<div> </div><div> <img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2018/Feb/2262018习近平0.jpg" width="1050" height="700" alt="" /></div><div><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0.625rem 0.9375rem 0.25rem; line-height: 1em; padding: 0px; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 0.875rem; margin: 0.125rem 0px; color: #666666;">2017年，习近平在天安门广场。尽管习近平用强硬手腕巩固了权力，他试图展现一个比他的前任更柔和、人性化的领袖形象。</span> </figcaption></div><div> </div><div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">香港——中国共产党<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20180225/china-xi-jinping/" title="Link: https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20180225/china-xi-jinping/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">打算取消国家主席两届任期限制</a>的公告，是习近平着手加强政府权威和他作为最高领导人地位的最新迹象。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">通过颠覆因<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0909.html" title="Link: http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0909.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">毛泽东</a>和<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/20/world/deng-xiaoping-is-dead-at-92-architect-of-modern-china.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">邓小平</a>去世后出现的过度独裁统治和权力斗争而实行的集体领导模式，习近平表现出了改写规则，同时重拾单一强人领袖统治中国的旧规范的决心。他将在未来数年统治中国的前景，引发了对他在国内实行压迫，在国外可能会表现得好斗的<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20180226/xi-jinping-china/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">担忧</a>。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">在上台前的漫长岁月里，身为共产党权贵之子的习近平在官场上步步高升。在此期间，他建立联盟并加强对政府、经济和军队的控制，同时娴熟地排挤政敌，压制异议。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">以下是《纽约时报》有关其生活和政治生涯关键时刻报道的导引。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">生于共产党权贵阶层</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">■ 习近平的父亲<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20131016/c16zhongxun/" title="Link: https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20131016/c16zhongxun/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">习仲勋</a>是毛泽东麾下的一名革命领袖，曾任职副总理。习仲勋60年代遭毛泽东清洗时，他的家庭也受到了影响。在文化大革命的头两年里，还是一个书生气十足的小男孩的习近平“<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20150924/c24revolution/" title="Link: https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20150924/c24revolution/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">变得坚强起来，成了一个在逆境中生存的斗士</a>”。那时，他是被虐待的对象。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">■ 在一次采访中，习近平<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/12/an-interview-with-xi-long-before-he-was-chinas-leader/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">描述了他在文革期间的经历</a>，称和数百万“下乡知青”被送去乡下劳动时，从北京出发的火车上其他人都在哭，他却在笑。他说自己高兴是因为知道，离开首都意味着能活下来。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">很早就表现出灵活的政治手腕</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">■ 文化大革命结束后，当人们还在争取从乡下回到城里时，习近平却与众不同，<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20121001/c01xi/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">请求</a>担任一个贫穷的农村地区的领导。这一举动显示出了他在共产党内部建立关系并积累地方领导经历的精明之处。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">■ 后来，他又在一直是经济增长中心的沿海省份福建和浙江任职。在这些地方，他展现出了一种<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/world/asia/24leader.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">务实的风格</a>，以及平衡势力强大的官员与大企业之间的利益的能力。</p><figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2rem -0.9375rem; width: auto; padding: 0px; border: none; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 600px; float: none; margin: 0px;"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/02/27/world/27xi-coverage-2/merlin_128674589_ecec1450-ebd6-4184-8d79-1b83896349f2-master1050.jpg" alt="中国中部省份河南的一栋房子上贴着一张印着习近平的海报。他正在强化政府以及他本人的权威。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/02/27/world/27xi-coverage-2/merlin_128674589_ecec1450-ebd6-4184-8d79-1b83896349f2-master1050.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 600px; height: auto;" /></div><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1em; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.8125rem; color: #666666;">中国中部省份河南的一栋房子上贴着一张印着习近平的海报。他正在强化政府以及他本人的权威。</span><cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.6875rem; color: #666666; text-transform: uppercase; font-style: normal;">GREG BAKER/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES</cite></figcaption></figure> <span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;">直面腐败与集中权力</span></div><div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">■ 在2012年11月升任共产党的最高领导人，并在四个月后担任国家主席后，习近平发起了一场强硬的反腐运动，搞掉了很多主要政敌，也就是所谓的“老虎”，并惩罚了数以万计的底层官员，即“苍蝇”。被称作“<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20150612/c12zhou/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">最危险的老虎</a>”的前国内安全事务负责人周永康因滥用职权、受贿和泄露国家机密被判处无期徒刑。周永康是<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20141206/c06zhou/" title="Link: https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20141206/c06zhou/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">精英集团中央政治局常务委员会退休及在任委员中，首个面临指控的官员</a>。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">■ 尽管有关取消任期限制的公告本身出人意料，但习近平其实已经连续发出信号，表明想让自己在位的时间超过前任江泽民和胡锦涛。江、胡二人都担任过两届国家主席，每届五年。去年秋天，共产党公布了新一届政治局常委的阵容，但<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20171026/xi-jinping-china/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">和习近平站在一起的六个人中，</a><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20171026/xi-jinping-china/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">没有一个是他的接班人</a>。在同一次会议上，共产党<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20171025/china-xi-jinping-constitution/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">把“习近平思想”写入党章</a>，使其在意识形态上的地位与毛泽东一样。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">展示出一种更为宽厚的形象</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">■ 尽管习近平用钢铁般的手腕巩固了权力，他也试图<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/11/09/world/asia/xi-propaganda.html" title="Link: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/11/09/world/asia/xi-propaganda.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">传递一种比他的前任们更为宽厚、更加人性化的领导人形象</a>。“他进行过日常外出，这对现代中国领导人来说是非常罕见的——比如，在2013年<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20131231/c31xi/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">前往一家包子铺</a>吃午餐。”</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">控制军队及经济领导权</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">■ 习近平采取措施，一方面加强对中国军队的控制，在反腐运动中拿下高层将领，<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://cn.nytimes.com/china/20150907/c07china/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">进行裁军，同时将更多资源投入到空军和海军部队</a>，以展示军力。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif;">■ 他还在经济决策中发挥了主要作用，<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/20/business/china-xi-jinping-economy.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">而这一角色传统上是由中国的总理担任的</a>。他在全世界以<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/business/20170515/china-railway-one-belt-one-road-1-trillion-plan/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">“一带一路”倡议</a>促进基础建设项目，目标是“利用中国的财富和工业技术，创造出一种新的全球化，抛弃老旧的西方主导体制的规则”。</p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; border: none; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 35.625rem; font-family: Georgia, "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">打压异见、对香港姿态强硬</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333;">■ 习近平还实施了<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20160824/china-un-human-rights-philip-alston/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">对异见的广泛打压</a>，“把阻碍中共的律师、记者、学者和活动人士边缘化”。去年，因组织起草一份民主宣言而入狱的诺贝尔和平奖获得者刘晓波在<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20170713/liu-xiaobo-dies-at-61/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">看押中于一所医院去世</a>。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333;">■ 习近平还对台湾和香港采取强硬姿态。台湾是一个自治的岛屿，中国称其为该国领土的一部分；香港是一个半自治的中国城市，那里的民众对北京越来越大的影响力进行了抗议。去年，<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20170701/hong-kong-china-xi-jinping/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">在香港的一次讲话中</a>，他对“任何危害国家主权安全”或者“挑战中央权力”提出了警告。</p></section><footer style="box-sizing: border-box; border-top: 1px solid #dddddd; padding-top: 0.5rem; width: 570px; max-width: 35.625rem; margin: 0px auto; font-family: "PingFang SC", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft Yahei", simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #999999; font-size: 0.8125rem; line-height: 1.5rem;">王霜舟(Austin Ramzy)是《纽约时报》记者。</p></span></footer> </div>