<div><div style="display: inline-block;"></div></div> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 我常把读书的乐趣融于人的历史。在所谓人的历史中，读传是条捷径——传记 “浓缩人生精华”。你甚至只需几个小时，就能把一个人看进了坟墓，想像他在坟墓中仰卧起坐，唉声叹气。茔墓之外，我们在逝者的影子下完成对社会的回忆与改造，完成对往届社会优良品质与智慧的追索与继承。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 坦率地说，是黄仁宇让我重拾对历史的兴趣，我是说，我从学术上看出了历史的乐趣。这位国民党军官在美国写了《万历十五年》，用他的话来说，他研究的是大历史（macro-history），这个词很玄乎，我倒宁愿把它想成“随心所欲读历史”。虽偶有附会，但黄仁宇的学问的确是做得很深，也很中立，因此也给我们读者一次换个角度读历史的机会（他的“换个角度看历史”，差点换掉了我的工作）。黄仁宇和周NL同是南开校友，遗憾的是，南开大学没有把肄业生周NL的礼遇分给肄业生黄仁宇一点，但这并不影响黄仁宇声名远播。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 读了黄仁宇的历史书，我开始对海外的中国史家产生了兴趣。作为旅美学者，唐德刚自然地成了我的书屋里的贵宾了。虽然直到今天，唐德刚的书我只看了两本，一本是《晚清七十年》（岳麓版），另一本即是我这里要介绍的《胡适杂忆》（严格地说，还有《胡适口述评传》，收录在胡适全集中）。对于胡适的追寻，大概就是从这本书开始的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 唐德刚是胡适晚年的入室弟子，曾亲自录制并译注《胡适口述自传》，被公认为海外论胡允当者。唐之胡说，不辱大方，意创笔随，明珠走盘，的确是些好书。唐德刚在《杂忆》书尾称：“关于了解胡适—-尤其是青年知识分子要了解胡适，我个人的看法，最可靠的两部书，便是《四十自述》和《胡适口述自传》。”在笔者看来，《杂忆》是可以和上述两本比肩的。在该书中，唐德刚对胡适没有太多的隐讳，尽可能地做到客观（当然，也有些看法和读者大相径庭）。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 在杂忆胡适时，唐德刚并未因为是胡适的入室弟子而像罗尔纲写《师门五年记》、《胡适琐忆》时那样毕恭毕敬，更多是尖刻、风趣与超脱。比如谈到胡适与政治，唐德刚说，胡适是“不要儿子，儿子来了”；胡适容忍，是“爱惜羽毛”、“畏首畏尾”（借李宗仁语）；搞政治胡适后天不足，“在主观条件上，胡先生所缺乏的是：他没有大政治家的肩膀、中上级官僚的脸皮和政客与外交家的手腕；他甚至也没有足够作政论家的眼光”；胡适被杜威老师牵了一辈子鼻子，做了几十年齐天大圣，最后发现自己不过是个癞和尚的保镖；老顽童甚至向读者回忆起胡老师挤上公共汽车时的情景，“一个瘦骨嶙峋的脊椎动物”。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 当然这些并不影响唐德刚对老师的正面评价，“（胡适是）近代中国惟一没有枪杆子作后盾而思想言论能风靡一时，在意识形态上能颠倒众生的思想家。”胡适的确是个圣人，在他身上，全然没有两千年来无数乡愿、学究、家天下帝王及其臣仆们自阉精神的“继往”，更没有H色GM时期极端的GMD人否定一切打倒一切狂阉他人的“开来”。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 对于五四运动，唐德刚与胡适的观点并不一样。胡适是矛盾的，一方面，他反对政治，另一方面，却又做了一辈子的政治票友，“胡先生是反对五四运动的。他认为新文化运动的夭折，便是把五四运动政治化的结果。”唐德刚后来解释道，“新文化运动这部列车，被这批小伙计扳错了方向盘，就横冲直撞起来，结果,目的热，方向盲，列车出了轨、翻了车，弄得伤亡遍野。可怜的老胡适也被弄得教授当不成，新文化运动前功尽弃，而跑到纽约来落草。所以他反对五四运动。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 对于五四运动的是非褒贬由来已久，胡适的观点是，“新文化运动才是那害了两千年瘫痪病的中国固有文明的对症良药，是当前救国救民的惟一道路”（《口述自传–从文学GM到文艺复兴》）。胡适的理想是在一个非政治化的环境下投身文化与科学教育，再造文明，完成中国的文艺复兴。折腾了一百年往回看，胡老夫子不是没有他的道理。忽略真正的文化和教育，仅靠几个先知先进带着群盲打打杀杀瓜田分地杀资本家，仅图一时一势的GM，是不能真正改良社会的。GM到底是解放人的事业，而不只是解放猪圈里的牲口，让它从张家的院子跑到李家的厨房。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 历史车轮鬼打墙。转到二十世纪后半叶，中国到处知了般佯叫人文关怀。除了卖猪饲料的，什么样的企业都开始将“以人为本”的招牌挂上了大街。当然，以人为本并非舶来品，甚至可以说是中国的国粹。中国从来就是以人为本的。只不过，中国的以人为本是以钳制人为本，而西方的人本却是以尊重人、解放人为本。关于这一点，胡适在一次出游东北时有所感悟：中西方文明的区别是前者是人力车文明（笔者称之为牲畜式的文明），后者是摩托车文明。所以胡适要在思想上解放中国，再造文明，要实用主义，要杜威哲学，要全盘西化（后措辞为充分世界化）；因为要自由，所以要容忍。胡适说的容忍并不是菩萨说的容忍。菩萨说，人是最可宝贵的，没有人，谁也不会抬着我这偶像上街了。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 胡适一生奉行多研究些问题，少谈点主义。唐弟子给胡老师的“挽联”却是，“多研究经济，好研究问题”。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> “胡先生告诉我，他在康乃尔读大学本科时，对经济学就没有兴趣，未尝先修有关经济学的科目，因而他一辈子对各种经济学也很少涉猎。这便是他老人家晚年谈政治问题的致命伤”；“胡适之先生对中国民主政治的发展，虽然生死以之，他却始终没有搞出一套完整的理论来。不是他无此才华，而是他在社会科学上无此功力！没有一套完整的理论来对近百年—-乃至三千年—-的中国政治经济的演变作一番通盘的了解，而只是头痛医头，脚痛医脚地去搞一点一滴的改革，那就必然扶得东来西又倒。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 胡老夫子如果知道他的入室弟子这样给他盖棺定论，定会气得从棺材里坐起来。生死以之，忙了一辈子竟然被弟子说成了只是头痛医头脚痛医脚的江湖郎中。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 胡适生前建树颇多，也因此被“我的学生M”组织大陆学界搞了数百万字的批判。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 胡适膝下有二子，长子胡祖望，得名于胡母冯顺弟，有光宗耀祖之意。次子胡思杜，由胡适亲赐，寓意“思念杜威”，既表达了他对老师的敬重之情，更含着他一生对自由主义的坚定信仰。1949年后，胡适去了美国，祖望继续留在美国，而思杜却留在了大陆，并于华北人民GM大学改造。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> “不要儿子，儿子来了”。胡适曾说， “思杜是我创造的。”大意是说中国该选择杜威，更要一代代“思杜”下去，但他怎么也不会想到，他的儿子竟会朝他飞来投枪，称他是“帝国主义的走狗”。1951年，胡思杜在《中国青年》上发表了《对我父亲—-胡适的批判》：“他对反对派的赤胆忠心，终于挽救不了人民公敌的颓运，全国胜利来临时，他离开了北京，离开了中国……从阶级分析上，我明确了他是反动阶级的忠臣，人民的敌人。在政治上，他是没有进步性的……这一系列反人民的罪恶和他的有限的（动机在于在中国开辟资本主义道路的）反封建的进步作用相比，后者是太卑微不足道的。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 1930年4月，胡适曾写信给杨杏佛，称“我受了十年的骂，从来不怨恨骂我的人，有时他们骂的不中肯，我反替他们着急。有时他们骂的太过火了，反损骂者自己的人格，我更替他们不安。”五十年代，他又说，“我挨了四十年的骂，从来不生气，并且欢迎之至。” 说这话时，他大概不会料到，1957年，胡思杜被划为右派，后自杀身亡。胡适痛失骨肉，“思杜”化作一缕轻烟。历史以其特有的残忍将胡适的自由主义大旗扔进了虽前仆而无后继的悲观处境。江冬秀常抱怨，“胡适房间里给死人的地方多（胡适爱藏书），给活人的地方少”，事实上，胡适彼时，凄凉晚境，已经无人愿为他挺血肉之躯，更不会如他改写的《西游记》第八十一难“观音点簿添一难，唐僧割肉度群魔”般割肉喂了小鬼，一切苦难只由得他自己去担当了。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 笔者花了半年时间苦读《胡适全集》，时长痛短痛，嘘声振壁。以下胡适诸多理论，几十年后当年曾经敌视他的政府，无论台湾当局还是中国大陆都在悄悄地实践着：</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #3f3f3f;"> </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 实践是检验真理的惟一标准（胡适的真理观：后见结束“两个凡是”）；<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 大胆地假设，小心地求证（胡适的摸着石头过河：几十年后见于经济体制改革）；</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 多研究些问题，少谈些主义（胡适的实用主义：见于“猫论”）；</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 容忍比自由还更重要（胡适的多元论：见于2001年执政党七一讲话，对意识形态之争的放松，社会主义与资本主义长期共存）；</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 充分西方化（中国改革开放，充分世界化）；</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 教育破产的救济方法仍是教育（再穷也不能穷教育）；</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 把国民党分成两半或成立一个新的政党实行MZ政治（胡适的两党制设</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; line-height: inherit; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">想，已经在中国台湾实现）；</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 中国需要医治贫穷、愚昧、贪污、疾病、扰乱，而不是GM（大GM半个世纪过去，五毒俱全）；</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> XZ是XZ的最好训练（几十年后中国台湾国民党放弃党政与训政走向XZ，新中国成立近四十年后中国农村出现了海选）；</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 宁鸣而死，不默而生（台湾解开报禁）；</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #3f3f3f;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 胡适说，“生命的意义就是从生命的这一阶段看生命的次一阶段的发展”，可惜胡适大半辈子看到的只是我们这个民族的荒诞与扰乱。在《晚清七十年》中，唐德刚曾说中国穿越历史的山峡，大约要花两百年的时间(1840-2040)完成第二次社会文化转型。但只要你看看中国这近一个世纪的理论折腾，你就知道胡老夫子为什么在棺材里仅坐起来一次是不够的。笔者仍是相信：错过胡适，中国错过了一百年。毕“百年之功”于“百日维新”诚不可信，但胡老夫子所舶来的杜威主义却是一点一滴真诚的社会改造。 胡适不仅是约翰克利斯朵夫，更是奥里维，他是思想之军，而不是暴力之军。他被忽略了，却从未有人能把他击垮。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 关于胡适与他的思想，唐德刚有一段精彩的点评，摘录如下：</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #3f3f3f;"> </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">一次在背后看他打麻将，我忽有所悟。胡氏抓了一手杂牌，连呼“不成气候，不成气候！”，可是“好张子”却不断地来，他东拼西凑，手忙脚乱，结果还是和不了牌。原来胡适之这位启蒙大师就是这样东拼西凑，手忙脚乱。再看他下家，那位女士慢条斯理，运筹帷幄，指挥若定。她正在摸“清一色”，所以不管“好张子，坏张子”，只要颜色不同，就打掉再说！</strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 其实“只要颜色不同，就打掉再说”，又岂只胡家这位女客。在胡氏有生之年里，各党派、各学派、各宗师……哪一个不是只要颜色不同，就打掉再说呢？！胸有成竹，取舍分明，所以他们没有胡适之那样博学多才，他们也就没有胡适之那样手忙脚乱了！</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3f3f3f; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"> 读后大笑，我笑出了眼泪。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p>