愚蠢依然是今日中国的最大敌人

<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">胡适一生,好讲容忍。早在1925年12月间,他致信陈独秀,谈国共两党煽动北京群众烧毁《晨报》馆一事,已经清晰意识到容忍与自由的亲密关系:&#8220;争自由的唯一理由,换句话说,就是期望大家能容忍异己的意见与信仰。凡不承认异己者的自由的人,就不配争自由,就不配谈自由。&#8221;等到1938年4月24日,他到费城拜谒昔日的老师、康奈尔大学历史学教授乔治&#183;布尔<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(George Lincoln Burr)</span>,从布尔那里听来了&#8220;容忍比自由更重要&#8221;这句话<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(据《容忍与自由》,布尔原话是:&#8220;我年纪越大,越感觉到容忍(tolerance)比自由更重要。&#8221;我更认同《当前中国文化问题》所提供的译本:&#8220;我年纪愈大,我才感到容忍与自由一样重要,也许比自由更重要。&#8221;)</span>,唤醒了他心底沉睡的种子,从此念念不忘,并在晚年将其发扬光大。如今要说哪句话最能代表胡适的思想,此言必是选项之一。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">遗憾的是,&#8220;容忍比自由更重要&#8221;之说自传播开来,常遭误用、滥用。譬如有些时候,容忍与自由并不能构成二元关系,周策纵建议加入抗议的元素;再如,容忍有其底线,而非什么都要容忍。拿胡适来说,他那么喜欢讲容忍,青年讲,晚年讲,对执政者讲,对知识人讲,却也说过:&#8220;任何事我都能容忍,只有愚蠢,我不能容忍。&#8221;</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">愚蠢&#8212;&#8212;胡适笔下,更常用的词语叫&#8220;愚昧&#8221;&#8212;&#8212;的内涵之广,也许胜过其反义,即不愚蠢。究其本质,却不外乎四个字:不肯思想。少年胡适曾撰小说《真如岛》,借郑先生之口道:&#8220;程正翁,你想罢,别说没有鬼神,即使有鬼神,那关帝吕祖何等尊严,岂肯听那一二张符诀的号召?这种道理总算浅极了,稍微想一想,便可懂得。只可怜我们中国人总不肯想,只晓得随波逐流,随声附和。国民愚到这步田地,照我的眼光看来,这都是不肯思想之故。所以宋朝大儒程伊川说:&#8216;学原于思&#8217;,这区区四个字简直是千古至言。&#8221;所谓不肯思想,可一分为二,一是不会思想,二是不愿思想,如果说前者还有些迫不得已的成分,后者则属我们常言的&#8220;甘于愚蠢&#8221;。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">于公于私,胡适都对愚蠢深恶痛绝。1930年4月10日,他撰文《我们走那条路》,提出&#8220;我们要打倒五个大仇敌&#8221;:一是贫穷,二是疾病,三是愚昧,四是贪污,五是扰乱。两年半后,他在天津大学发表演讲《中国问题的一个诊察》,把这五大仇敌称作&#8220;五鬼症&#8221;,其措辞略有调整:贫穷、弱、愚昧、贪污、纷乱。说到愚昧,他加强口气:&#8220;这第三种病症,实是中国的致命伤。&#8221;说白了,愚昧才是五鬼之首,堪称摧残中国的头号病毒。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">写到这里,不由想起鲁迅。1956年,胡适对周策纵说&#8220;鲁迅是我们的人&#8221;,不过其前提&#8212;&#8212;&#8220;鲁迅是个自由主义者&#8221;&#8212;&#8212;大可商榷:无论在当时,还是在今天,参照自由主义的构成要件,鲁迅都远远谈不上一个自由主义者,他对自由的追寻与对自由的破坏一样剧烈。在我看来,倘论对愚昧的态度,胡适与鲁迅,正殊途而同归,鲁迅同样把愚昧视作天敌,穷尽毕生之力与&#8220;群众的愚昧&#8221;生死相搏。就像史杰鹏感慨的那样:&#8220;&#8230;&#8230;我愈发感觉胡适和鲁迅真是同道,他们都认为,中国真正的惟一的敌人,不是帝国主义,不是封建主义,不是军阀,而是愚昧!愚昧!!愚昧!!!&#8221;</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">胡适从不认为帝国主义、封建主义等是中国的仇敌,如《我们走那条路》所言:&#8220;这五大仇敌之中,资本主义不在内,因为我们还没有资格谈资本主义。资产阶级也不在内,因为我们至多有几个小富人,那有资产阶级?封建势力也不在内,因为封建制度早已在二千年前崩坏了。帝国主义也不在内,因为帝国主义不能侵害那五鬼不入之国。帝国主义为什么不能侵害美国和日本?为什么偏爱光顾我们的国家?岂不是因为我们受了这五大恶魔的毁坏,遂没有抵抗的能力了吗?&#8221;当时梁漱溟读到此文,不以为然,认为&#8220;贫穷则直接由于帝国主义的经济侵略&#8221;&#8220;扰乱则间接由于帝国主义之操纵军阀&#8221;。胡适复信反驳道:&#8220;&#8230;&#8230;鸦片固是从外国进来,然吸鸦片者究竟是什么人?何以世界的有长进民族都不蒙此害,而此害独钟于我神州民族?而今日满田满地的罂粟,难道都是外国的帝国主义者强迫我们种下的吗?&#8221;言下之意,帝国主义只是外因,内因则在&#8220;五鬼&#8221;。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">有时,胡适甚至怀疑帝国主义这样的概念能否成立。据唐宝林《陈独秀全传》,汪原放曾回忆,1925年,胡适到上海治病,住在亚东图书馆老板、同为安徽绩溪人的汪孟邹<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(汪原放是汪孟邹的侄子)</span>家里,政治恐怖的禁锢之下,陈独秀只能在夜间悄悄前来探望老朋友,可是每次见面,都以激烈争吵而告终:&#8220;一个讲社会主义好,另一个讲资本主义好;一个讲马克思主义,另一个讲实用主义,各不相让。&#8221;有一天二人又争起来,陈独秀说:&#8220;适之,你连帝国主义都不承认吗?&#8221;胡适一下子站起来,用手杖笃笃敲击地板:&#8220;仲甫,哪有帝国主义!哪有帝国主义!&#8221;然后强忍怒气说:&#8220;仲甫,我有事,你坐罢!&#8221;自己下楼去了。陈独秀气呼呼坐了好一会,也走了。不过数日之后,他会再来,重新挑起一场争论。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">胡适对主义话语的反感与批判,其用意,首先在于方法论。他一直主张&#8220;提倡一点清楚的思想&#8221;,反对使用那些未经分析的抽象名词,&#8220;名词只是思想上的一种工具,用名词稍不小心,就会让名词代理了思想&#8221;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(1933年12月13日致孙长元)</span>。几乎所有主义,都是典型的抽象名词,&#8220;主张成了主义,便由具体的计划,变成一个抽象的名词。&#8216;主义&#8217;的弱点和危险就在这里。&#8221;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(《多研究些问题,少谈些&#8220;主义&#8221;》)</span>可是,为什么会有那么多人迷信主义、迷信抽象名词呢?这就要回到我们谈论的起点:不肯思想。主义话语横行的背后,一面是愚人扎堆,一面是懒人成群,正构成了愚昧的两个面相。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">前些天在成都讲胡适,讲到最后,落在了&#8220;不受人惑&#8221;四字之上<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(1930年11月27日,胡适为自编文选作序,宣称&#8220;我只希望尽我的微薄的能力,教我的少年朋友们学一点防身的本领,努力做一个不受人惑的人&#8221;)</span>。所谓不受人惑,不仅指思想,还指思维,或者说怎么思想。从这一点上讲,胡适一生,就是思想的一生,就是与愚蠢斗争的一生,他之所以不能容忍愚蠢,因为一旦容忍,相当于放弃思想。这不仅为我们阅读胡适指明了路径:不仅要看他说什么,还要看他怎么说,不仅要看他的思想,还要看他怎么思想;还可以用来回答&#8220;为什么要读胡适&#8221;:因为愚蠢依然是今日中国的最大敌人。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; 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clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">外一篇</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 18px;">从胡适与福田德三的对话说起</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1926年7月中旬,胡适到英国出席中英庚款委员会会议。那时去英国,远不像现在这么方便。他从北京出发,一路北上,入境苏联,穿越欧陆,直至8月4日,才到伦敦。这一旅程,最为后世关注的并非终点,而是在莫斯科停留的那三天。此间他曾&#8220;去参观革命博物馆,很受感动&#8221;,在致张慰慈的信中,他写道:&#8220;&#8230;&#8230;此间的人正是我前日信中所说有理想与理想主义的政治家;他们的理想也许有我们爱自由的人不能完全赞同的,但他们的意志的专笃(Seriousness of purpose),却是我们不能不十分顶礼佩服的。他们在此做一个空前的伟大政治新试验;他们有理想,有计划,有绝对的信心,只此三项已足使我们愧死。我们这个醉生梦死的民族怎配批评苏俄!&#8230;&#8230;&#8221;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(1926年7月底致张慰慈)</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">胡适对苏联的观感,属于典型的头脑发热。其热度,不是只持续两天,而至少持续了两个月。他的朋友圈,徐志摩应是对苏联的残酷本质洞察最深刻的人之一,如&#8220;血海&#8221;之说,一剑封喉。当时这二人的判断,恰好对立,故而在书信之中爆发了激烈争论。试看胡适对苏联的种种赞词:&#8220;我在莫斯科三天,觉得那里的人有一种seriousness of purpose,真有一种&#8220;认真&#8221;、&#8220;发愤有为&#8221;的气象。我去看那&#8220;革命博物馆&#8221;,看那一八九〇&#8212;一九一七年的革命运动,真使我们愧死。&#8221;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(1926年8月27日致徐志摩)</span>&#8220;列宁一班人,都是很有学问经验的人,不是从天下掉下来的。&#8221;&#8220;我们只看见了他们的&#8216;主义教育&#8217;一方面,却忽略了他们的生活教育的方面。苏俄的教育制度,用刘湛恩先生告诉我的一句话,可说是&#8216;遍地是公民教育,遍地是职业教育&#8217;。他的方法完全采用欧美最新的教育学说,如道尔顿制之类,养成人人的公民程度与生活能力,而同时充分给与有特别天才的人分途专习高等学问的机会。&#8221;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(1926年10月4日致徐志摩)</span>这叫视苏联为&#8220;血污海&#8221;、对列宁无比恐惧的徐志摩如何能够认同?</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这一年最后一天,胡适离英赴美。到了美国,他的头脑才彻底冷静下来。后来他作《漫游的感想》,专辟一节&#8220;向西去&#8221;,俄国以西,一是欧陆,二是美国。为什么要&#8220;向西去&#8221;呢?话说他在莫斯科,听说冯玉祥亦在此地,&#8220;很崇拜苏俄,常常绘画列宁的肖像&#8221;,于是他对冯氏的秘书刘伯坚等人说:&#8220;我很盼望冯先生从俄国向西去看看。即使不能看美国,至少也应该看看德国。&#8221;与此相应,李大钊曾对北京朋友说:&#8220;我们应该写信给适之,劝他仍旧从俄国回来,不要让他往西去打美国回来。&#8221;可惜,李大钊说这话的时候,胡适已经到达美国了。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这两节故事,主题都是&#8220;向西去&#8221;:他劝冯玉祥向西去,李大钊劝他不要向西去。那么&#8220;向西去&#8221;到底意味着什么呢?说白了,就是美国反对苏联,自由反对独裁。说到这里,还得补充一个故事。1927年4月中旬,胡适从美国归来,中途在日本住了二十三天,游历箱根、京都、奈良、大阪等期间,曾拜访日本著名经济学家、《日本经济史论》的作者福田德三,二人之间有一段对话:</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><blockquote style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; max-width: 100%; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: #dbdbdb; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888;">胡适说:&#8220;福田先生,听说先生新近到欧洲游历回来之后,先生的思想主张颇有改变,这话可靠吗?&#8221;</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888;">福田说:&#8220;没有什么大的改变。&#8221;</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888;">胡适问:&#8220;改变的大致是什么?&#8221;</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888;">福田说:&#8220;从前我主张社会政策;这次从欧洲回来之后,我不主张这种妥协的缓和的社会政策了。我现在以为这其间只有两条路:不是纯粹的马克思派社会主义,就是纯粹的资本主义。没有第三条路。&#8221;</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888;">胡适说:&#8220;可惜先生到了欧洲不曾走的远点,索性到美国去看看,也许可以看见第三条路,也未可知。&#8221;</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888;">福田说:&#8220;美国我不敢去,我怕到了美国会把我的学说完全推翻了。&#8221;</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888;">胡适说:&#8220;先生这话使我颇失望。学者似乎应该尊重事实。若事实可以推翻学说,那么,我们似乎应该抛弃那学说,另寻更满意的假设。&#8221;</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888;">福田说:&#8220;我不敢到美国去。我今年五十五了,等到我六十岁时,我的思想定了,不会改变了,那时候我要往美国看看去。&#8221;</span></p></blockquote><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这些故事,熟悉胡适的朋友都不会感到陌生。我的重述,旨在说明三点。第一,胡适不是完人或圣人,也有犯错的时候,不过他从不吝于认错、改错,不惮以今日之我战胜昨日之我,对苏联的认知之转向,不啻是最鲜明的案例,这背后,正关乎对待事实、真理的态度,所以,相比胡适的朋友王徵所鼓吹的&#8220;Hu Shih can do no wrong&#8221;<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">(胡适错不了)</span>,胡适勇于纠错的精神,对我们这些普通人而言,也许更值得钦佩和追随。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第二,胡适怎么纠错呢?答案正在&#8220;向西去&#8221;三字,他不仅读万卷书,更讲究行千里路,通过观察、探索,以事实检验真理,此即他所信奉的实验主义之要旨,当事实与所谓的真理发生冲突,合理的选择应是尊重事实,而非固守真理&#8212;&#8212;其实那极可能是谬误。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第三,胡适所讲述的他与冯玉祥、李大钊和福田德三的这三个故事,尤其最后一个,其真义,与其说美国反对苏联,不如归结为一种方法论,用他的话讲,&#8220;世间的大问题决不是一两个抽象名词(如&#8216;资本主义&#8217;&#8216;共产主义&#8217;等等)所能完全包括的。最要紧的是事实。&#8221;正视事实,首先是一种勇气,福田德三便缺乏这种勇气;其次是一种能力,有些人哪怕向西去,从苏联奔往美国,却不幸是色盲、近视,或者戴上了有色眼镜,怕也改变不了对苏联的热爱。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">胡适劝读者不要嘲笑福田德三,&#8220;他还知道美国有些事实足以动摇他的学说,所以他不敢去。我们之中却有许多人决不承认世上会有事实足以动摇我们的迷信的。&#8221;这里正可区分两种蠢人,一是愚蠢,二是甘于愚蠢。举例来说,前者根本不知这世上还有自由、民主、文明等,所以会愚蠢下去;后者明知这世上还有自由、民主、文明等,却沉溺于专制与野蛮的力量之下,不愿接触,不愿改变,宁可愚蠢下去。福田德三应该属于后一种。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">有人觉得福田德三的存在不可思议,那么我来说一个更现实的故事。有一检察官朋友,生于1950年代,对中国爱之若狂,对美国恨之入骨。有一天,他忽然让我帮忙开一份关于美国的书单,名目是要了解真实的美国,我不胜欢欣,赶忙推荐了林达三部曲、任东来《美国宪政历程:影响美国的25个司法大案》、埃里克&#183;方纳《美国自由的故事》等。半年后,我们一直喝酒,谈起时事,他还是一副老腔调,不外乎奥巴马怎么坏、美国人怎么恶。我问道:推荐给您的那些书读了么?他嘿嘿一笑:都买了,不敢读,我怕一读就后悔。我问:后悔什么呢?他答:后悔这辈子白活了。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">此后不久,他把大学毕业的小女儿送到美国深造,并且叮嘱道:只要有机会留在那边,不要回来了!</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我还想说说可爱的福田德三先生。他对胡适说:等到六十岁,思想定型,再去美国,那样观念便不会改变。只是这么一来,去美国还有多少意义?这里需要注意,对一般人而言,思维定型,往往发生在青春期,压根不必等到六十岁;对真正的思想者而言,终其一生,思想都不会定型,哪怕到了六十岁甚至更晚。拿胡适来说。在周德伟等人的影响之下,他阅读米塞斯、哈耶克等奥地利经济学派的著述,重新认知经济自由主义,这都是1950年代的故事,彼时他已经年过六十。再如蒋经国。一般认为,其思想剧变,转折点应是1970年4月24日在美国纽约广场大酒店门口遭遇黄文雄的刺杀,风衣刺客那一声呼喊&#8220;Let me stand like a Taiwanness!&#8221;让蒋经国痛切反思:&#8220;台湾人为什么要杀我?&#8221;那一年,他正好六十岁。</p>