中国审查反对修宪之声,民众内部异议萌动

<div></div><div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">北京&#8212;&#8212;本周,在人民大会堂恢宏的会议厅里,中国立法机构的代表们一个又一个地对可能延长习近平主席任期的修宪质疑置之不理。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">&#8220;我认为人们对它过度解读了,&#8221;58同城的首席执行官姚劲波在全国人民代表大会开幕当天表示。58同城是一个类似Craigslist的消费者网站。姚劲波与所有愿意接受记者采访的人一样,信誓旦旦地支持习近平的行动。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">&#8220;一定要相信党,&#8221;他呼吁道,&#8220;相信党的智慧。&#8221;</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">但并不是每个人都赞同。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">尽管精心组织了公众对提议的修宪表示支持,但表示异议的声音仍在不断出现。至少目前,它们是零星的,而且显然是自发的,形成了微弱的隆隆声。它们代表着内部不满的萌芽&#8212;&#8212;即使还不是公然反对,随着时间的推移也可能累积。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">通过迅速而狡诈的操纵,<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20180308/china-xi-jinping-party-term-limit/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">习近平将确保</a>对宪法的修改能在定于周日举行的全国人民代表大会投票中通过。这项修改将废除自1982年以来实行的一项规定,也就是,中国国家主席最多只能担任两个五年任期。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">反对派的怨言表明,习近平和他的下属还没有把这个想法完全灌输给更广泛的公众,甚至没做太多解释。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">官方媒体没有讨论这个问题,而是把它当作例行公事。当被问及修宪时,有几位人大代表也是这种态度。</p><figure style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 2rem -0.9375rem; width: auto; padding: 0px; border: none; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 600px; float: none; margin: 0px;"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/03/06/world/09china2/merlin_135035928_fc2df9bd-38ac-4ad4-8a71-bf9c36590d34-master1050.jpg" alt="周一,上海的一家餐厅播放着习近平的讲话。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/03/06/world/09china2/merlin_135035928_fc2df9bd-38ac-4ad4-8a71-bf9c36590d34-master1050.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; width: 600px; height: auto;" /></div><figcaption style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1em; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.8125rem; color: #666666;">周一,上海的一家餐厅播放着习近平的讲话。</span>&nbsp;<cite style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.125rem; font-size: 0.6875rem; color: #666666; text-transform: uppercase; font-style: normal;">ASSOCIATED PRESS</cite></figcaption></figure><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">与此同时,审查人员和执法者在加班工作,消灭公众的批评,确保没有任何阴云笼罩这次盛会。大会将一直持续到3月20日,这期间习近平会发表一次讲话。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">据人权活动人士称,最近几天,一些公开嘲笑或批评习近平计划的人遭到了拘留或审问。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">据中国中部城市武汉的活动人士黄芳梅的朋友们称,她于本月被拘留,目前仍在押。她帮助制作了<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/ZhouFengSuo/status/969937508606685191?s=20" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">一段视频</a>,视频中的一群人一边喊着&#8220;请注意,倒车&#8221;,一边将一个坐在椅子上的人往后拉。黄芳梅的朋友们表示,这段视频寓意习近平的举动会让中国在历史中倒退。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">&#8221;当局不得不拘捕、噤声和审查批评习近平巩固权利的人,以此来描绘一幅公众支持的表象。&#8221;活动组织人权捍卫者(Chinese Human Rights Defenders)的研究员法兰茜(Frances Eve)表示。&#8220;习近平努力将自己巩固为中国的国家核心,嘲讽或开他玩笑的公民可能面临进一步的骚扰和拘留。&#8221;</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">在湖南冷水江市,当地的司法局下令律师和律师事务所收口,反对修宪会被吊销执业资格。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">这封信首先被《华尔街日报》(The Wall Street Journal)报道,在网上广泛传播,根据《<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/03/lawyers-warned-speaking-term-limit-changes/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">中国数字时代》(</a><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/03/lawyers-warned-speaking-term-limit-changes/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">China Digital Times</a><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/03/lawyers-warned-speaking-term-limit-changes/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">)</a>对内容的翻译,它要求&#8220;所有律师事务所和每一名律师高度重视与党中央保持一致&#8221;。该网站同时报道,<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2018/03/term-limit-abolition-sees-support-npc-dissent-online/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">大学教授被警告</a>不得与学生讨论这个问题。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">活动人士称,东部省份安徽的前检察官沈良庆本周因在社交媒体上批评取消任期限制的决定被短暂拘留。沈良庆长期批评政府,他周三<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/sliangq?lang=en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">在Twitter上表示</a>已经回到家中。&#8220;电脑手机都被没收了,&#8221;他写道。&#8220;二十多个小时没睡觉。&#8221;</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">北京举行的人大会议所表现出的一致同意的气氛惹人注目,这也是它寻求传达的气氛,表面上它是一个议政机构,其实投票结果罕有不确定的时候。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">&#8220;中国最怕的就是国家分裂,&#8221;一位名叫吕彩霞的人大代表在本周进入人民大会堂时说。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">她说,修宪有利于国家的稳定。&#8220;国家的统一和党的统治是中国的特色。&#8221;</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">人大代表的正统观点,以及人民大会堂内部那些拎着灭火器齐步走的工作人员所呈现出的经过精心设计、严格规划的宣传,令共产党暴露在独裁制度下的异见分子通常最后诉诸的手段&#8212;&#8212;幽默之下。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">在社交媒体和聊天应用微信上,一个昵称小杨(音)的人发布了一则人大代表用陈词滥调回答一名BBC记者提问的视频截图,该记者提的问题是关于此次代表大会和即将发生的修宪。一位代表告诉这个名叫麦笛文(Stephen McDonell)的记者,修宪&#8220;展示了中国的民主&#8221;。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">&#8220;Damn right(太他妈对了),&#8221;这位作者在很快就被删除的帖子里写道。&#8220;这个回答再上一个新高度,这一切当然是对我们国家民主的最佳诠释!中国特色社会主义民主万岁!&#8221;</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">在周四国际妇女节的前一天,清华大学的学生挂起了一个庆祝非官方的女生节的横幅,上面拿任期限制问题开起了玩笑。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">&#8220;爱你没有限期,&#8221;一个横幅写道。&#8220;如果有,那就把它删掉。&#8221;这些横幅被迅速取下,而最早发布它的在线问答论坛<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.zhihu.com/question/268317902" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none;">知乎删除了这条帖子</a>。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif;">一位匿名作者的诗在社交媒体和中国分析人士之间广为流传。它的标题是《我反对》,虽然它写于公布修宪之前,这首诗显然触动了许多人在当今中国共有的感受。《遗典》(China Heritage)的主编白杰明(Geremie R. Barm&#233;)翻译并张贴了这首诗。它的结尾是:</p><section style="box-sizing: border-box; border: none; padding-left: 0px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 35.625rem; font-family: Georgia, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333;">反对世界的喧嚣</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333;">反对故作镇定</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333;">反对自封的真理<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333;">反对赤裸的愚蠢</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333;">反对被承诺的明天</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333;">我只想你们和我一起大声说</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.125rem; line-height: 1.875em; margin-bottom: 1.75rem; color: #333333;">我反对</p></section><footer style="box-sizing: border-box; border-top: 1px solid #dddddd; padding-top: 0.5rem; width: 570px; max-width: 35.625rem; margin: 0px auto; font-family: &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Heiti SC&quot;, &quot;Microsoft Yahei&quot;, simsun, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #999999; font-size: 0.8125rem; line-height: 1.5rem;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">赫海威(Javier C. Hern&#225;ndez)是《纽约时报》驻京记者。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />欢迎在Twitter上关注本文作者</span>Steven Lee Myers<em style="box-sizing: border-box;"></em><em style="box-sizing: border-box;">&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/stevenleemyers" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none; font-size: 0.8125rem;">@stevenleemyers</a></em>和赫海威&nbsp;<em style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/HernandezJavier" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #004276; text-decoration-line: none; font-size: 0.8125rem;">@HernandezJavier</a>。<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></em>Iris Zhao对本文有研究贡献。</p></footer>&nbsp;</div>


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