戊戌年鉴 | 湖南维新运动的失败

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2018/Feb/2282018640.jpeg" border="0" alt="" width="690" height="504" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;" /></div><div><div style="display: inline-block;"></div></div><div><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">当1896年初康有为的运动在北京受到清朝的压制以后,维新运动不得不将它的活动限制在上海和澳门从事思想宣传,以取得公众的支持。但与此同时,新的发展也在湖南进行,省府长沙立即成为维新运动的中心,这样就使它有在省一级获得成功的机会。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">这时湖南的维新必须在十九世纪后半期中国国家和社会发生的两大变化这一背景下来加以理解。第一大变化是督抚的权力增加了,这是十九世纪中叶的各种叛乱,以及这些省级官员们为了应付中国面临的国际危机在自己辖区内各自在经济技术发展和制度变革方面所作种种努力的结果。十九世纪六十年代初以后三十余年中的这些革新努力,构成了所谓自强运动的大部分活动。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">第二大变化是地方名流势力的增加。库恩已经说明了他们的力量在十九世纪中叶叛乱的年代中是如何通过组织地方自卫武装而发展起来的。还有种种迹象表明,这种力量的增长也导致绅士们进一步插手非军事的公共事务。在大多数场合下,这无非是他们的传统公务活动在政府软弱时期的扩张而已。但在某些省份,这也同在与西方接触时因受到直接和间接的刺激而产生的商业化有关。这些本乡本土的发展的综合力量使绅士在他们出生的城镇和本省的政治中起了更为重要的作用。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">因而,十九世纪下半期,在各省官员势力增长的同时,绅士的政治地位也提高了。两者活动的结合,导致十九世纪九十年代湖南开始的一场维新运动。首光,湖南所幸的是从十九世纪九十年代初起相继有两位能干的开明学者官僚在省内当政。1892至1895年吴大澂任巡抚期间已经开始在教育、经济和军事方面进行过若干革新。当陈宝箴在1895年末接任巡抚时,改革被有力地推向更大的规模。他在致力于促进省政改革时,得到了他的有远见的儿子陈三立的帮助,后者在年青一代有志于维新的文人学士中间有许多朋友。陈宝箴还得到管理省政的两名高级官员黄遵宪和江标的协助。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">黄遵宪是一位广东的学者-诗人和历练的外交官,曾到日本、美国、英国和东南亚任过职。在长期的海外经历中,他形成了强烈要求变法维新的倾向,并且成了外交事务(特别是日本事务)的权威。十九世纪九十年代,他的《日本国志》和关于日本的历史诗篇是中国文人了解明治维新情况的一个重要来源。从1895年起,他积极从事改革政治的活动。他是康有为的强学会上海分会的会员。在上海分会被解散之后,他是赞助创办《时务报》的少数人之一,梁启超是该报主笔。1897年夏天起,他任湖南盐法道,随后并曾一度代理过按察使。他不仅仅是热心于在这些职掌范围内进行改革的斗士,他对于外部世界的第一手知识,特别是他对明治时期日本兴起的理解,也是1895年以后在湖南开始制度革新的灵感和思想的主要源泉之一。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">江标在1895到1897年间任湖南学政。虽然他是通过正规考试进入官场的,但是他的一套思想观点并不受传统儒家学术的束缚。在经过会试之后,江标在北京同文馆学习,后来访问过日本。他在1895年参加北京的强学会,去湖南以后成为新学的一个积极发动者。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">除了一个有志于维新的省署之外,湖南还是在湖广总督张之洞的治下;张之洞是技艺和制度革新的强有力的和坚定的发起者,对于维新运动的重要方面如报纸、学会等,他都给予有力的支持;同样重要的是,这时省内许多有影响的绅士领袖对维新有着热情。他们不仅对政府的改革努力给以热烈的支持。事实上,他们在许多重要方面是采取主动行动的。因此,当1895年维新运动在湖南认真开始时,它是政府和省内名流的共同事业。鉴于十九世纪后期湖南是众所周知的绅士保守主义的堡垒,湖南绅士提供的合作确实是值得注意的。甚至在十九世纪九十年代初,还可以看到以湖南为基地的席卷长江流域的排外浪潮。晚至1892年在湖南建造电报线路的一次尝试,在当地民众中间引起了一场骚动。随着十九世纪九十年代的流逝,变革之风显然在湖南强烈地刮起来了。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">从一开始,技艺和经济的革新就是维新运动的一个引人注意的方面。在巡抚倡导下,长沙有了电灯,建成了碎石马路。在省署设立了采矿局,一条连接长沙和汉口的电报线路也得以建立。比这些政府主办的项目更为重要的,是著名的地方绅士自己创办的企业。1895年后期,两位绅士领袖王先谦和张祖同在巡抚鼓励下建立了一个火柴厂。1896年,王先谦、熊希龄和省内其他绅士在本地普遍支持下,募资开辟一条旨在联系湖南湖北的轮船航线。在同一年冬天,王、熊二人从政府得到一笔贷款开设宝善成公司。他们甚至向巡抚申请建造一条经过湖南将汉口和广州联结起来的铁路。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">当随后数年维新运动继续在工商界鼓励新的努力时,其他方面也在着手改革。首先,在长沙出现了组织乡勇的活动,并将一座地方书院改为新型的军事学堂,作为进一步军事改革的基础。然而,更为重要的是若干制度方面的革新,它们大部分是在黄遵宪指导下进行的。其中包括制订一项专门的官员训练计划,以便授予他们专业技能和时事知识。训练的目的是使政府官员能在省内的维新运动中起带头作用。黄遵宪也起草了若干旨在改进司法程序和监狱制度的新章程。黄氏的法律和行政改革的核心是建立保卫局,它模仿他在日本和西方国家看见过的警察局。附属于保卫局的是一所新感化院,其目的不仅是处罚罪犯,而且也对地方社会的渣滓进行再教育。这两种机构都被打算用来改进传统的保甲制度,以便加强地方社会最基层的组织和秩序。然而,按照黄遵宪的计划,保卫局不完全是一个政府组织,而又是一项共同事业,由政府官员和绅士名流双方参加的管理机构来监督它的工作。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在湖南维新运动中最重要的和决定性的,是一系列文化教育的革新。在这方面带头的是学政江标。在学校课程方面他强调新的西学的价值,主张在西学与研究中国文化传统方面保持平衡。为了执行这一政策,在府一级举行的各种考试中,除了传统的儒学题目之外,还要求加试世界时事的知识。这样就使《万国公报》、麦肯齐的《泰西新史揽要》译本和广学会的其他出版物成为应试士子的必读书刊。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">对新学的重视还导致江标在一所地方上的儒学堡垒&#8212;&#8212;长沙的校经书院&#8212;&#8212;进行修改课程的试验。他推荐在课程内设地理学、数学和外语这三门新学科目,来补充理学课程中的两门基本科目&#8212;&#8212;经义和治事。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">江标还提出创办第一份湖南的报纸,在他赞助下该报在校经书院办了起来。从1897年春天开始,每十天出版一次,名为《湘学新报》或《湘学报》,它后来发展成为宣传维新运动和传播新知识的主要的地区性工具。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">江标在1897年秋天辞职。他所进行的教育革新基本上没有越出自强运动的思想范围,但是在他离职时,文化和教育的改革已经在朝比较激进的方向发展了。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在这方面第一个重要的发展是1897年秋天一所新式学校&#8212;&#8212;时务学堂&#8212;&#8212;的创立。该学堂是由绅士和省署共同发起的另一个项目。办校的建议和基金来自绅士方面,而学堂的提调和会办则由巡抚指派。这种新式学堂的出现显然受到当地人民普遍的热情关注,因为据说有多达四千名年青人来到长沙报名参加入学考试。结果第一年只有四十人被录取入学。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">虽然该校的格调企图鲜明地摆脱传统书院的影响,但它的课程基本上是被安排得四平八稳的。西学占突出地位,包括自然科学、历史直至法律学和政治学,但同时又有大量儒家经书和中国传统文化的课程。事实上,在宣布该校入学考试的公告中,巡抚陈宝箴仍然强调中学为主是教育的指导原则。因此,在最初规划时,该校仍然不过是另一个自强运动的事业。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">然而,当选择国学部分的教员时,学校开始表现出激进的性质。经过黄遵宪的又一次推荐,梁启超被聘为总教习。其他三名广州青年学者叶觉迈、韩文举和欧榘甲被聘为梁氏的助理,他们全都是康有为的学生。梁启超和他的助理们在1897年秋到达长沙。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">那一年引人注意的事情是,在湖南又有一批思想上同情梁党的人物崭露头角。该年春天,年青的湖南学者唐才常担任《湘学报》主笔,他是西学和今文学派的热情的学者。秋末,唐才常的密友谭嗣同从南京回来,也投身于维新运动。在梁启超到达长沙在新办学校担任教职后,唐、谭协助他向学生讲课。与此同时,著名的湖南今文学派学者皮锡瑞也从江西回来支持正在兴起的维新运动。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">必须记住,这些人之云集湖南,正是在康有为今文学的一位热情拥护者徐仁铸继江标任学政之际。人文在湖南荟萃,必将使这里的维新运动局面一新。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">新局面是从梁启超及其助手们在时务学堂讲课开始的。为了符合他所强调的政学至上的观点,梁氏的讲课主要是依据西方的民权和平等这样一些政治思想对儒家典籍《春秋》和《孟子》加以阐发。梁启超不但通过讲课,而且通过在要求学生定期交来的札记上写评语的办法,试图向学生灌输这种政治激进主义。评语中的一个主旨是将中华帝国的政治传统说成是道德沦丧和政治上巧取豪夺的可耻记录。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">梁启超和他的同事们不但尝试在校内学生中间宣传这些激进的思想,而且通过秘密重印和散发数以千计的黄宗羲在十七世纪所写的反对专制主义的《明夷待访录》一书的节本(有梁和他的友人们的评注),企图向校外传播这些思想。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">梁启超和他的同事们的政治激进主义还含有排满种族主义的鲜明色彩。在他为学生札记所写的评语中,有时直言不讳地提到悬为严禁而不许涉及的事实,即在十七世纪征服中国过程中满人犯下的可怕的屠杀暴行。而且,他和同事们还传印和散发了成千本王秀楚的《扬州十日记》,这是据说有关满人在扬州所犯暴行的惊人的、但禁止传播的记述。就做这件事而言,维新派和同时代的革命派事实上很难加以区别,因为在二十世纪初革命派自己撰写的革命小册子出版以前若干年内,这种反满记述和黄宗羲的《明夷待访录》也是被他们用来作为主要宣传品的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">梁启超的激进政治态度在一次大胆的上书中得到进一步的证实,紧接着1897年冬天德国占领胶州之后他向巡抚陈宝箴提议,如果必要,湖南应宣布脱离北京的中央政府而独立。这个建议反映了梁启超对清廷的愤慨,因为这个政府在面对威胁要瓜分中国的外国列强的侵略时,表现得愚昧无能。梁氏坚持,如果不能推动中央政府去实行变法维新,那么,阻止外国列强征服中国的唯一途径是效法日本德川后期萨摩和长州的榜样,和中央政府分离。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">梁氏引证日本的经验不是偶然的。这反映出他来到湖南参加维新运动时念念不忘萨摩和长州的榜样。在一篇发表于《湘报》的文章中,他公开鼓动湖南绅士应学习日本德川晚期的经验。梁氏注意到,明治维新的成功,主要由于首先在萨摩、长州、土佐和肥前四处封建领地成功地实现了变革,然后推广到日本其余地方。由于中国有着广阔的国土和长期存在的问题,这个经验对它来说极有借鉴意义。梁氏强调说,按照日本的榜样,首先应限制在数省范围内实现变革,然后在全国推行。按照梁启超的看法,湖南的环境在当时最适合这种地区性的维新。为了实现这个目的,湖南人甚至应考虑采取脱离中央政府的革命行动的可能性。梁氏显然从日本的事例中得出教训:地方自治可以用来为民族主义的目标服务。张这些革命思想的宣传,立刻在这所新学堂中造成了有助于维新运动激进化的政治气氛。当1897年冬天南学会成立时,这种情况进一步发展。这时维新集团似乎已分成两派:激进派与保守-温和派。新学会的领袖们,除了少数省署中表示同情的官员之外,大多数是在较晚时期参加维新运动的那些年青的广东和湖南的士大夫。引人注意的是,参加者名单中没有那些迄今与维新运动中重大工艺革新有关的地方士大夫的名字,如王先谦和张祖同。因此,南学会不同于开明的地方官员与温和的维新派绅士共同创办的时务学堂,它从一开始就主要是维新派士大夫中的激进派在某些省级官员的支持下创立的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">根据这些激进的青年维新人士的设想,南学会在促进省内改革方面所起的作用应比时务学堂更为重要。他们之所以重视南学会,是因为他们认为,总的说来,学会的重要职能就是教育和组织绅士。简言之,南学会被看作是在湖南和其他南方省分增进绅权的一个必需的工具。后一目的现在在激进维新派的政治纲领中占据了主要位置。因为第一,绅权被看成逐步达到民众参政和取得主权的必不可少的踏脚石。第二,鉴于绅士在中国社会中的领导作用,增进绅权也被视为使中国国家强盛的第一步。由于激进的维新派有这样一种政治纲领,所以南学会必然在他们的议事日程上占有最优先的地位。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">赋予南学会的这些重要职能无疑说明了这时湖南士大夫建立学会为什么会具有这样高的热情。当时在天津出版的《国闻报》于1898年夏初报道说,全省&#8220;讲堂之场林立&#8221;。这可能是新闻报道的夸张,但是除了南学会之外,这些年能够查明的学会至少有十三个之多。论规模,没有一个可与南学会相比;最盛时它的会员可能超过一千二百人。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">南学会虽然有大量会员,但更重要的是该会的组织方法和它打算活动的广泛范围。理论上它是一种个人自愿联合的组织,但因为政府参与了它的建立和活动,所以它具有半官方的性质。其重要标志是它的会员享有政治特权。例如,如果觉得某些地方公共事务是正当和有用的,他们可以通过该会向巡抚和其他省内高级官员建议施行。而且,会员们在研究新问题时,能向政府要求查阅公共档案。所有这些都表明,南学会与其说是私人组织,不如说是公共组织,即使不是政府的一个正式组成部分,也至少紧密地依附于政府。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">该会的半官方性质及其活动表明,在参加者的心目中,它不仅仅是一个自愿的组织。正如常在该会集会上讲话的杰出演说家皮锡瑞在他的日记中所记的那样,精心推敲的该会章程是想用来为地方绅士控制的省议会奠定基础的。这种可能性由梁启超在该会关闭后不久所作的评论中得到了证实,他说南学会&#8220;虽名为学会,实兼地方议会之规模&#8221;。事实上,梁启超认为南学会是湖南全部维新运动的关键。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">除了起自治政府的预备性组织的作用外,南学会也从事诸如建立图书馆和办日报《湘报》(1898年1月开始发行)等文化活动。《湘报》和《湘学报》一起,成了主要的媒介物,湖南维新运动的思想和活动就是通过它们公开宣传的。唐才常、谭嗣同、易鼐和樊锥等激进派控制了这两份报纸。特别是唐才常,他在两报的编辑部中是举足轻重的人物。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在思想观点方面,唐才常和康有为、谭嗣同二人是接近的。象康有为那样,他公开声称是今文学派的信徒,相信儒家的中心思想是历史进步和制度变革的理想。虽则在表述思想上不如谭嗣同那样有系统,他在对待中国传统,特别是中国的政治秩序方面,和谭嗣同有许多共同的看法,持同样的批判态度。他象谭嗣同一样,谴责君主制是人类自私心理的最赤裸裸的表现,欢呼民主制应该是未来的秩序。正与康有为和谭嗣同的情况一样,唐才常的道德的和政治的激进主义的思想基础是兼收并蓄的,不但受各种传统思想影响,而且也带有西方的深刻烙印。唐才常由于有这种吸收各家之说的背景和激进的观点,所以能和谭嗣同以及其他年青的湖南学者一起,把《湘学报》和《湘报》变成促使新思想萌发的肥沃园地。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">随着这些新的文化机构在1897年末和1898年初的出现,维新运动变得更加激进起来。这既使保守派,也使绅士-官员感到惊慌,虽然后者前此一直是许多维新计划的强有力的支持者。结果是维新者的队伍产生了分裂。温和派此时和保守的绅士-官员合力攻击激进派,并且试图向他们泼冷水。分裂最后在1898年春天爆发成一场激烈的思想斗争。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">由保守派和温和派联合发起的攻击在夏初达到顶点,当时王先谦和省内绅士的其他领袖组织长沙三个书院的学生起草湘省学约。在学约中他们试图提出共同的思想立场,来反对他们认为的当时正风靡全省的危险的异端。对于他们来说,中国文化的基本价值和信仰正处在危急关头。为了保卫这些价值和信仰并反对日益猖獗的异端,他们认为自己正在遵循孟子和韩愈的受人尊敬的道统。正象孟子拒杨墨和韩愈辟佛老来保卫儒家那样,他们现在决心要反对康梁集团的异端以保卫儒家。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">按照这些湖南绅士的意见,这些异端中最主要的危险,总的来说是对中国政治传统的公开批判,具体地说是对清政权的赤裸裸的攻击。同样使他们感到惊骇的是康有为对儒家思想的激进的解释。湖南绅士们对所有这些情况的反应是强烈的。有些人进行全面的谴责;其他象叶德辉等人则逐点加以批驳。所有这些反应的特点就是情绪激昂,这和儒家传统中进行学说之争时一般所持的宽容态度截然不同。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">这种不同不是偶然的。传统的学说之争之所以容易持宽容态度是基于这样的事实:若干世纪以来在儒家学者中间的思想分歧通常是在共同信仰传统的主要价值和制度的基础上出现的。湖南的绅士发现,康梁集团的思想正在向他们的基本信念挑战。首先康有为的《新学伪经考》一口气同时否认了理学正统和流行的汉学学派二者的正当性。况且在康氏的《孔子改制考》中,他进一步断言,在儒家思想体制中改变君主政体这个神圣的政治制度,不仅是正当的,而且是不可避免的。为了进一步证实康有为的这些解释隐含政治颠覆之意,湖南人指出,在康梁集团的书信和著作中普遍以孔子出生纪年来代替当时在位的清帝年号纪年。在大多数湖南士大夫看来,这等于是否认了清王朝的合法性。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">更加令人惊骇的是,激进的维新派公开鼓吹西方的民权和平等理想。对于大多数绅士来说,宣传这些理想,是对他们的价值观和信仰的神圣核心&#8212;&#8212;儒家三纲学说&#8212;&#8212;的正面挑战。三纲说有两个明显的性质:一是独裁主义,因为三纲是无条件的统治;一是不可违抗性。正统的儒家世界观认为,人类秩序是和宇宙秩序不可分地融合在一起的;因此,作为人类秩序核心的三纲被看作是宇宙秩序和放之四海而皆准的道所固有的。这种儒家宇宙观的神话仍然支配着大多数中国士大夫的道德观和社会思想。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">十九世纪九十年代的新思想间接和直接地向这种学说挑战。当西方的自然科学和社会达尔文主义的传入使越来越多的人接受自然主义世界观时便出现了间接的挑战。这就不可避免地逐步破坏了儒家所主张的人类社会秩序寓于宇宙秩序之中的宇宙观的神话。一旦没有这种神话的支持,三纲之说必然会丧失它的大部分传统的神圣性和说服力。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">新思想还直接破坏了三纲的道德合法性。谭嗣同的哲学坦率地攻击三纲学说,但是他的《仁学》直到1900年后才出版,而且其影响只限于他的亲密友人的有限范围之内。正面对三纲学说的挑战,只是在宣传有关人权和社会平等的西方自由理想时才趋于公开的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">这些自由的理想和三纲学说的矛盾冲突是显而易见的。当人权否定君臣之间的独裁主义关系时,社会平等理想便和整个这个学说的独裁主义要旨发生了冲突。因此,许多湖南士大夫斥责平等理想是对集团特权的伦理观和上下隶属原则的彻底否定,就不足为奇了,因为他们认为这两者是古老的社会和道德秩序的中心。这种斥责在一个保守的湖南人曾廉写给朋友的信中说得最为简明扼要:&#8220;变夷之议,始于言技,继之以言政,益之以言教,而君臣父子夫妇之纲,荡然尽矣。君臣父子夫妇之纲废,于是天下之人视其亲长亦不啻水中之萍,泛然相值而已&#8230;&#8230;悍然忘君臣父子之义,于是乎忧先起于萧墙&#8230;&#8230;而隶卒优倡俨然临于簪缨巾卷之上。&#8221;</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">曾廉与他的许多同伴都认为,接受社会平等理想简直是意味着颠倒了乾坤。尽管激进的维新之士从来没有全面而公开地攻击三纲学说,可是几乎所有斥责新思想的湖南绅士都大声疾呼反对这些理想,这也没有什么可以奇怪的。因为对于大多数绅士学者来说,已不是某个儒家价值观或某个传统制度处于危险之中的问题,而是危及全部道德和社会秩序的神圣核心的问题。对于他们来说,西方思想的传入正在威胁着儒家思想体系与中国人之所以为中国人这二者的本质。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">对于康梁新思想的理论上的攻击并不是一个孤立的运动。当1898年春夏这种攻击在湖南展开时,反对激进派的运动也在其他地方进行着。御史们向朝廷提出弹章,揭发康有为的异端学说和变法活动,一个官僚学者王仁俊在上海的《实学报》上批驳康有为的变法思想。但是湖南之外最有力的反击来自以张之洞为中心的一群著名的官僚学者。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">1898年春,张之洞出版了他的《劝学篇》,他同意湖南绅士的基本论点,但是发挥得更加深刻。从春末到仲夏,此书在《湘学报》上分期刊载,给反对激进派的十字军运动以有力的思想支持。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">按照张之洞的观点,康有为的思想可以用他提出的作为运动目标的三句口号来概括:保国、保教、保种。但是张之洞认为,把这些目标割裂开来作为独立的目标,则是错误的。应该只有一个目标,即保国;达到这个目标,就自然而然地会达到其他两个目标。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">张之洞认为保种有赖于保国,其原因是很容易了解的;但是他为什么认为保教可以归结为保国,这就有必要探究一下他所使用的&#8220;国家&#8221;概念了。必须记住,张之洞所确定的保国思想,主要是为了反驳康有为的思想。在康有为的思想中,至少如在保国会的序言和指导章程中所反映的那样,&#8220;国&#8221;很清楚地指包括中国版图内全体人民的共同的实体。在梁启超的政治著作中,特别是在他的&#8220;群&#8221;的思想中,&#8220;国&#8221;是在一个有明确界限的地理区域中全体人民的集合体,这一定义就表述得更为清楚了。然而,这种&#8220;国&#8221;的总概念在张之洞的政治思想中是没有位置的,他把中国完全等同于具体的清王朝的皇室。保国,首先是要保清朝。因此在他论及忠时,他列举清朝过去执行的十五项政策作为它的仁政的表现,以此强调清朝是人民效忠的当然对象。这些仁政使清朝有别于欧洲国家,也有别于包括汉唐在内的以前的中国王朝,所以它完全有理由要求人民效忠。张之洞的思想中有一种寓意,即象康梁那样只泛讲忠于中国而不具体地讲应忠于清朝,这是本末倒置,是很危险的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">张之洞所谓的忠,归根到底,仍然取决于他对儒家三纲学说的信仰。这种学说长期以来一直被尊为至高无上的儒学的核心,它与君主及家庭的制度紧密连结在一起。从这里便可看出中国文化和政治传统的显著的特征,即政教融为一体;用张之洞的话来说,就是&#8220;以君兼师&#8221;,或&#8220;政教相维&#8221;。从这一观点出发,张之洞自然拒不承认保教可以脱离保国。康有为试图在既定的政治体制之外提倡儒学,当然就会被他认为是异端行为。因为张之洞认为,且不谈康有为解释的儒教的主旨,他的那种保教的努力就有使宗教和国家相脱离从而破坏神圣的三纲学说的危险。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">还因为张之洞批驳康有为关于保国的根本之途是变法的思想,这使得两人的分歧更加深刻化了。表面上张之洞是变法的热烈鼓吹者,并自认为是西政的崇拜者。在外表上他同意康梁关于学习西政应先于西艺的主张。但在事实上,张之洞理解的政与法有很不相同的涵义。他认为政在本质上意味着官僚的管理,而法是指政府的政策和管理章程。张氏的变法思想可以归结为不过是进一步发展了自强运动和经世致用传统的行政改革的主张而已。张之洞论点的前提是:从基本政治价值或制度的意义上来理解的&#8220;政&#8221;也是在神圣不可侵犯的三纲学说的范围之内,所以它也是圣道的一部分。至于道,用著名的儒家格言来说,是&#8220;原出于天,天不变,道亦不变&#8221;。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">张之洞的这种信奉儒家的基本社会政治价值的思想,不但形成了他在政治变革中的态度,也决定了他对西方思想的总的态度。他曾经是西学的热诚拥护者,他的《劝学篇》用大量篇幅论证西方知识的重要性。然而他的全部论证都是建立在&#8220;循序&#8221;的基础上的,按照&#8220;循序&#8221;之说,研究西方知识不论多么重要,都必须放在研习中学及其核心&#8212;&#8212;经书&#8212;&#8212;之下。因为中学之中含有传统的道德和制度的指导原则,这些原则不仅使人能认识到中国作为国家与民族的特性和方向,而且也是人之所以为人所必须据以生活的真理。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">因此,张之洞一方面鼓励中国人对西学要&#8220;知通&#8221;,另一方面又力主他们把&#8220;知通&#8221;和对儒家学说的&#8220;知本&#8221;结合起来。这样二者就能够互相补充。这一认识便是张之洞的著名格言&#8220;中学为体,西学为用&#8221;的基础。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在本质上,张之洞无非是重新肯定自强运动的思想地位,外表上则在激进派和保守派之间采取中间立场,因为他感到这两者你死我活的斗争正在使国家分裂。但是他的中间立场事实上是反对激进派要更甚于反对保守派。因为他所持立场的目标,是不但在湖南,而且在中国的其他许多地方捍卫中国传统的价值和制度,以反对勃兴的激进派的猛烈攻击。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">因此,张之洞的《劝学篇》在湖南的思想辩论的气氛中出版,这标志着中国思想斗争新阶段的开始。首先,斗争的中心原在自强运动的提倡者和保守派之间进行,现在转到了前者和激进的维新派之间。其次,思想斗争过去往往采取在政府内部展开政策辩论的形式。但是现在新的辩论扩展到政府之外,普遍在士大夫中间如火如荼地进行。最后,在1890年以前的政策辩论,无论是在六十年代的恭亲王与倭仁之间,还是在七十和八十年代的自强运动提倡者和清流党之间,一般地是在所有参与者的基本价值观一致的基础上进行的。然而,十九世纪九十年代后期的论战,就不再有这样的一致性了。事实上,恰恰是对某些基本的价值观产生了分歧。因此,维新时代的思想辩论在深度和广度上标志着与过去断绝关系,并预示了1900年以后席卷中国的思想冲突。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在1898年春,湖南是政治风暴的中心。快到春末时,方兴未艾的思想冲突最后发展成为政治斗争和社会冲突。许多湖南省绅士这时响应王先谦和叶德辉等领袖的号召,麇集其后,在地方上煽起反对激进派的情绪。为了对省署施加社会压力,他们有些人个人写信给巡抚和学政表示抗议;还有些人则集体进行活动。1898年夏季,有人以全体湖南绅士名义向巡抚送上一份公呈。它把激进的维新派斥为危险的异端,要求把梁启超和他的朋友们革出时务学堂。同情年青维新派的绅士学者进行反击,禀请省署改组保守派控制的地方书院,而王先谦和他的伙伴也在一些书院中动员学生加强他们的攻击。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">湖南绅士除了组织抗议之外,还向民众宣传,并公开在社会上排斥激进派。例如,一所地方书院的学生印刷和散发揭帖,对时务学堂痛加丑诋。湖南的一名激进维新派,即南学会会员中的活跃分子、《湘报》撰稿人樊锥,被地方人士赶出家乡。在攻击风暴的高潮时,据报道有反对激进维新派的骚乱发生。反对新思想的运动现在所表现的性质,不禁使人想起十九世纪后期一些教案的情景。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在此期间,支持湖南反激进运动的政治压力还来自武昌的总督衙门。在1898年春季以前,张之洞曾命令全湖北的官署和书院订阅湖南的维新报纸。但此时由于对遍及湖南的激进思想和行动感到恐惧,他下令停止订阅,他还和他的亲密顾问梁鼎棻驰书警告湖南官员,要他们注意这些激进的倾向。与此同时,有些湖南绅士也试图使北京出面来制服激进派。御史们根据来自湖南的报告,向朝廷陈奏,要求对康梁一党采取强硬的手段。保守的绅士-学者曾廉引用梁启超在湖南的激进言论和行动作为悖逆的证据,甚至要求朝廷将康梁处以死刑。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">这样,从1898年春季到夏季,由于反对维新运动激进化的压力的加强,大多数维新派被迫离开了该省。8月初,巡抚陈宝箴在压力下奏请朝廷烧毁康有为的有煽动性的《孔子改制考》一书的木板,并禁止再版。激进的维新派学者的有些活动虽则在夏季仍旧继续进行,但他们在湖南实现文化革新的尝试结果以完全的失败告终。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">湖南维新的失败当归因于运动后期的激进化表现。运动自始至终得到省署当局的充分支持。这种特殊顺利的环境鼓舞了年青的激进分子,使他们产生了强烈的希望,即首先在某地区、然后在全国实现剧烈的变法。激进化的推动力是这种从省到中央的改革方式,它的榜样就是日本明治维新的经验,当时象长州和萨摩等封建领地在整个政治发展中起了带头作用,领导了日本的民族复兴。然而,应用日本榜样的想法证明是考虑不周的。湖南省当局没有象日本的长州和萨摩封建领主那样的独立力量。他们不能独立于中央政府之外来实现广泛的地方改革。激进的维新派在没有自治的地区政权的支持下,在地方上与强大的保守势力发生了冲突,结果使运动陷于停顿。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">之所以产生两种不同的结果,其源盖出于清代的中国和德川时期的日本在社会和政治结构上的不同。在德川时期的社会和政治形态中,封建主义给予日本的许多封建领地以很大的自治权,这就使它们有可能在远离中心的地区成功地实行地区性的改革,作为以后全国规模政治改革的基础。然而,从地区发展到中央的这种方式在中央集权官僚体制的清帝国,几乎是不可能的。诚然,十九世纪后期中国的政治结构通常被看作实行地方分权,这大部分是因为在各省出现了所谓地方主义。然而,这种状况是被强调得过了头。首先,新近的研究表明,甚至在&#8220;地方主义&#8221;最盛的时候,清廷仍然保持了许多体制方面的控制权,督抚与其说拥有地方自治的权力,不如说只有有限的活动余地。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">其次,地方权力受到中央政府仍然原封不动的思想领域的权威地位的限制,直到1895年中期,西方影响尚未能对士大夫的精神世界进行任何重大的渗透。儒家的价值观和信仰,至少以理学的正统形式,反复地向人们灌输无限忠于皇帝和相信帝制神圣不可动摇性的思想,因此,中央政府在思想上的权威地位对于地方权力和自行其是的革新仍是一个重要的障碍。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">除了来自上面的这些制度和思想上的限制之外,来自下面的绅士这股强大的社会力量也限制着地方革新。在清代,绅士是社会的精英人物,也是地方上掌权的精英。在他们本县或本省,他们获得政府的许可,承担着重要的公共事务。事实上,地方的行政管理如果没有他们参与就会瘫痪。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">这些地方的掌权的精英人物构成强大的向心力,因为基于实际的和意识形态的考虑,他们和朝廷是休戚相关的。首先,他们的精英地位在很大程度上仰赖中央政府的科举制度。此外,帝国的官僚制度提供了一种组织体制,使他们能有获得权力和财富的机会。这样,显赫的地位、经济利益和权力犹如绳索围绕着帝国的政治中心把绅士绑在一起,他们虽然和地方有千丝万缕的联系,但仍挣脱不开这根绳索。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">这种利害关系的联结,由于有以三纲之说为中心的正统儒家的思想纽带而得到加强。除了要求个人忠于皇帝之外,这种学说还在人们思想中树立了一种宗教式的天道观,即相信王权有制度上的神圣性。在这些思想束缚的约束下,绅士不但成为支持帝国政治统一的强大社会力量,而且也充当着传统社会政治秩序的坚决保卫者的角色。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">如前所述,十九世纪中叶以后,地方精英的力量是与督抚的力量一起增长的。这就使清末的所谓地方主义具有不容忽视的二元性质。只要绅士象上面所说那样仍然效忠不变,督抚的地方势力是不能过分越轨的。保守的绅士能够制约地方官员的自治,他们也能削弱官员们的革新能力。这就是1895年以后三年中间湖南省发生的事情。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">十九世纪后期的许多时间内,湖南绅士和其他地方的绅士一样,仍然是保守的和向心的社会力量。因此,他们再三地与威胁着要急剧改变中国社会的运动发生冲突,就不足为奇了。在十九世纪的五十和六十年代,湖南绅士为了保存传统的秩序,组织了强大的军事力量以保卫中央政府和反对太平军。在1860年以后的三十年中,最激烈地抵制基督教传教士向内地发展的也是湖南的绅士。确实,在1895年以后的几年里,湖南发生了某些重要的变化。但是,对于大多数与维新运动有牵连的士大夫来说,这仅仅意味着他们开始接受许多督抚已经倡议了几十年的事物:自强式的变革。同时不应忘记,大多数士大夫还具有自强运动提倡者所持有的变革概念的另一面,即认为变革应在中国传统的主要价值和制度永远不变而且神圣不可侵犯的基础上进行。因此,当维新派从事于威胁这些主要价值和制度的变革活动时,湖南的绅士立即撤消合作,并对维新人士发起无情的攻击。湖南维新派的失败说明,虽然到十九世纪末变革已经开始,但变革的程度远不足以象二十世纪头十年进行的改革那样改变绅士的基本社会政治倾向性。中国的政治秩序仍是由儒家的文化力量以及地方精英的社会力量在支撑着。各省占统治地位的社会和文化力量与国家的制度基础的一致性,使得在地方上进行激进的改革非常困难,而且使受到日本启发的由省到中央变法维新的路子几乎没有希望。</span>&nbsp;</p></div>


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