<p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0080ff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt;">▌一、</span></strong><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: #0b2b5b;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">元朔二年（前127）正月，汉武帝颁布推恩令，令诸侯王分封子弟为列侯，并将王国封地分给自己的子弟。这直接引致了尾大不掉的各诸侯王国的分崩离析，大一统的中央集权正式建立。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">自此，由共主或中央王朝给宗族姻亲、功臣子弟分封领地和相当治权为特征的封建制，在中国这块土地上销声匿迹。取而代之的，是长达两千多年、几乎看不到尽头的对专制集权的反复争夺与循环更替。</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">元和二年（公元85年），汉章帝下令在全国推行干支纪年，并一直延续至今。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">与西方公元纪年的绝无重复不同，干支纪年每60年会重新一个轮</strong>回。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我们这个民族，最鲜明的底色与烙印，在几乎两千年前就已定型，之后只是一轮又一轮的轮回而已。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这，</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">算不算一种冥冥中的宿命诅咒？</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: #0b2b5b;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; color: #0070c0;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: red; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0070c0; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #3e3e3e; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0080ff; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #3e3e3e; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0080ff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">▌</span></strong></span></strong></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0080ff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">二、</span></strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: #0b2b5b;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1898年9月28日下午四时，北京宣武门外菜市口刑场，烈日高照下的刑场上人山人海</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">。这是中国近现代史上颇为悲壮黑暗的一个日子，谭嗣同、刘光第、康广仁、杨深秀、杨锐、林旭等6位维新变法人士在这里被处斩，围观的上万百姓兴奋地向他们身上扔着白菜帮子！这一年是中国的农历戊戌年，史称“戊戌六君子”。而由他们主导的那场比日本明治维新晚了30年的变法，史称“戊戌变法”。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1.082995951417004" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3ticI79k6rUh1djCrA6TZiasxdSGmGqTfbPPzNuvaSblMCFOX34GDLyIMoaFIVJDJqKEI1EiaXFZU5qL703fLTTfA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="494" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3ticI79k6rUh1djCrA6TZiasxdSGmGqTfbPPzNuvaSblMCFOX34GDLyIMoaFIVJDJqKEI1EiaXFZU5qL703fLTTfA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: auto !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #585858;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（戊戌六君子）</span></strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这场变法的大背景，是中国已经停滞了近千年的社会与羸弱不堪的竞争力。尽管GDP一度达到过全球的三分之一，但</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">清王朝其实在“康乾盛世”最顶峰时就已开始脱离世界发展主流，开始走向衰败的不归路了</strong>。除了物质财富产出效率被工业革命后的欧洲越拉越大外，<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">清王朝顶峰时期的18世纪，人类真正的进步是政治制度文明</strong>。乾隆十三年（1748年），孟德斯鸠发表了名著《论法的精神》。乾隆四十一年（1776年），美国的清教徒们在这一年发表了“人人生而平等”的独立宣言，一个几乎一无所有的叫美利坚的新国家诞生。乾隆五十四年（1789年），法国爆发资产阶级大革命，提出“主权在民”原则。乾隆退位后的第二年（1797年），华盛顿宣布拒绝担任第三任总统，完善了美国的民主政体。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">18世纪，世界文明大潮的主流，是通过立宪制和代议制“</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">实现对统治者和权力的驯化，把他们关到法律的笼子里</strong>”。而在地球的另一端，满清皇帝们积几代人上百年的努力，<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">完成了中国历史上最缜密、最完善、最牢固的专制统</strong>治，把民众关进了更严密的专制统治的笼子里。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">史书上津津乐道的“康乾盛世”，其实只是以空前的政治稳定，养活了数量空前的人口，奠定了中国今天的版图。然而对比18世纪世界文明的发展，</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">康乾时代是一个只有生存权没有发展权的家天下，也是中国历史上民众权利被剥夺得最干净、意志被压制得最靡弱的时代之一</strong>，是一个基于少数统治者利益最大化而设计出来的盛世，<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">其给中华民族精神上造成的永久性创伤，远大于这一时期的成就</strong>。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">亚当·斯密在巨著《国富论》中是如此刻薄地批评彼时的中国的：</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: #0b2b5b;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><blockquote style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; max-width: 100%; border-left: 3px solid #dbdbdb; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">中国长期处在静止状态，其财富在多年前就已达到该国法律制度允许的最高限度</strong>。如果改变和提高他们的法治水平，那么该国的土壤、气候和位置所允许的限度，可能比上述限度大出很多。” “富人和大资本家很大程度上享有安全，而穷人和小资本家不但不能安全，而且随时都可能被低级别的官僚借口执法而被强加掠夺。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">”</span></span></p></blockquote><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这种对平民财产的肆意剥夺，有的时候是一种个别行为，但更多的时候则是一种专制集权基础上的政府行为。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">由于私人财产得不到有效保障，中国成了世界上财产继承与创造都极为低效的国家</strong>。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">但这其实不是康熙乾隆们的错。于他们而言，</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">不受制约的专制集权，就如同壮年男人面前的春药与后宫</strong>，断无主动放弃的可能。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">世纪之交的1799年，华盛顿在大洋波岸去世，他给世人留下了一部三权分立的宪法，以及一个蒸蒸日上的现代国家。同一年，乾隆去世，留给他子孙的，是一个看似庞大，实则羸弱不堪，一推即倒的“泥足巨人”。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">100年后，饱受鸦片战争及甲午海战羞辱的康乾子孙们，推动了那场沽名钓誉式的变法。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“我自横刀向天笑，去留肝胆两昆仑”的谭嗣同并非“根正苗红”的革命者，某种意义上，他甚至属于“既得利益者”。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">其父谭继洵为晚清重吏</strong>，于京城户部任官十六年，后调任甘肃任省按察史，光绪十五年调任湖北巡抚，尝两次兼代湖广总督，为正一品封疆大吏，累官赠光禄大夫。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">但谭嗣同是少数看清了中国千年轮回症结的人，而1895年甲午海战的惨败与中日《马关条约》的签订，则让他开始对这个腐朽没落的专制王朝绝望，所以他要“废君统，倡民主”，指出“</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">数千年来统治者皆大盗也，实为民贼</strong>！”，这也是“蒙幸”被光绪帝征召入京，参与变法新政后，他的激进主张最终会触痛“专制君权”这个慈禧太后底线的原因，加之维新派荒唐的“围园劫后”计划触怒慈禧，1898年9月21日，慈禧太后发动宫廷政变，将光绪皇帝囚禁于瀛台，并下令逮捕维新派人士。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">事实上，</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">维新派所谓的“激进”主张里，甚至连“君主立宪”都未列入</strong>——一旦涉及到最核心的“专制权利”，就没有任何商量的余地，所以<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这场在史书上“轰轰烈烈”的变法，其实是一场几乎一开始就注定会失败的帝后权利争斗而已。</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">但这丝毫不会黯淡谭嗣同的光芒。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">他如同一颗划过暗黑夜空的流星，留下一道异常耀眼的轨迹，引导、激励着一个又一个不自由、毋宁死的热血儿郎，在为了自由理想的道路上冲锋陷阵，不畏生死！</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">作为封疆大吏的儿子，他本来也可以和梁启超那样出逃保命。但为了中国变法自强的大业，谭嗣同选择留了下来，试图用自己的鲜血来唤醒麻木的国人。在刑部狱中他给梁启超的绝笔书中写道：“</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">嗣同不恨先众人而死，而恨后嗣同死者虚生也。啮血书此，告我中国臣民，同兴义举</strong>。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">壮矣，维新欲杀贼而未回天，终成国恨；快哉！喋血屹昆仑以昭肝胆，长醒吾民</strong>”——这是后人撰于谭嗣同故居上的对联。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: #0b2b5b;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">只是</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">从1898年9月28日菜市口刑场上万人同嗨的现实，以及那个戊戌年后中国近百年令人唏嘘的诡异走向，“有心杀贼，无力回天”的谭嗣同是否真“死得其所，快哉快哉!”殊未可知。</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: #0b2b5b;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; color: #0070c0;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: red; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0070c0; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #3e3e3e; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0080ff; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #3e3e3e; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0080ff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">▌</span></strong></span></strong></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0080ff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">三、</span></strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: #0b2b5b;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">一个有趣的设问是：</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如果120年前的那场变法并未中断，中国能自强吗？</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这个问题，在戊戌变法两年后，慈禧和光绪都问过自己。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1900年8月14日，假义和团之乱而起兵的八国联军攻入北京，京城完全陷落，一手扼杀了戊戌变法的慈禧仓皇出逃，一路狂奔到西安——这个出逃行为被清政府取了个很唯美的名字：</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“两宫西狩</strong>”。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1900年8月20日，慈禧假光绪之口，发布帝国的《罪己诏》，皇家文件的豪华文采全不见踪影，像极了一篇小学生因为小错而写给老师的悔过书。一百多年后的今天，不读不行，读之生厌。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">《罪己诏》，把罪过一股脑推到了“爱国者”义和团身上，下令对义和团“痛加剿除”：涞涿拳匪，焚堂毁路…妖言邪说，煽动愚人…胆敢红巾露刀，充斥都城，焚掠教堂，围攻使馆…</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">天下断无杀人放火之义民，国家岂有倚匪败盟之政体？</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1.021505376344086" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3ticI79k6rUh1djCrA6TZiasxdSGmGqTfbMQc8nwCrcljdMTpPaYacZU4KYYQh9t9d4h5zvee4gEwLgKria9Mbsvg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3ticI79k6rUh1djCrA6TZiasxdSGmGqTfbMQc8nwCrcljdMTpPaYacZU4KYYQh9t9d4h5zvee4gEwLgKria9Mbsvg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; color: #585858; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（1900年，清政府抓捕的义和团）</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“天下断无杀人放火之义民，国家岂有倚匪败盟之政体？”——</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">不知道那些被炮灰了的“爱国者”看到这两句文绉绉的“爱国成贼”的评判，会作何感想</strong>？或许利用过后，碾做炮灰，就是他们的宿命？</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">慈禧假光绪之口发布的《罪己诏》中有一句颇值得玩味的话：“</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">即无拳匪之变，我中国能自强耶？”</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在整篇《罪己诏》中，只有这句反问，像是皇帝自己的话。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">可是，话是问的不错，问题是：问谁呢？</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">整个大清帝国，谁有这个视野和见识，能回答这个问题？</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">被史书奉为“睁眼看世界第一人”的魏源其实是没有这个能力</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">的，他其实只是史学家雕琢出来，用以反衬满清当权者多么眼光狭窄短浅的一尊吉祥物而已。魏源赖以成名，并提出“师夷长技以制夷”的著作《海国图志》是在南京城西清凉山下乌龙潭边，在林则徐主持编译的《四洲志》的基础上“编撰”而成的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">换句话说：</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">世界你都没观过，哪来的世界观？</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在一个国家向现代国家转型的过程中，一批知识分子到发达（欧美）国家亲眼观察并引进先进的思想与制度，至关重要。如果不直接地观察对比，仅仅通过阅读了解，常常是隔靴搔痒，甚至断章取义，走向极端。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">与魏源形成鲜明对照的，是与他同一个时代的福泽谕吉</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">：前者留下了一本夹生熟的书，而后者在游历欧美后，以思想为武器，直接引致了整个日本的现代化。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">客观地说，慈禧是有视野和魄力的</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">。她不反对变法，据费行简《慈禧太后传信录》载，早在变法之初，慈禧太后即对光绪帝说：“变法乃素志，同治初即纳曾国藩议，派子弟出洋留学，造船制械，以图富强也。”“苟可致富强者， 儿自为之，吾不内制也。”没有慈禧的支持，戊戌变法根本不可能推行。而百日维新后慈禧扼杀变法，无它，只是因为变法最后在试图拿走她的权杖，完全架空她。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">慈禧一点也不排外</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">，甚至对西洋器具情有独钟。1861年咸丰驾崩，20多岁的慈禧，没有像20多岁的武则天和孝庄那样用陪睡换江山，而是直接发动政变上台。慈禧在夺取大清统治地位之后的前三十多年里，只做了一件事，就是选择了中国几千年历史上“第一次大规模引进西方科技”的洋务运动。她果断启用了曾国藩，李鸿章，左宗棠，张之洞等外向进取的汉人，并提升李鸿章为洋务总工程师。洋务运动快速发展了大清的经济：火车铁路，兵工厂，纺织厂，电报局，北洋舰队，机械化露天煤矿，炼铁厂等等行业企业第一次出现在封闭千年的中国。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">洋务运动只用了短短三十多年时间，就把一个等同于唐汉时期农业经济体的国家，带进了近代经济体的大门——这在几千年中国历史上实属开天辟地。</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">但</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">作为全球最大专制集权政体制的最高掌权者，对权势的恋栈，将令慈禧排除任何可能引致统治风险的选项</strong>。这是一种无法医治的，骨子里的排外——排斥的不是外人，外面的技术，而是任何一个可能根本上动她权杖的事物，无论是人，还是制度。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">但只靠洋务运动一条腿发展起来的大清，很快就跌倒了。就算大清的历史没有甲午战争的惨败，只发展经济的洋务运动也注定保不住大清。一位学者如是论述：因为</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">西方的科技进步和经济发展，是同体制配套使用的结果。大清只引进科技，就像买手机不要充电器，待机时间再长，也会没电</strong>的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">历史也并不是没有给清王朝机会。当时最见多识广，视野最阔的，算是李鸿章了。他是中国第一位专门与“洋夷”打交道的人，也是大清第一个外交家。如果说慈禧是“洋务运动”的总设计师，李鸿章就是最坚决的践行者。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1896年，七十有四的李鸿章开始游历欧美，历时近7个月，行程9万里</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">，先后游历了俄、德、荷兰、比利时、法、英、美、英属加拿大等。在这些国家，他受到了热情款待，会见了俾斯麦等各国政要，也参观了工厂、报社、学校、矿山、电报局、银行，在德国还专门请医生以“电照法”即X光检查了年前马关谈判时被日本愤青小山丰太郎行刺时仍留在脸上的子弹。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.952191235059761" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3ticI79k6rUh1djCrA6TZiasxdSGmGqTfbawgmnBLoJDyosKIsnA1siauCLvaiavWlzGUtEtMssnAjJdiaVdcGEJ9tA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="502" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3ticI79k6rUh1djCrA6TZiasxdSGmGqTfbawgmnBLoJDyosKIsnA1siauCLvaiavWlzGUtEtMssnAjJdiaVdcGEJ9tA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: auto !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #585858;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（大清裱糊匠李鸿章与俾斯麦）</span></strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">可惜，搞了半辈子洋务运动的老头，仍然只发现了欧美的器物之美，发现不了器物之后的东西：用杨小凯先生的术语来讲，根源还在于“后发劣势”。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">李鸿章旅游到英国，对英国的一架缝纫机都能着迷，并不惜重金，给老佛爷购回一台。但却（刻意？）忽略了最不应该忽略的一件东西——</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">他在代表西方政治制度的英国下院为他特设的席位上旁听了议员们的辩论，觉得那是一窝蜂似的吵架，说：“无甚可观。”</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“无甚可观”——四个字，代表了当时整个民族的视野。</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: #0b2b5b;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; color: #0070c0;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: red; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0070c0; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #3e3e3e; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0080ff; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #3e3e3e; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0080ff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">▌</span></strong></span></strong></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0080ff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">四、</span></strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: #0b2b5b;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">60年后，戊戌重回，又一个轮回。</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1956年，国际共产主义大家庭形势骤变</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">。赫鲁晓夫上台后作了批判斯大林的秘密报告，在波兰、匈牙利则爆发了知识份子领导的民主运动，匈牙利脱离华沙条约组织，而赫鲁晓夫的秘密报告也在中国悄悄流传。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">为顺应形势，1956年4月28日，中共中央政治局扩大会议提出了“百花齐放、百家争鸣”的双百方针，发动群众向党提出批评建议。但</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在大鸣大放后期，出现一些对党和政府批评相对尖锐的言辞，比如民盟中央副主席罗隆基、光明日报社总编储安平等“DANG天下”的发言</strong>：“这几年来党群关系不好，而且成为目前我国政治生活中急需调整的一个问题。这个问题的关键究竟何在？据我看来，关键在‘DANG天下’这个思想问题上。我认为党领导国家并不等于这个国家即为党所有；大家拥护党，但并没有忘记了自己也还是国家的主人。”这让毛泽东等领导有了政权被“复辟”的疑虑和恐惧。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1957年5月15日，毛泽东撰写了《事情正在起变化》一文，要求认清阶级斗争形势，注意右派的进攻。6月8日，中共中央发出《关于组织力量准备反击右派分子进攻的指示》，同日，《人民日报》也发表了《这是为什么？》的社论。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">从此，中国开始了大规模的反右斗争。</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">而该斗争的高潮年，1958年，恰好是中国农历戊戌年。</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.625" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3ticI79k6rUh1djCrA6TZiasxdSGmGqTfb31K8PwPiaQN6RSRkeLaW92qCs9SHVHkT0qhGhpDF1urJfWEQ3xgkWug/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="600" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3ticI79k6rUh1djCrA6TZiasxdSGmGqTfb31K8PwPiaQN6RSRkeLaW92qCs9SHVHkT0qhGhpDF1urJfWEQ3xgkWug/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: auto !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #585858;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（1957年国庆的反右游行）</span></strong></span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1957年底，《甘肃日报》编辑部召开党外人士座谈会，主持座谈的一位副总编辑满脸堆笑，一次又一次亲切地动员年轻的王景超发言。此时的王景超，丝毫不知道，毛泽东关于“诱敌深入，聚而歼之”的指示，已在半个多月前在党内一定范围内传达。他也不知道，他的一篇杂文，已被内定为毒草。最终，王景超被打成右派，并且划为极右，开除公职，遣送农场劳教。受丈夫牵连，其妻和风鸣也被划为右派。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">一九五八年四月下旬，王景超、和风鸣与报社其他四名右派一起，从兰州乘上了西行的列车，分别前往位于甘肃西北部的夹边沟农场开始其劳教或监督劳动的生涯。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">当王景超先于其他五人在酒泉下车前往夹边沟农场时，和风鸣丝毫也没有想到，她深爱着的丈夫正在走向死亡之地。</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">夹边沟劳改农场位于甘肃西北部的酒泉，土地贫瘠，盐碱化严重，天气寒冷，冬天气温可以到零下三十多度，且常刮大风。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">将右派分子发配到这样一个地方，带有加重惩罚和折磨的意味</strong>，不仅让右派们参加繁重的劳动，而且使他们长期处于饥饿之中。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">不让右派们吃饱饭是有意为之</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">。夹边沟农场并不缺粮，即使在一九六〇年冬天的大饥荒中右派们大批饿死时，农场仍然囤积了不少粮食。夹边沟农场禁止右派家属们寄粮票，因为有了粮票，右派们就可以去县城的餐馆吃饭，或向附近的农民换取食物。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">长期在饥饿中参加繁重劳动，右派们的身体都垮了下来。当一九六〇年十一月，在大饥荒席卷全国，夹边沟农场再度大幅削减人们的粮食配给，而寒冬又开始降临的时候，夹边沟的右派们就开始面临灭顶之灾。躺在冰窟一般的“地窝子”里，食不果腹、</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">全身浮肿的人们知道自己正一天天走向死亡，但却毫无办法。他们无力出逃，也无处可逃，只能静待死神的降临</strong>。一位右派用手指向难友比划出“坐以待毙”几个字，不久后咽了气。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在饿到发狂的情况下，甘肃的许多农场都出现了煮食死亡难友人肉的事情。人食人，中国史书上有记载，但是，</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">知书达理的知识份子一次次地噬食自己同类的尸体，恐怕是中国历史上有记录以来的第一次。</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">一九六一年一月，由于各农场死人太多，甘肃省允许在农场的右派回到原单位。此时，夹边沟农场的两千八百多名右派中，仅剩了六百多人。由于当初尸体掩埋十分草率，致使尸骨不断从掩埋处暴露出来，</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">至二十世纪八十年代，累累白骨绵延竟长达一公里以上。如此密集地躺在荒漠旷野里的白骨，以一种惨烈的方式展现着由野蛮的政治权力制造的人间惨剧。</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">据1978年平反右派过程中的官方统计数据，在1957年的“反右运动”和1958年的“反右补课”中，全中国抓出了五十五万名“右派”绝大多数都经历了比较悲惨的命运。在经历过反右、文革等一系列整治运动后，</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">活到1978年平反的仅有十万余人</strong>。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这些右派中，就包括了1958年被划为右派并开除党籍，20年后才平反的前国务院总理朱镕基。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1957年开始酝酿的反右，对后来中国的影响极大。它标志着执政党的政策重新回到以政治挂帅，强调阶级矛盾和阶级斗争的路线上来，意识形态斗争的重要性从此彻底压过了经济建设。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">更关键的是，知识分子再也不敢批评执政党及其政府，各个民主党派方面，经历过从“言者无罪，闻者足戒”到“引蛇出洞”的骤然转变，各党派在政治生活中不敢发声，造成这些政党一步一步愈发边缘化，</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">执政党的权力约束不再，政治路线从此严重左倾，以致“大跃进”、“四清运动”、“文化大革命”运动蜂起，争斗惨烈，革命吞噬革命，人民专政人民</strong>。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这种状态，一直持续了20多年——这几乎是一代人的时间，才得以逐步修正、改善。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">而同期，“亚洲四小龙”的香港、台湾、新加坡、和韩国，以及我们的近邻日本，都开始了经济腾飞。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">两千年前秦始皇的焚书坑儒早已失去了恐怖色彩，人们更多只是当做一个趣味史料。但在人类已经开始迈向太空时代的五十年代，反右这样古今中外罕见的大规模迫害知识份子，近乎野蛮、原始、蒙昧的政治斗争，为什么还能够在中国发生？</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">仅仅归咎于无可奈何的历史轮回？</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; color: #0070c0;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: red; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0070c0; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #3e3e3e; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0080ff; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #3e3e3e; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0080ff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">▌</span></strong></span></strong></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0080ff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">尾声</span></span></strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: #0080ff;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></span></strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2月20日大年初五那天，一早起来，满屏都是接财神的，我也凑个热闹，送了大家三个财神。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">财神一</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">：最大美元百元大钞上的头像不是总统，而是</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">著名科学家、金融家、政治家富兰克林</strong>，《独立宣言》的起草人之一。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.4224343675417661" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3ticI79k6rUh1djCrA6TZiasxdSGmGqTfbGPLcpm6I6dyTOia5pLcV04WtVK1qSiabib2mtpn2SskKfzib15Leo61VpA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="838" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3ticI79k6rUh1djCrA6TZiasxdSGmGqTfbGPLcpm6I6dyTOia5pLcV04WtVK1qSiabib2mtpn2SskKfzib15Leo61VpA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">正是《独立宣言》中以下最经典的两句，保证了美国在短短243年的时间里，创造了人类历史上最大的财富</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">，且完全没有停歇的迹象：</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><blockquote style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; max-width: 100%; border-left: 3px solid #dbdbdb; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: #0b2b5b;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: #0b2b5b;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，是经被治理者的同意而产生的。</span></p></blockquote><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">财神二</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">：日元最大面额上是一个出身平民、</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">终身未仕的教育家、思想家，他叫福泽谕吉</strong>。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="0.47653429602888087" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3ticI79k6rUh1djCrA6TZiasxdSGmGqTfbRvDEHYce0BcoG1BLzclEHfpkGJRRjmHSxqXF4ib9noECg0VlGcbKu7w/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="554" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3ticI79k6rUh1djCrA6TZiasxdSGmGqTfbRvDEHYce0BcoG1BLzclEHfpkGJRRjmHSxqXF4ib9noECg0VlGcbKu7w/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">他是日本明治维新时期的启蒙思想家、教育家，著有《劝学篇》、《文明概略论》、《脱亚论》等，主要思想是反对封建专制、崇尚自由平等，呼吁日本脱离东方愚昧文化，学习西方。虽然他是一介平民，终身未得一官半职，却主导了19世纪后半叶以后整个日本的思维改造与国家走向，让日本从一个比满清还封闭落后的岛国，一跃成为全球强国。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">财神三</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">：我们自己的财神，想了很久，无疑是2月19日满屏纪念的这个人。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: #0b2b5b;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: #0b2b5b;"><img data-ratio="1.343157894736842" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3ticI79k6rUh1djCrA6TZiasxdSGmGqTfbsrfmTzn09w3yEWYMDNVXe9xI1bUSTMcFxwmQPIEYWdSfy6V9eBibKCA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="475" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/3ticI79k6rUh1djCrA6TZiasxdSGmGqTfbsrfmTzn09w3yEWYMDNVXe9xI1bUSTMcFxwmQPIEYWdSfy6V9eBibKCA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: auto !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 16px; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: #0b2b5b;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">是他强调“我们落后的关键还是我们从五十年代起，不抓经济而抓阶级斗争，搞一大二公的社会主义。我这里不是说社会主义搞错了，但我也不能说我们完全搞对了。”“发展才是硬道理，成天去争论什么资本主义、社会主义有啥意思？你搞得清楚吗？反正我是搞不清楚。”</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">他是名副其实的，真正让大多数中国人一年到头有钱大吃大喝、消遣娱乐、满世界旅游以至于让春节都失去了年味儿的“财神”</strong>。中国（经济）在70年代末基本频临崩溃，没有他，我们极可能仍如朝鲜一样饥寒交迫，更惘谈看世界。三十年来不断有把他印到更大面额人民币上去的传闻，但最终他的形象还只是出现在《时代》周刊之类的媒体封面上。人民币大钞从10元涨到了100元，印的还是那个让我们凭票证过年才能吃点儿好的、穿衣服新三年旧三年缝缝补补又三年的大救星。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">一国之货币，就是该国财神的祝福礼物。但遗憾的是，不是所有国家都把带他们走上富裕道路的人如富兰克林和福泽谕吉都印在纸面上……</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #0b2b5b; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">正好今天股市开盘，与一个做跨境投资的哥们再次聊及美联储的加息及特朗普惊世骇俗的大减税，他发来如下一段话：政治家的伟大，从来都是做出来的，而不是吹出来，捧出来的。只要美国赢了，输了全世界又如何？特朗普癫狂的行事作风后面是真正的高瞻远瞩！大规模减税，这是特朗普的一小步，但却极可能是美国的一大步！！体制，才是美帝永恒的优势。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #0b2b5b; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我们常犯的错误是，只看它的制约与低效，而忽视它的反省、纠错、持续，这才是美帝自信之本。持续与轮回，你告诉我，两者谁能胜出？</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">多歧路，今安在？</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: #0b2b5b; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">下一个戊戌年，我们在哪？</span></strong></p>