大学能崛起，国家才能真正崛起 – 纵览中国-China In Perspective

<div><div style="display: inline-block;"></div></div> <p style="text-align: center; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 1px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">一个民族需要仰望星空的人<p style="text-align: center; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">文 | 朱学勤<div> </div><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2018/Feb/232018640-2.jpeg" width="600" height="399" alt="" /> <div> </div><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word !important;">01<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">中国到底有没有真正的大学？我的回答是，百年中国的绝大多数时候，尤其是近20多年来，并没有一所真正的大学。真正的大学是什么呢？我要讲远一点。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">孔子之所以伟大，就是因为他建立了一个学校，通过它普及了一种理论，世世代代传下来。今天，西方人之所以强大——他们后来超过其他所有的文明古国，尤其在全球化时代，一种强大的力量逼迫着其他文明去改变自己，去迎合它，这种力量从哪里来的？是从大学来的。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">越是文明的社会，越是需要有一批专业学者来构造一个系统的理论体系，成为所有社会成员的文化认同。而这些有智慧的知识精英形成的共同体，就是大学。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这样的大学从什么时候开始呢？<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">西方最早在柏拉图时代，就建立了一个叫Academy的东西，柏拉图的Academy要干什么呢？西方人认为，看得见摸得着的东西并不是最重要的，它背后有一个抽象的能够用数学、用逻辑、用语言精确表达的Logos，按今天的话，一种规律、一种规则，那才是万物的根本。只要把握了这个Logos，把握了万物的规律，你就把握了万物。这种柏拉图的信念，也就是古希腊哲学的基本精神。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这与其他思想不同，尤其与中国人注重直觉与感性思维不同。中国的农业文化相信，我们的直觉、感悟，我们在人和对象之间建立一种生动的、感性的、直觉的关系，这是中国人的特色。而在柏拉图时代，他鼓励他的学生去寻找万物背后的逻辑、数学、几何学，从这些抽象的理念、概念里探索万物的和谐秩序和规律。柏拉图的这种智慧，传到亚里士多德，传到亚历山大时期的科学，传到罗马时代的法律，一直传到中世纪的基督教神学。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">公元五世纪奥古斯丁的基督教第一次大综合，把基督教由一个光是信仰的宗教，变成了一个理性的宗教，一个讲道理的宗教。基督教越来越能够讲道理，讲究严格的理论推理，于是就有了最早的大学。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">西方第一所近代意义的大学，就是意大利的博罗尼亚大学。这所最古老的大学，有近一千年历史，还力图保持老样子，那些房子已经非常老旧了，实在撑不住，才搞一根水泥柱把它顶上，一些残垣断壁也都很好地保护在街上。这些大学干什么呢，要寻找上帝创造这个世界时赋予的规律、规则，一种抽象的道理，要寻找万物背后的Logos。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">02<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我们知道，邓小平的一个伟大智慧是“不争论”：学任何东西，看任何书都要管用，没用的东西就不要搞。读马列也要管用，否则干什么呢？争论多了妨碍行动，所以提倡不争论。深圳那个小渔村怎么富起来的？靠的就是“做”而不是“说”，说了就搞不成了，先做了再说，打点“擦边球”没关系。结果，今天中国人都默认，说的东西往往不能做，做的东西往往不能说；闷声发大财。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">但是西方学院文明恰恰相反，先是靠说，而且说的东西还不管用，说的是些什么呢？针尖上能站多少个天使；上帝把亚当身上一根肋骨变成了夏娃，那男人身上是不是会少了一根肋骨；秃头复活以后，在天堂里面长不长头发；上帝可不可以是女人的样子；亚当和夏娃不是娘肚子里生出来的，有没有肚脐眼。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这些问题看起来无聊可笑透顶，在我们看来毫无意义，但它具有另一种意义，它确立了一个信念：万物背后都有一个根本的道理，而且这个道理是可以推理、可以寻找、可以证明、可以争出来的。越争论，真理就越明白。最早的大学就开始干这些事情，把道理搞清楚了，什么事情都能够朝有序化、理性化的方向发展。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">所以，西方精英们从一开始就相信，社会必须有一种超越任何个人意志，超越物质外表的一种道理、一种规则、一种规律、一种秩序，它虽然抽象，却严格遵守逻辑、数学与实证的规则。这就是希腊理性思维，这就是柏拉图的Academy留下来的精神，这就是现代大学精神。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">03<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">四大文明古国都是自然主义的文明，人们的生活完全依靠大地、天空，靠四季轮回、靠土地里面长出的东西来养活人，依靠自然生态的循环。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">但是与柏拉图对应的希腊文明是另外一种文明。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">希腊这个地方在今天看来是不可能产生伟大文明的：山上光秃秃的，生态恶劣，水土容易流失。所以，希腊历史上经过几次反复，克里特文明，迈锡尼文明，总是几百年就不行了，可能都是这个原因。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">后来多利亚人崛起，当这块土地提供的粮食接近危险的极限时，他们受了腓尼基人贸易活动的影响，不再靠土地上的收获直接养活自己，而是靠航海、商业、还有手工业，与外部的生产分工和相互贸易来实现生活的供给。他们的山上能够种葡萄和橄榄，这两种作物不仅不造成水土流失，而且还能够保持水土，这两种作物不能当饭吃，但是可以酿成葡萄酒，榨出橄榄油，而他们又有非常好的航海条件。他们把葡萄酒和橄榄油拿去跟别人换，于是一种特殊的文明就产生了。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">商人们航行在单调枯燥的海上，跟农民以感性的方式直接与大地接触不一样，他们看到的除了茫茫大海，就是太阳、月亮、星空，于是他们的天文学、几何学就很发达；商人总是盘算着数字比例关系，于是数学思维很发达，毕达哥拉斯主义就产生了；航海与贸易需要发达的手工业，而手工业制品通过商业推广又更加发达，手工业的发达导致了原子论的产生，机械唯物论的产生，导致了最初的分析式的自然科学的产生。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我们知道，今天西方人除了以科学作为改变世界的有力工具外，还有一个东西用在处理人和人的关系上，这就是法律。中国人怎么处理人和人之间的关系呢？通过面子，通过感情，通过人情关系，通过道德，最后通过权力来把握。而西方人主要通过法律，通过契约，通过社会公德，通过每一个人心中把握的客观尺度来约束所有人的行为。这种法理思维，跟自然科学思维如出一辙，相信所有个别事物之上，有一个抽象的规则、法则和规律在支配着一切，而且这种抽象的规则是能够以严格的逻辑和数学方式表达的。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">今天西方人强大的奥妙，就是两个东西，一个科学，一个法律，都是从希腊哲学演变而来的。这两个东西看起来好象不一样，法律是管人与人之间关系的，规律是管自然万物之间的关系的，但在西方语言中是一个东西，都叫Law。它们都是从柏拉图那里来的，相信万物背后有一个普遍的共性在起支配作用。这东西是看不见摸不着的，只能用人的理性思维去把握。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">04<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">大学就是柏拉图的那个 Academy 延续下来，到中世纪就是经院，近代就是University，执著追求万物背后的规则，相信道理越争论越明白。这种把求知当作最高追求的人生态度，几乎体现在每一位哲学家身上。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">泰勒斯是代表希腊智慧的第一个人。他本是个商人，可是他不好好经商赚钱，老去探索一些没用事情，所以他很穷，有一点钱就去旅行花掉了。所以有人说哲学家是那些没用的人，赚不到钱的人。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">有一个故事，一个晚上泰勒斯走在旷野上，抬头看着满天星斗，他预言第二天会下雨，正在他预言要下雨的时候，脚下一个坑，他掉进去了，差点摔死，别人把他救起来，他说谢谢你，你知道吗？明天会下雨啊！于是又成了一个笑话，哲学家是只知道天上的事情，却不知道脚下会发生的事情的人。两千年以后，德国哲学家黑格尔说，一个民族有一些关注天空的人，他们才有希望；一个民族只是关心脚下的事情，那是没有未来的。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">西方大学与中国大学有个很不同的地方，我们可以选择拉斐尔的《典雅学派》与《孔子讲学图》做对比，看出两种大学的区别。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">《雅典学派》是非常著名的一幅画，在梵帝冈博物馆里，画面所有的人都在一个大厅里面，没有地位等级，大家各自干各的事情，或是在相互交流，亚里斯多德与柏拉图平列走在一起，争论得面红耳赤。谁都不代表真理，老师也不一定有真理；真理高于一切，在一个看不见的地方，每一个人都可以通过自己的理性去领悟真理。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">可是中国的大学呢，一定是老师在台上，老师显得很大、在中央，学生画得很小、在旁边；学生什么都不知道，一个个在问老师，老师什么都知道，他是发布真理的。这是中国的大学。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我们每一个人都生活在吃喝玩乐中间，柴米油盐酱醋茶中间，生活在世俗生活中间，但是如果只有这个的话，这个民族是不可能拥有最高的文明。近代欧洲城市里，总有一个中心是 Academy ，或者是University，它们在整个社会当中起着核心作用、灵魂作用。所以一个成功的现代国家是不可想象没有大学先立起来的。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我的结论是，西方现代文明是城市运动和大学运动，现实操作和理想引领，两个东西的呼应才产生的。事实也是这样，文艺复兴之前就有博罗尼亚大学，法国的崛起有巴黎大学，英国的崛起有牛津、剑桥，美国的崛起有哈佛。十九世纪初德国要崛起的时候，就有柏林大学。当时德国四分五裂，被拿破仑打得呜乎哀哉，割地、赔款、求和，穷得不能再穷，窝囊得不能再窝囊了。一位最有远见的人物是洪堡，他影响了普鲁士皇帝，相信民族崛起的关键是民族的精神崛起，而精神崛起的最高手段就是大学。洪堡成为内阁当中最重要的人，他建立了柏林大学，柏林大学的首任校长就是哲学家费希特。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">05<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">美国之所以为美国，大家都知道，美国比拉丁美洲要富裕得多，今天仍是如日中天。上世纪六七十年代以来，有所谓“拉丁美洲现象”，就是拉丁美洲被卡在一个无望的摆脱不了的陷阱里。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">为什么美国和拉丁美洲会有如此区别呢？因为拉丁美洲的开拓者就像我们深圳、海南的开拓者一样，只是去捞一把钱的人。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">其实，当时中南美洲的条件比北美要好得多，北美连高级的印第安文明都没有，而中美和南美有辉煌的印加文明、阿兹特克文明，有玛雅文明。但什么导致了北美的强大呢？今天人们都知道北美最早移民是五月花号船上搭乘的103名清教徒，其实五月花到达北美时，那里已经有一千多移民了，可是所有美国历史书都从五月花开始写起的。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">为什么历史学家这样偏爱这103人呢？那是因为五月花上的人们的信仰，代表了美国精神的源头，形成了韦伯所谓资本主义的新教伦理。这些新教徒上岸后只有16年，还没有完全站稳脚跟，就建立了北美最早的大学，第二年以最大捐赠者名字命名为哈佛。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">由此看来，北美移民一开始就很特殊，其一，他们是清教徒，其二，他们建立了大学，这是美国今天这么强大的奥妙。清华大学著名学者秦晖也研究拉丁美洲和北美的区别，他认为美国之所以比南美优越，是因为有一个好的制度。我并不反对这种说法，但是我要强调，美国的制度八字还没一撇的时候，清教徒们一上岸就与伊比利亚人不同，他们只过了16年就建立了大学，160年后才建立了美国和美国宪法。你说文化重要还是制度重要？<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">今天以色列很强大，它建国只比新中国早一年，建国后第二天就开始打仗，它处在百倍的敌对人口包围之下，但今天几乎已经没有平级的对手了，没有一个国家敢主动向它挑战。凭什么以色列这么牛？因为以色列是有大学的，大学比什么都重要，在它还根本无法建国的时候，犹太智者就建立了希伯来大学，建校校长魏茨曼就是后来以色列的开国总统。希伯来大学比他们的国家还早25年。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">再看看日本。这么一个小小岛国，自古笼罩在中国文化的阴影里面，可是今天它比中国强大。为什么它会有今天？1868年明治维新开始时，日本的水平远远不能与中国比，可是有一个关键人物叫福泽谕吉，今天日本钞票最大面额是一万日元，上面的那个头像既不是天皇，也不是任何政治军事人物，而只是一位只写了几本书，办了一份报纸，办了日本第一所大学的福泽谕吉，这样一个人成了现代日本民族的灵魂人物。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">福泽谕吉说，一个民族要崛起，要改变三个方面，第一是人心的改变，第二是政治制度的改变，第三是器物与经济的改变。这三个方面的顺序，应该先是心灵，再是政治体制，最后才是经济。把这个顺序颠倒过来，表面上看是捷径，但最后是走不通的。近代日本基本上按福泽的路走的，它成功了。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">06<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">同一时期的中国，却走了一条福泽谕吉预言走不通的路。最早打开国门就是搞洋务运动，搞经济建设，把西方的坚船利炮买过来，再开始造，然后才发现还要政治体制变革。戊戌变法一百多天，一场闹剧结束了，甚至倒退。社会矛盾尖锐冲突，只好搞革命。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">辛亥革命以后，制度的除旧布新看起来已经没问题了，可是整个社会却陷入水深火热、军阀混战之中，打倒一个皇帝，出现无数个土皇帝。人们在绝望的时，才有梁启超发现日本人早就说出这条路走不通，梁启超才倡议新民运动，这可以说成为中国的20世纪全新的开始。文化立国，教育立国，我们知道，新文化运动是20世纪中国或者说现代中国的真正开端。这个开端最具标志性的事件就是蔡元培手下的北京大学变成了一所真正的大学。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">蔡元培从德国回来，以柏林大学模式拿来治理北京大学，只几年时间就把它变成一所真正的大学，变成整个民族精神的摇篮，从而开创了中国的20世纪。对此，我们无论怎么高的赞美都不为过，蔡元培可以说是20世纪中国真正伟大的一个人。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">蔡元培才是一个新时代的旗帜，虽然那个北大的崛起已经有点晚了，而且北大也没有办法按照蔡元培的理念发展多久，只有几年时间，整个国家已经到了崩溃的边缘，所以新文化运动马上就变成了政治运动。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">北大的新文化运动变成了政治运动之后，于是出现了一种妥协，这就是黄埔军校。我们知道，孙中山以列宁主义模式，以三民主义的意识形态，来改组国民党，建立了黄埔军校。黄埔军校跟军阀不一样，军阀是为了地盘，为了直接利益打仗，而黄埔军校是为了一种民族主义信念而打仗，有了一个比升官发财，吃喝玩乐更高的理念，凝聚一个集体，形成一个组织，建立一种制度。蒋介石一生的权威，都来自于他是黄埔军校的校长。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">所以，在中国没有大学的时候，出现了一个准大学，介于大学与军阀之间，这就是黄埔军校。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">八年抗战中在大后方组建的战时大学，以西南联大为代表，也包括当时的武汉大学、中央大学、交通大学、浙江大学，这五大名牌大学共同培育了抗战中一代民族精英。这是一些真正的大学，即使处在穷山恶水间，在漏雨的平房里，在破庙里，在茶馆里，却毋庸置疑地构成世界上最一流的大学。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在破庙里，在最简陋房子里的西南联大就是世界一流的大学。国民政府无论多么腐败，但在抗战八年间，它把仅次于军费的第二大财政开支放在教育上面，比政府的行政费用都高。这是什么概念呢？国家都要完蛋了，大学还能办吗？当时有很多人说，大学就不要办了，年轻人还呆在学校干什么？赶紧打仗去，救国家去。如果说要办大学的话，那也是化学系教造火药，物理系教造枪炮，力学系教造桥梁，外语系就培养翻译官，哲学系就培养政治教官吧。可是，当时蒋介石居然听从了少数人的意见，大学该怎么办还怎么办，在整个抗战时期，大学不仅没有萎缩，而且人数成倍增加，大批年轻人跑到大后方去上大学，巩固了中华民族的文化根基。尽管蒋没有得到好处，大都被新政权收过来了，但他们造成了新中国之后的辉煌。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我可以下一个结论，中国20世纪所有的骄傲，都归结到中国能够在最绝望的时候，有很少的一些中国人，他们能够办起几所大学或准大学，支撑起整个民族的文化。中国20世纪最大的骄傲都归结于北大、黄埔、延安，以及西南联大为代表的战时大学。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">而中国20世纪所有的不幸，所有的悲哀，所有的愚蠢，就在于在平常时期几乎完全没有真正的大学，没有完整人格的修养所，只有人才培训机构，只有培养工具，培养听话的螺丝钉的地方。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important; 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box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 650px !important; background-position: center center; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;" alt="" /><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">07<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如今，在我们中国一切都要有用的，大学也要有用的，所有的专业都要有用的，连人都要有用。可是，真正的大学是没有用的，因为大学是培养人的，人不是要为人所用工具，人本身就是目的。用俗气一点的话说，人是老板，人不是人才，不是打工仔。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我说的老板，是自己知道该怎么做，而且能够指导别人怎么做的人。中国没有老板，有老板也是跟着别人跑的，最终来说仍然是人家的打工仔。所以中国今天没有在世界舞台上呼风唤雨的人物，没有领先的潮流的领域、品牌、标准。我们用尽了资源，造成了不可挽回的环境破坏，更大的破坏是人心灵的瓦解，内心世界自信心和创造力的完全丧失，只有依附于外部智慧，去换取满足欲望膨胀所需要的消费资料，换取GDP数字的增长。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这种接轨所造成的对西方依赖的程度是惊人的。中国没有什么东西能够在西方卖高价钱，在欧美，中国人在面对西方人是抬不起头的，因为中国制造是低劣的代名词，你做得再好，再漂亮，你也只能卖到别人价格的一个零头。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">中国必须改变这条道路，必须要有自己的大脑，自己的智慧，要有自己真正的大学。未来中国的唯一出路是文化立国。世界上所有成功的现代国家都是文化立国的。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">改革开放以来，我们都熟悉了以经济建设为中心的思路。过了N年以后，终于有一批知识分子出来说，制度建设也是关键，制度建设比经济建设更重要。然而，中国人却无法能够接受内心深处的改变，而这是一切问题的真正关键。<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">所以，我说中华民族的崛起取决于大学的崛起，而今天中国大学的崛起还相当遥远。怎么办，我们能做的只有自己内心的崛起，现实中没有真正的大学，但我们可以做一个真正的大学生，在自己的心灵中，在自己行动中，营造健全的大学生活。真正的大学不在高楼大厦，不在权威讲坛，不在那些嚣张的东西，就在每个灵魂的生命里，就是独立的思考、自由的表达，就是超越的对话与交流，形成一种学术氛围，一步一步蔓延，把越来越多的人包裹在其中，真正的大学就形成了，很快就会变成了一场文化运动，就会有一批真正有智慧的精英起来，整个国家就有了希望。<div> </div>