<div><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/01/29/world/00china-propaganda-1/00china-propagranda-1-master1050.jpg" width="1050" height="701" alt="在北京的商业及办公区三里屯Soho，一块巨大的电子屏幕上写着：“人民有信仰。民族有希望。国家有力量。”" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 1050px; height: auto; display: block; margin: 0px auto; font-family: "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;" /><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.625rem 0.9375rem 0.25rem; line-height: 1em; padding: 0px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.875rem; margin: 0.125rem 0px; color: #666666;">在北京的商业及办公区三里屯Soho，一块巨大的电子屏幕上写着：“人民有信仰。民族有希望。国家有力量。”</span> <cite style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.6875rem; font-style: normal; color: #666666; display: inline; margin: 0px; line-height: 0.6875rem; text-transform: uppercase;">GILLES SABRIÉ FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES</cite></figcaption></div><div> </div><div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">北京——人们会开玩笑说，如今在许多中国城市中，用共产党的标语来指路，比用街道名更容易。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">想在北京市中心找某银行？</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">只要走过那个宣称“人民有信仰”的屏幕，在赞美习近平主席的海报旁右转，穿过那座挂着宣称中国处在一个繁荣新时代条幅的过街天桥就到了。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">即使中国在国际舞台上愈发有信心的时候，习近平在国内仍在使用宣传来维护其强人统治，并且将共产党的主导地位延伸到人们的日常生活中。</p> <p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">在最近的一次党代会上，习近平的名字和思想<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20171025/china-xi-jinping-constitution/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">写进了宪法</a>。如今，“习近平思想”的字样随处可见，和植发手术、高档轿车和丹麦的黄油曲奇广告并列排在一起。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">习近平的北京充满了对共产党和这位国家主席的奉承。我在去《纽约时报》分社上班的半小时通勤时间里，会遇到70多件宣传品。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">广告牌会强调向父母尽孝、对上级尽忠。横幅会敦促人们铭记共产主义革命的初心。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">就算是待在家里，宣传也无处不在。从窗户望出去，我能看到一个大屏幕，上面说中国“万众一心”，称习近平为数十年来最有影响力的领导人，是民族复兴的总设计师。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">这里是中国街道上一些暗藏玄机的信息。</p><figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2rem -0.9375rem; width: auto; padding: 0px; border: none; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 600px; float: none; margin: 0px;"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/01/27/world/00china-propaganda-2sub/00china-propaganda-2sub-master1050.jpg" alt="“奔梦路，在脚下”。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/01/27/world/00china-propaganda-2sub/00china-propaganda-2sub-master1050.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 600px; height: auto;" /></div><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1em; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.8125rem; color: #666666;">“奔梦路，在脚下”。</span> <cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.6875rem; color: #666666; text-transform: uppercase; font-style: normal;">GILLES SABRIÉ FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES</cite></figcaption></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">逐梦</span></p></div><div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">习近平的标志性口号是“中国梦”，这个对繁荣复兴的承诺定义含糊，将中国对于成为超级大国的追求，与人民的希望与挣扎联系了起来。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">这个海报以传统中国画的方式，描绘了一条通往田园村落的小径，通过将共产党塑造为有着5000年历史的中国文化的继承人及掌管者，成为习近平为这个党寻找执政合法性努力的一部分。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">这幅画还强化了对于中国近14亿人来说，更美好的生活就在不远处的概念——“在脚下”——只要他们对习近平以及用大号红色字体表达出来的“中国梦”保有信心。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">该海报还暗示出一种信念，即在经过数十年的贫穷、冲突和被其他国家羞辱后，中国距离重新恢复其在世界上的大国地位不远了。图片说明写着，“中国精神、中国形象、中国文化、中国表达”。</p><figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2rem -0.9375rem; width: auto; padding: 0px; border: none; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 600px; float: none; margin: 0px;"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/12/19/world/00china-propaganda-2/00china-propagranda-2-master1050.jpg" alt="“万众一心，开拓进取。把新时代中国特色社会主义推向前进。”" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/12/19/world/00china-propaganda-2/00china-propagranda-2-master1050.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 600px; height: auto;" /></div><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1em; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.8125rem; color: #666666;">“万众一心，开拓进取。把新时代中国特色社会主义推向前进。”</span> <cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.6875rem; color: #666666; text-transform: uppercase; font-style: normal;">GILLES SABRIÉ FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES</cite></figcaption></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">一个大家庭</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">对于发生在少数民族聚居地区的冲突，2012年上台的习近平将其视为对共产党统治地位最大的威胁。这些地区包括西部的西藏和新疆，对宗教和言论自由严重受限表示抗议的居民与安全部队爆发过冲突。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">政府表示，它正在消灭分离主义，但倡导人士说，习近平正在领导一项运动，破坏少数民族的文化，并促进汉族和共产党的主导地位，后者信奉无神论。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">共产党常常公开强调民族大融合的观念，比如会在电视的黄金时段播放少数民族举行传统仪式的画面。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">这幅显示着来自于不同民族的图片，重申了共产党对中国50多个少数民族的立场，即“万众一心”。对于偏远地区任意一个被视为挑战习近平政策的群体，这都是一个警告。</p><figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2rem -0.9375rem; width: auto; padding: 0px; border: none; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 600px; float: none; margin: 0px;"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/01/27/world/00china-propaganda-4sub/00china-propaganda-4sub-master1050.jpg" alt="“心向党”" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/01/27/world/00china-propaganda-4sub/00china-propaganda-4sub-master1050.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 600px; height: auto;" /></div><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1em; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.8125rem; color: #666666;">“心向党”</span> <cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.6875rem; color: #666666; text-transform: uppercase; font-style: normal;">GILLES SABRIÉ FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES</cite></figcaption></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">国内的忠诚</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">在六七十年代的文革时期，党是日常生活的中心。家家户户挂着毛泽东的像，它象征着人民的希望，而且家家户户都会刻苦钻研他的语录和著作。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">习近平号召回到办公室、学校、社群作为政党崇拜的活跃中心，千家万户团结在单一领导者之下的时代。他以让<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/11/09/world/asia/xi-propaganda.html" title="Link: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/11/09/world/asia/xi-propaganda.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">人们想起毛时代个人崇拜的方式，把自己塑造成一个变革者</a>。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">在这幅图片中，一名女子在“心向党”这几个字下绣着一面党旗。政府借此复兴为党献身的概念，提出社会主义理想应贯穿在日常的决定中。</p><figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2rem -0.9375rem; width: auto; padding: 0px; border: none; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 600px; float: none; margin: 0px;"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/01/29/world/00china-propaganda-5/00china-propagranda-5-master1050.jpg" alt="“两袖清风。反腐倡廉。警钟长鸣。”" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/01/29/world/00china-propaganda-5/00china-propagranda-5-master1050.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 600px; height: auto;" /></div><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1em; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.8125rem; color: #666666;">“两袖清风。反腐倡廉。警钟长鸣。”</span> <cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.6875rem; color: #666666; text-transform: uppercase; font-style: normal;">GILLES SABRIÉ FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES</cite></figcaption></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">廉洁的政党</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">同时身兼<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20171026/china-xi-jinping-titles-chairman/" title="Link: https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20171026/china-xi-jinping-titles-chairman/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">中国共产党总书记的</a>习近平还领导了一场反腐运动，数千名官员及许多政敌落网。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">这张海报借用形容人清廉的成语“两袖清风”来强调他的这场运动。它的意思是廉洁的为官者不会在袖子中藏匿什么。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">习近平说过，打击腐败关系到党的生死存亡，而在他的第二个五年任期开始之际，他已准备好了要把这场运动的范围<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20171130/china-xi-jinping-anticorruption/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">扩大至数百万人</a>。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">虽然腐败在中国仍然猖獗，但习近平的反腐行动已经让他在很多领域广得人心。在这里，宣传者们提醒公众习主席对这个问题的承诺。海报上写着“警钟长鸣”。</p><figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2rem -0.9375rem; width: auto; padding: 0px; border: none; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 600px; float: none; margin: 0px;"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/12/19/world/00china-propaganda-6/00china-propagranda-6-master1050.jpg" alt="“自由、平等、公正、法治”" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/12/19/world/00china-propaganda-6/00china-propagranda-6-master1050.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 600px; height: auto;" /></div><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1em; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.8125rem; color: #666666;">“自由、平等、公正、法治”</span> <cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.6875rem; color: #666666; text-transform: uppercase; font-style: normal;">GILLES SABRIÉ FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES</cite></figcaption></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">共同的价值观</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">在中国，批评习近平会<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://cn.nytimes.com/china/20160223/c23beijing/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">让你蹲监狱</a>。新闻媒体<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20160223/c23beijing/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">长期受到审查</a>。地方性选举往往只是<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20161116/beijing-china-local-elections/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">走过场</a>。</p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; border: none; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 35.625rem; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333;">但政府可不这么看。官方称，共产党信奉包括自由、法治、公正和民主在内的十几项“社会主义核心价值观”。这些价值观不仅学龄儿童要背，<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://cn.nytimes.com/china/20160902/china-dance-socialist-values/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">还被编成歌舞</a>。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333;">图中借用相互缠绕的人手表现出来的这些价值观，是对西方批评中国威权体制、侵犯人权的反驳。它们是对只有西方领导人才能定义何为自由的拒绝。</p><figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2rem -0.9375rem; width: auto; padding: 0px; border: none;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 600px; float: none; margin: 0px;"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/12/19/world/00china-propaganda-8/00china-propagranda-8-master1050.jpg" alt="“更加紧密地团结在以习近平同志为核心的党中央周围，奋力夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利。”" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/12/19/world/00china-propaganda-8/00china-propagranda-8-master1050.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 600px; height: auto;" /></div><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1em; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.8125rem; color: #666666;">“更加紧密地团结在以习近平同志为核心的党中央周围，奋力夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利。”</span><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.6875rem; color: #666666; text-transform: uppercase; font-style: normal;">GILLES SABRIÉ FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES</cite></figcaption></figure></section><footer style="box-sizing: border-box; border-top: 1px solid #dddddd; padding-top: 0.5rem; width: 570px; max-width: 35.625rem; margin: 0px auto; font-family: "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #999999; font-size: 0.8125rem; line-height: 1.5rem;">赫海威(Javier C. Hernández)是《纽约时报》驻京记者。</p></footer> </div>