong>。”</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">可笑的是，同样是为了自由，甚至是为了更深刻地阐释自由的真谛，对大革命的抨击，让柏克从自由派变成时人眼中的“爱国王贼”。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">感喟的是，基于上述要素的开创性贡献，柏克在身后成为保守主义创始人，《法国大革命反思录》也成为保守主义最经典范本，更是保守主义诞生的标志，被公认为“抵抗法兰西疫病的良药”。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; widows: 1; background-color: #ffffff; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 3px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border: 1px solid #000000; display: inline-block;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0.1em 0.3em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #ffffff; background-color: #000000;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 18px;">真正明白何谓自由，</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 18px;">才懂得保守为何意</span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“反常”的表现、严厉的措辞，导致很多战友与柏克决裂，包括后来的美国第三任总统杰斐逊和“美国体制之父”潘恩，更使他的评论者不知所措，甚至将他视为人格卑劣、思想杂乱的政治投机者。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">一切误解，皆因柏克异于常人的智慧和洞察力。柏克因对大革命的预言而在革命初期被嘲讽，然而正是这些预言，最后反馈给柏克至高无上的声誉，也让欧美诸国纷纷扑向柏克思想，汲取最有价值的营养。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">为世人所称道的柏克预言，第一是法国社会秩序的崩溃。柏克认为，<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">大革命所宣扬的自由平等博爱，是以否定传统秩序与社会价值为前提的，必将造成人民的相互分裂、阶级斗争，也必将造成不守规矩、不守法制、不尊重传统的革命激进主义</strong>，而这种激进主义会不断以革命的形式反噬革命本身—法国大革命的过程严丝合缝地证明了这一点：巴黎广场的断头台忙得脚打后脑勺，不断有反对派被推上去，然后是推他的人再被推上去，革命恐怖循环往复。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">预言拿破仑专政的出现，则让柏克被惊为天人：“某一讨人喜欢的将军，精于安抚兵卒之术，掌有统兵作战之真诀，将会把所有人的目光聚集在自己身上，大军将会基于人格原因服从他的调遣……但是，就在这样的事情将要发生的当，那个人就成了你们的主子，你们整个共和国的主子。”柏克辞世两年后，波拿巴就任第一执政官—“<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">毁灭性的破坏终将导致一种新的专制主义强权出现，唯有它才能维持社会免于全面的混乱和崩溃</strong>”，对波拿巴主义的非凡预见，成为“史上最罕见的准确预言”。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">美法革命确有许多相似之处，都是民主革命，都声称追求自由，但差别同样深刻：前者是现实主义革命，后者是乌托邦革命。美国革命者认为，公民的自由比民主、平等更重要，自由对政府来说也是更容易实现的目标，不像后者，只有通过对社会加以全面彻底的改造才能实现。另外，即使强调“平等”也只是机会平等，而不是结果平等；而在法国革命中，对平等、自由和正义的追求，完全是靠断头台来实现的。 </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">柏克的智慧，就这样体现在一系列对常规认知的颠覆上。比如谈到自由的来源，他说：“<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">自由是我们的继承物，是人类与生俱来的权利</strong>。”这与卢梭的“生而自由”绝不类同，柏克强调的是继承性，卢梭则表明一种抽象的人权。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">当所有人都在争论哪种权力更好时，柏克说：“<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">与权力的形式相比，对权力的限制更为重要</strong>。”</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">关于民主，他说：“我憎恨专制，尤其憎恨多数人的专制，<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">多数人的专制不过是扩大了的专制</strong>。”他认为，由于整日忙于生计，不可能有闲暇从事智力的训练，“如果蜡烛匠等类人被允许个别或集体上台统治，国家就会遭受压迫。”</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">关于审慎，他说：“<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">审慎在所有事务中都堪称美德，在政治领域则是首要美德</strong>。”</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">关于秩序，他说： “<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">自由不仅与秩序和美德共存，而且与秩序和美德共亡</strong>。” </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">爱尔兰史学家威廉·莱基说，“到某个时候，柏克的著作可能就没人读了，但凡读过他的书的人，没有不聪明的。”</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">确实如此。当代的美国保守主义思想家柯克指出，“<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">伟大的自由主义者都受到过柏克精神的浸染</strong>”。柏克的努力，不仅避免了英国宪制的法国化（激进化），今天的人们也多从美法两场革命的结果中，切实感知到了两百年前一位先知的巨大智慧，并汲取到了足够警醒当下的教训：在保守（自由）主义的理念护佑下，独立后的美国，200多年来一直是在扎扎实实为民众创造自由和美好的生活；相反，法国的政治社会秩序，历经革命与复辟的多次拉锯，直到1958年戴高乐的第五共和国才算尘埃落定。<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">今天，在越来越多的西方民主国家，保守主义已成为最重要的社会思潮，小政府大市场的经济架构、反集权的组织架构，越来越得到普遍的认可与应用。</strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">回到本文的篇头，为何在中国我们看不到柏克？或者说，与其他主义相比，几乎看不到保守主义的影子？</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第一，在中国的语境中，“保守”是个贬义词，“抱残守缺，不知进取”，提到“保守”，很多人的脑海里，第一时间也许会浮起辜鸿铭梳着小辫儿的头像。即使有“保守主义”，那也是专属于既得利益阶层的意识形态。对深受进步主义观影响的国人来说，你是支持“改革派”王安石还是“保守派”司马光？教科书早就给了我们明确的答案。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第二，即使是那些有能力抛开旧有语义及陈腐历史观的人，在他们的认知中，像英美那样结构已然相对稳固、运转顺畅的社会，或有很多东西值得保守，但一个旧事物中的优良者所存不多，有什么值得“保守”的？</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">保守主义学者刘军宁先生和冯克利先生，对此给予了回答：针对第一条，保守主义里的“保守”是动词，它所保守的是“自由”，而非霉菌残渣；而保守主义自诞生之日起，在西方便有着广泛的社会基础，并没有特定的阶层归属。厌恶频繁变化是人的天性，大变革可以为英雄带来快感，但多数人并不希望自己的生活成为政客施展革新大业的舞台。可见，<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">保守主义所要维护的，不是任何特定的利益，而是一种稳定的社会秩序模式</strong>。</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">针对第二条，中国的自由传统虽然自古以来就很稀缺，但并不等于国人在历史上争取自由的印记很少。<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">自由不是来自于西方，而是来自人性</strong>，而人性是不变的，我们现在爱自由，我们的祖先也一定爱自由。何况，世界上没有一个国家的自由传统仅仅来自本国，三四百年之前还没有美国，哪里来的“固有的”美国自由传统？</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我们还要加上第三条：自五四运动以来的百余年，中国人“睁眼看世界”，更多的是师俄师法，而柏克告诉我们，保守主义的矛头是针对激进主义，而不是自由主义，在激进主义长期占据主流的情境下，其天敌保守主义如何有可能发展壮大？</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">然而，说到底，<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">中国的变革，根本上是思想观念与价值信仰的变革</strong>，这就需要我们明确一个思想根基，这个根基应该是什么？也许现在言说保守主义还信者寥寥，但柏克早就抛出过一个著名的“柏克定律”，两百多年来，没有哪个国家能摆脱它而独存：</p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">通过暴力建立的现代政权，唯有接续上本国、本民族之自由传统，回到良序的轨道上来，方能繁殖养育，长久延续。</strong></p>