<div><div style="display: inline-block;"></div></div> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1948年12月，沈从文的旧友、时任中华民国代理教育部长的陈雪屏抵达被包围的北平，同样规劝沈从文携家小南下，但被婉言谢绝。沈从文没有走的原因是多方面的，其中，中共地下党员乐黛云和左翼学生李瑛、王一平等人争先上门挽留；左翼作家楼适夷托黄永玉写信，说共产党不会把他怎样，劝他留在北京；他的老朋友朱光潜、杨振声等在此前的商议中都已表示不走；考虑到孩子们未来的教育和成长问题，即如他自己所说：“我不向南行，留下在这里，本来即是为孩子在新环境中受教育，自己决心作牺牲的！”还有，他也确信丁玲、何其芳、吴晗等这些在共产党内有一定地位的朋友，在关键时刻会拉自己一把。而且他以为自己既不跟国民党“反动派”走，又不到美国去，已经表明自己在向共产党和广大“人民”靠拢了。中国文人的天真与幼稚，无论当年还是现代，总是那么惊人地一致。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">总之，沈从文留下来了，至于原因，或许并不那么重要，因为不管哪个党来，他与大多数的知识人都不会走，这是一代人的宿命，是真正的“特殊国情”。当然，他也预感到会有一个清算的过程，并做了最坏的打算，还将一些可能不宜留存的书分送给朋友和同学，还说：“我这个人也许该死，但是这些书并没有罪过，不应该与我同归于尽。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在这样矛盾而忐忑的不安中，沈从文被“解放”了。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2018/Mar/31320180.jpg" border="0" alt="" /><br /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow: hidden;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 20%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 2em; height: 2em; border-top-left-radius: 100%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-left-radius: 100%; background-color: #5f9cef; line-height: 2em; color: #ffffff;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">一</section></section><section style="margin: -1em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #5f9cef; width: 325.5px; float: left;"></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #5f9cef; width: 325.5px; float: right;"></section></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; clear: both;"></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1、进入梦魇</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">历史进入到1949年1月，在中国社会和政治局势急转直下之际，北平的战事已进入到最后阶段。已过不惑之年的沈从文，也随着这一刻的到来，开始步入别一样的人生天地，他在许多私密文字中记录下了自己的心境：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">我应当休息了，神经已发展到一个我能适应的最高点上。我不毁也会疯去。[1949年1月初，题于《绿魇》校正本文末。]</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">城，三数日可下，根据过往恩怨，我准备含笑上绞架。[1949年1月上旬，致黄永玉信。]</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">我没有前提，只是希望有个不太难堪的结尾。没有人肯明白，都支吾开去。完全在孤立中。孤立而绝望，我本不具生存的幻望。[1949年1月30日，在张兆和来信中所作的批语。]</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">但如果工作和时代游离，并且于文字间还多抵牾，……即有些些长处，也不免游离于人群的进步思想以外，孤寂而荒凉。这长处如果又大多是“抽象”的，再加上一些情绪纠缠，久而久之，自然是即在家庭方面，也不免如同孤立了。平时这孤立，神经支持下去已极勉强，时代一变，必然完全摧毁。[1949年3月13日，致亲属张以瑛信。]</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在这些透着极度悲伤和绝望的“呓语狂言”中，可以发见，沈从文面临着巨大的压力。在这种压力之下，他不时出现精神恍惚，陷入疯癫状态，老是怀疑有人监视他，慢慢的患上了类似迫害狂状的病症。如果将沈从文这一段梦魇般的日子与他的以“魇”为题的六篇作品相比照，不妨在《绿魇》、《黑魇》、《白魇》、《赤魇》、《青色魇》、《橙魇》等文外，再加一个“梦魇”，那时再结集为《七色魇集》，当是名副其实了。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">看来，沈从文真的与“魇”有缘，而他的这个无意选择，是否也在冥冥之中预示着自己由此转向“魇”般的生活呢？今天再细读这些文字，又感觉沈从文的“呓语”却一定意义上又是清醒和深刻的。即如汪曾祺后来所说：他的“一些话常有很大的预见性。四十年前说的话，今天看起来还很准确”。当然，作为先觉者，自然要比别人超前感受痛苦了。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">面对这样的遭际，人们不禁要问，作为享誉文坛的著名京派作家，何以如此自我折磨呢？</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2、“黑云压城”</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沈从文之所以在此刻预感到自己的结局，并为此而痛苦，并非是庸人自扰。因为进入1948年以来，直接针对他的压迫式批判就已经接连出现了。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">最先发出批评之声的是郭沫若在1948年1月3日作的一个题为《一年来中国文艺运动及其趋向》的演讲，其中罗列了四种所谓的“反人民的文艺”，即“茶色文艺”、“黄色文艺”、“无所谓的文艺”和“通红的文艺，托派的文艺”，沈从文被置于“茶色文艺”中。郭沫若声称：“他们有钱有地盘，更有厚的脸皮。硬是要打击他们才行”。而且，“要消灭他们，不光是文艺方面的问题，还得靠政治上的努力”。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">随后，邵荃麟在《二丑与小丑之间——看沈从文的“新希望”》一文中批评说：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">他们显然是想拾起那幅破烂的“中间路线”旗帜，来“粘合”一些对“中间路线”尚存幻想的份子。而沈从文则在这里不过是扮演一个二丑以下的角色。但是由于他技术的低劣，却反而更清楚地露出他们的嘴脸了。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">接着，郭沫若在《斥反动文艺》中将沈从文定性为“作文字上的裸体画，甚至写文字上的春宫”的桃红色作家，说他“存心不良，意在蛊惑读者，软化人们的斗争情绪”，“一直是有意识的作为反动派而活着”，并对他的“与抗战无关论”、“反对作家从政”、“民族自杀悲剧”及其倡导的“新第三面”和“第四组织”等主张作了清算，将其描画为“看云摘星的风流小生”和“摩登文素臣”。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">冯乃超在《大众文艺丛刊》中撰文批判沈从文的《芷江县的熊公馆》说：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">地主阶级的弄臣沈从文，为了慰娱他没落的主子，也为了以缅怀过去来欺慰自己，才写出这样的作品来；然而这正是今天中国典型地主阶级的文艺，也是最反动的文艺。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">此外，沈从文批评闻一多的“第三党”运动以及与在西南联大时期参与投稿《战国策》，更加重了他的政治“罪责”。夏衍晚年回忆说，沈从文不能参加第一次文代会“原因据说是周扬认为沈从文和战国策派陈铨他们关系密切：‘沈从文的问题主要是《战国策》，这就不是一个简单的问题了。那个时候，刊物宣扬法西斯，就不得了。再加上他自杀，这就复杂了。这个问题，不仅是郭沫若骂他的问题’”。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这些来势汹汹的批判与以往的文墨官司显然不同，更多的是政治性的兴师问罪、提前审判，因为批判方的背后有强大的军事、政治力量。沈从文感觉到黑云压城，他深知自己当初的批评原本指向的是文学家，并不曾想到这些人如今都变成了政治家，而攻击政治家的结果他早就知道：“他会起诉，会压迫出版者关门歇业，会派军警将人捉去杀头。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">然而这仅仅是开始，更严厉的批判还在后面。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1948年“五四”纪念会上，激进的北大同学当众朗诵了郭沫若的檄文。1949年1月上旬，北大校园出现用大字报转抄的《斥反动文艺》，教学楼内挂出了“打倒新月派、现代评论派、第三条路线的沈从文”的大幅标语。北大的“民主墙”上有些壁报指责他作品中的“落伍意识”，有些则痛骂他是一个没有“立场”的“妓女作家”。他还收到恐吓信，其中一封的“信笺上画了一个枪弹，写着‘算账的日子近了’”。1949年2月15日，北平的《新民报》刊登了《莫辜负了思想自由——访问沈从文先生》。文章不无反讽地说：“这一切本都该从头好好想想才对，谁也不要辜负了思想自由才是”。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">不过，无论从当时实际情况来看，还是事后沈从文自己体会，当年的批判运动，并未如沈从文预感的那样黑云压城。沈从文的儿子沈龙朱后来就说过：“事实上，我们认为没有人要他怎么样，很容易转变的事情，为什么转变不过来？我们觉得没什么了不起。”“父亲的思路，我们不太好想象。我觉得：你凭什么？这有什么了不起的？人家一个检讨就过去了，写个文章登报声明一下就完了。国民党那么大的官都没事。你既不是国民党，也没有杀过人放过火，绝对到不了那个水平啊！你连个国民党的兵都不是啊。”的确，针对沈从文的政治清算，事实上并未开展，至少官方并未将他列为重点打击对象。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">那么，沈从文当年为什么如此紧张、多疑和恐惧并最终选择自杀呢？显然，还有另外的原因。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">3月20日左右，时任东北野战军后勤部政委、党委书记陈沂受张以瑛支托曾去看过沈从文一家，劝他把两个孩子送东北保育院，让沈夫人到“革大”或是“华大”去学习，且安慰沈不要疑神疑鬼，把思想“搞通”些。 </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这时的张兆和，“在情绪上比在年龄上更要年轻”，正积极准备参加新政权的工作，进革大后以团友的名义加入新民主主义青年团，金介甫在《沈从文传》中曾评述：“跟许多同学一样，张兆和对离开家庭从事为新中国服务的事业感到非常激动。”当年经常去看望沈从文的马逢华说：“记得那时沈先生曾经伤心地说：‘连太太都不了解我了，我怎么还能希望得到别人的了解！’”“张兆和献身革命事业的热忱等于在沈从文身边展开了一场心理战争。” 马逢华还讲述了沈从文从华北革命大学回来后的一个生活细节：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">话题不知怎样又转到了“中苏友好协会”。沈轻描淡写地说：“在革大他们还发动了申请加入中苏友协，我没有去申请。” </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">想不到这句话竟使沈夫人大吃一惊：“呀！你这个人！到现在你都没有告诉我，你连中苏友协都没有加入！你为什么不参加？”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">……</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">沈夫人真的有些发气了：“你看他这成什么理由！从文，你究竟是什么意思！你是不是反对‘一边倒’！你说！” </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">（在共区，“反对一边倒”这罪名是万万加不得的，这是“搞通思想”的核心问题，谁敢冒天下之大不韪，对这一点表示怀疑？） </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">沈连忙缓和地求饶：“唉！唉！何必动气？明天我就去申请加入好不好？” </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">沈夫人说：“谁希罕你这些！我才不要你因为我讲了，才去加入！”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">马逢华那次临走时在门外对沈从文说：“沈先生，我想在家庭里，你若能迁就一点，空气就会和谐得多了。”沈从文回答说：“迁就？有些事情分明是不对，你也劝我迁就？”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">再来说两个孩子。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沈龙朱和沈虎雏已加入青年团和少年儿童队，两个孩子每天欢欣鼓舞地学唱着来自延安的歌曲，跟沈从文讲政治道理。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">当年积极缴纳小米参加学习团的沈龙朱晚年坦诚，自己初中的时候，“‘左’得很”。他说：“有时候我们从学校回来，在家里，几个人是要辩论的，要讨论的。”“家里头怎么谈得上斗争的问题呢？但那个时候它是有这个问题，教育你的就是这样，即使在家里头也有阶级斗争的问题，也有思想斗争的问题。我们当时受的教育就是这样。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">因为思想和行为上的冲突，沈从文与张兆和之间的感情发生一些变化，甚至到了波及婚姻的地步。凌宇在《沈从文传》中提及，沈从文陷入自我恐慌状态后，张兆和“有了一种沉重的负累感”。“有些替张兆和着想的朋友，竟这样劝她：‘看他这样子，丢开他算了！’”韩秀在与傅光明的通信中写道：“巫宁坤先生也住华府，他曾经告诉我，张兆和极为进步，也要求沈先生认真解剖自己，沈先生受不了便自杀。”韩秀还说，金介甫也知道，“有一段时间，因为住房不好解决，沈先生得以不与家小住在一起，我想那是难得的快乐，他当然不要别人帮忙。萧乾先生不但帮忙解决房子问题而且只有张兆和知道，这实在是一件非常尴尬的事，萧先生大约绝对没有想到，沈先生不想回家”。 </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">丁玲的丈夫陈明曾在1990年接受李辉的采访中提及一个被忽视的细节：那就是他和丁玲一同去看望刚刚经历自杀的沈从文，沈从文“神经很不正常，很紧张，说话也有点语无伦次。他说，今天早上我听到鸡叫，鸡鸣散，我的家就要散了”。尽管这时的沈从文可能精神还不太正常，但即便如此，根据精神病学分析，习惯性地重复“我的家就要散了”这样的话，无疑可以推导出相关问题一定是刺激到了沈从文，不然他不会“钟情”于这样一句话。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">大概在外人看来，沈从文与张兆和这对伉俪，是恩爱模范家庭，但爱情和婚姻正如穿鞋一样，舒服不舒服，其实只有脚知道。至少特定时间段里，婚姻和家庭出现裂痕，也是习以为常的。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">然而，这一“形而下”的问题始终未得到学界的重视，并且常常忽视甚至忽略掉，而更多地从政治高压角度去解读沈从文1949年后的人生遭际。其实，一个浅显的生活常识是，客观的、外界的高压有可能导致人走向绝境，但是更多、更大的原因通常来自主观或内在的压力。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">试想，在恐怖的政治高压下，内心敏感脆弱的沈从文已经高度紧张，而在最需要家庭尤其是妻子安慰、疏导之时，张兆和不但没有起到积极、正面的“贤内助”作用，反而适得其反，翻历史旧账，落井下石。“后院起火”中的沈从文，又如何能够承受这生命、爱情和家庭之重呢？</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">钱理群为此评说道：“郭沫若‘反动粉红色作家（郭沫若原文为桃红色――本文注）’的指责，显然会将本已逐渐趋于平静的家庭情感纠葛重新激化，将沈从文置于道德审判台前，而这样的道德审判又显然是为政治审判服务的……这样的家庭情感危机与政治的纠缠、被利用，对沈从文是最具杀伤力的。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">总之，在这种极度紧张的政治环境和家庭危机的催逼下，一生远离政治、向往身心自由的沈从文自视陷于四面楚歌之中，难以自拔，随即也就发生了那段不堪回首、令人心碎的“自杀”事件。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow: hidden;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 20%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 2em; height: 2em; border-top-left-radius: 100%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-left-radius: 100%; background-color: #5f9cef; line-height: 2em; color: #ffffff;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">二</section></section><section style="margin: -1em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #5f9cef; width: 325.5px; float: left;"></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #5f9cef; width: 325.5px; float: right;"></section></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; clear: both;"></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1、被动选择</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1949年8月，在郑振铎的推荐和韩侍桁的盛邀下，自杀未遂的沈从文，在调养一段时间后去新成立的历史博物馆报到，并被安排在陈列组。自此开始，沈从文完成身份转轨，即由作家、教授转换为博物馆的普通员工、讲解员。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">当然，转行的过程及意义是丰富而痛苦的，这从沈从文这一时期的私密文字中可以明显感受得到。如1948年11月28日，沈从文在复姚明清的信中写道：“因为就时代发展看工作，我已成为过时人，与现实不甚配合得来也。……一部分现实既如此，很明显，我即用笔，也得从头学起。”12月1日，在致投稿人季陆的信中他写道：“大局玄黄未定，惟从大处看发展，中国行将进入一个新时代，则无可怀疑。……人近中年，观念凝固，用笔习惯已不容易扭转，加之误解重重，过不多久即未被迫搁笔，亦终得搁笔。”12月7日，他在致投稿人吉六的信中写道：“人近中年，情绪凝固，又或因性情内向，缺少社交适应能力，用笔方式，二十年三十年统统由一个‘思’字出发，此时却必需用‘信’字起步，或不易扭转，过不多久，即未被迫搁笔，亦终得把笔搁下。”12月20日，他在致友人炳堃的信中又说：“时代突变，人民均在风雨中失去自主性，社会全部及个人理想，似乎均得在变动下重新安排。过程中恐不免有广大牺牲，四十岁以上中年知识分子，于这个过程中或更易毁去。这是必然的。”12月31日，他在最后发表的小说《传奇不奇》一书的文稿后题识：“卅七年末一日重看，这故事想已无希望完成。”同日在赠周定一条幅落款处写下：“三十七年除日封闭试纸”。这是沈从文决定结束文学事业的见证和标志。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">可见，随着政治局势的变化，沈从文已经预感到自己的自由主义文学理想将不溶于新的社会，只有选择搁笔。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2、对文物的钟爱由来已久</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沈从文对于文物的钟爱可以说由来已久，最早可追溯至1921、1922年，那时他就曾替陈渠珍做过整理古籍，管理旧画、陶瓷文物和编目等工作。1938年沈从文寓居云南，对西南文化产生了兴趣，还与梁思成伉俪、梁思永等在那里发现了大量类似定窑的陶器、瓷器。他也尽可能地带了一些回北京，捐给北京大学博物馆。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沈从文真正有意识致力于文物工作是在1948年。这一年，他在《益世报》连载的《苏格拉底谈北平所需》一文中较为完整地陈述了自己对于文物方面的见解。文中，他假借苏格拉底之口表达了自己对保护文物、保护北平的关注，假想自己为“故宫博物院主持人”，组织实施多项改革，还计划在北京大学试行美育代宗教的教育。1948年2月，北京大学开始正式筹备博物馆，沈从文不仅参与了各专题的布展工作，而且把自己收藏的西南漆器借给博物馆，后来又把自己多年搜集收藏的古物、瓷器、民间工艺品、《世界美术全书》、《书道全集》，连同收藏的漆器一并捐了。沈从文先后撰写了《收拾残破——文物保卫一种看法》等近十篇专业论文。同时，他还给北大博物馆专修科开设“陶瓷史”课程，编写课程计划《中国陶瓷三十课》，并于1949年6月抱病整理完成《中国陶瓷史》。北大博物馆委员会成立后，他虽未当选委员，但仍在课余时间给博物馆专修科的学生讲陶瓷史。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">从这些活动中可以看出，“文物”事实上成为沈从文的一个“副业”，只是此前被作家、教授的光环遮盖了。汪曾祺曾说：“沈从文从一个小说家变成一个文物专家，国内国外许多人都觉得难以置信。这在世界文学史上似乎尚无先例。对我说起来，倒并不认为不可理解。这在沈先生，与其说是改弦更张，不如说是轻车熟路。这有客观的原因，也有主观原因。”张兆和在谈及沈从文转行的问题时曾轻描淡写地说：“韩寿萱那时是北大博物馆系主任，从文就去帮忙，给陈列馆捐了不少东西。很自然而然地就转到文物这一行，不在北大教书了。”沈从文的妻妹张充和也在回忆文章中说：“他（指沈从文——本文注）说他不想再写小说，实际上他那有工夫去写！有人说不写小说，太可惜！我认为他如不写文物考古方面，那才可惜！”再看他真正介入这一领域后所表现出的热情、勤奋和奉献精神，以及所取得的诸多研究成果，都表明，在沈从文的艺术世界中，除隐性的音乐、美术（含书法）、数学（是其所崇拜的）外，显性的内容不仅仅是文学，还应包括文物。这一点，直到沈从文晚年，他还在口述中做“我是一个很迷信文物的人”的演讲。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">3、文学理想的转变</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">文学理想是作家进行创作的源泉和动力，相对比较固定，但它并非是单向度的或是一层不变的。随着文学创作的深入、时间和空间的变换，以及人事和环境的不同，文学理想也会随之发生变异。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">关于沈从文的文学理想，苏雪林曾有过相关评论：“他的作品不是毫无理想的。……这理想是什么？我看就是想借文字的力量，把野蛮人的血液注射到老态龙钟颓废腐败的中华民族身体里去使它兴奋起来，年轻起来，好在20世纪舞台上与别个民族争生存权利。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">也即是说，沈从文始终是处在“五四”以来的国民性改造的谱系中。不过，他在前期是以“乡土”（湘西）为视角点进行人性的挖掘和赞美，此时的他通常是在幕后，如他自己所说：“我在这类情形中，照例总是沉默到一种幽杳的思考里，什么话也没有说。”而在后期，特别是历经抗战后，他已按捺不住启蒙的遥遥无期，也如陈独秀、胡适等启蒙者一样，开始由后台跃到前台，即将艺术的审美纳入到功利性的审美追求中。这首先表现在他对国家政治局势的关注，“民族自杀”论、“政治上第三方面的尝试”等都是他欲从幕后进入到前台的佐证。对此，1946年底回到北京后，沈从文在认真审视和反思了自己几十年的文学生涯和人生历程后，曾自我总结说：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">我来寻找理想，读点书。……读好书救救国家。这个国家这么下去实在要不得！……我于是依照当时《新青年》、《新潮》、《改造》等刊物所提出的文学运动社会运动原则意见，引用了些使我发迷的美丽词令，以为社会必须重造，这工作得由文学重造起始。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如果对照沈从文此前所说的：“希望个人作品成为推进历史的工具，这工具必需如何造作，方能解释牢靠，像一个理想的工具。我预备那么写下去。”可知，沈从文的确看重的是“文学之用”的功利文学观。然而，进入到1948年，他开始质疑自己的“文学之用”。12月6日，他在一篇作品的题记中写道：“越看越难受，这有些什么用？一面是千万人在为争取一点原则而死亡，一面是万万人为这个变而彷徨忧惧，这些文章存在有什么意义？”这种烦躁之情显然是针对自己的文学理想而发的。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在现实的严酷冲击下，沈从文的文学理想发生了改变。1949年4月6日，他在阅读4月2日《人民日报》副刊登载的写几个女英雄事迹的文章后，在日记中写道：“文学必然和宣传而为一，方能具教育多数意义和效果。比起个人自由主义的用笔方式说来，白羽实有贡献。对人民教育意义上，实有贡献。把我过去对于文学观点完全摧毁了。无保留的摧毁了。搁笔是必然的，必须的。”从这一点来说，沈从文研究专家、美学学者金介甫所作的评价是令人信服的。他说：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">从他对文学功能的奢望来看，这位作家已经远远落在时代后面，对他用文学改造社会的最高目标来说，毫无用处。也许正是由对他理解到这点，使他在1948年就对自己完全失去信心，决心不再搞文学，而转向艺术。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">为此可以说，沈从文的转行是一个趋势，一个必然，只不过政治环境加速了这个进程，也增添了这个过程的悲壮意味。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow: hidden;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 20%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 2em; height: 2em; border-top-left-radius: 100%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-left-radius: 100%; background-color: #5f9cef; line-height: 2em; color: #ffffff;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;">三</section></section><section style="margin: -1em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #5f9cef; width: 325.5px; float: left;"></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #5f9cef; width: 325.5px; float: right;"></section></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; clear: both;"></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1、选择沉默</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1950年12月，华北人民革命大学政治研究院第二期学员毕业前，沈从文根据规定撰写了“总结·传记部分”，其中写道：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">离开了学校所熟悉的问题，转到午门国立历史博物馆仓库中，搬砖弄瓦工作了将近一年，再转华大、革大。就沉默学习，沉默改造，沉默接受。十个月的训练，慢慢的整天也可以不说话了。一个人忘我并不容易，但在学习中总要慢慢的取得克制之方的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1949年后，“学习”、“改造”和“接受”成为沈从文生活的重要内容，而“沉默”则折射出他思想转变的独特意蕴。这一点，在他此前撰写的文字中可以得到确证。如在“总结·思想部分”中他还写道：“我学习沉默而忘我。……沉默正是一种爱国的方式。”1950年5月26日，他在《我的感想——我的检讨》中写道：“学习靠拢人民，我首先得把工作态度向他们看齐，学会沉默归队。”1950年2月21日，他在《自传》中写道：“由于禀赋脆弱，便用‘谦退’和‘沉默’接受外来一切压迫和打击，继续于困难中向前。”1950年初，他在《解放一年——学习一年》中写道：“由于本质脆弱，一起始即用‘沉默’接受外来的困难和挫折，在风雨忧患中向前。……我应分完全沉默，作为一个小学生，凡事老老实实从新学起。”1949年12月25日，他在《政治无处不在》中写道：“十个月来沉默向现实学习，头脑实依然常在混乱中回复，不大知人我分际，及工作方向。”1949年9月8日，他在致丁玲的信中说：“我除了放弃一切希望，来沉默接受，似不应再说什么。”1949年1月30日，他在“批语·复张兆和”的信中甚至这样写道：“我十分累，十分累。闻狗吠声不已。你还叫什么？吃了我会沉默吧。”由此可见，1949年后的沈从文的确是以“沉默”为思想底色的。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">2、在沉默检讨中新生</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如果追溯会发现，沈从文对于“新生”是早有思想准备的。早在寄寓清华园时，他在复张兆和的信中便直言道：“需要一切从新学习，可等待机会”，“一切齐齐全全，接受为必然。我在重造自己”。在题记中也写下这样的字句：“一切得重新学习，慢慢才会进步，这是我另外一种学习的起始。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在经历了自杀又获救的极端生命体验后，沈从文似乎由恐惧的高潮开始下落，即他所言“由悲剧转入谧静”，并在友人的关照下，加快了“进步”的步伐。如在阅读了杨刚带来的几份报纸中的小说后，他在日记中写下这样的心得：“从这几篇文章中，让我仿佛看到一个新国家的长成，作家应当用一个什么态度来服务。这一点证明了延安文艺座谈会记录实在是一个历史文件，因为它不仅确定了作家的位置和责任，还决定了作家在这个位置上必然完成的任务。这一个历史文件，将决定近五十年作家与国家新的关系的。”尽管这时他在接受精神方面的治疗，但是从这些文字中可以判断，此刻他是清醒的，甚至可以说是深刻的，因为他的预言后来都应验了。在这样理性认识中，他真心地悔悟道：“给我一个新生的机会，我要从泥沼中爬出，我要……从悔罪方法上通过任何困难，留下余生为新的国家服务。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沈从文在极大痛苦中寻求新生的事不胫而走，甚至文管会的人听说后都为此感动。在沙可夫的建议下，组织决定让吴晗出面做思想工作。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在追求新生的过程中，沈从文逐渐认识到，自己的“自我中心病态”完全是过于脆弱的原因导致的，事实上，新政权“已十分宽容”，而自己也应该好好清理一下，争取做个新社会的良民。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沈从文对曹葆华入党后不考虑私而仅为公的愉快体验表示羡慕，在向朋友袒露心迹时还说：“我用笔写下的已够多了，现在方明白向人向事学习有意义。向抽象的议论或文件学习，又不如向生活学习直接而具体。过去对于离群作成的种种错误，现在想从沉默工作中补救，可能已太迟。是不是还有一种机会，使我重新加入群里，不必要名利，不必要其他特权，惟得群众承认是其中一员，来重新生活下去？”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在组织关照下，沈从文撰写了三千多字的“给胡适之先生的一封信”，大体内容据马逢华回忆首先是：中国大陆当前的局面，是由中共领导，牺牲了几百万生命换来的。自己过去既没有对革命尽过力，现在只要还能对中共有些好处，那么即令牺牲自己，似乎也是应该的。然后是他劝胡适及其他在海外的中国学者们说：国内大势已成“定局”，你们若还存心观望，等候国际局面变化，恐怕只是一种幻想，最好应该及时回国来“为人民服务”。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这种求“新生”的心迹在沈从文致丁玲的信中表现得更为坚定和明确，他说，自己在近期的“退思补过”中，很好地检讨了自己，“已变了许多”，将来“尚可于新的文教机构，担负一个小小职务，为国内各地有区域性工艺美术馆垫个底”的“非分之想”。又说：如果“需要我再用笔为新社会服务时，我再来用到小说或历史传记工作方面”，到那时，“下工厂，入军队，对于我实在并不怎么困难”。谈到自己完全放弃文字写作，他认为“并不什么惋惜”，因为“有的是少壮和文豪”，自己大可退出。他还谈到近来的学习情况和心得体会：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">近来看到刘少奇党纲修改章程，及毛选几篇文章，和其他一些作品，加上个人所知中国社会一部门情形，和明日社会建设所必然遭遇苦难，我觉得我实在需要好好的活下来作几年事！如果能得中共对我的谅解，一定会从一种新的觉醒下，为国家充分将精力用出。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">3、在沉默中进步</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在沈从文新生的进程中，新政权成立了，这也加快了他“进步”的步伐。1949年11月13日，在萧离夫妇做客离开后，他在日记中这样记述道：“极离奇，心中充满谦虚和惭愧，深觉对国家不起。……且不知如何补过。也更愧对中共。”“我正在悄然归队。我仿佛已入队中。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沈从文的思想的确已经调整过来，只是一向内敛的他并不善于外在表现，以至于他的孩子都没有觉察到这样的变化。这一点在那场著名的“父与子”中表露无遗：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">※爸爸，我看你老不进步，思想搞不通。……</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">○我……学的已不少。至于进步不进步，表面可看不出。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">※凡是进步一看就明白。你说爱国，过去是什么社会，现在又是什么社会？……你能写文章，怎么不多写些对国家有益的文章？…… </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">○我在工作！</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">※到博物馆弄古董，有什么意思！</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">○那也是历史，是文化！你们不是成天说打倒封建？封建不仅仅是两个字。还有好些东东西西，可让我们明白封建的发展。帝王、官僚、大财主，怎么样糟蹋人民，和劳动人民在被压迫剥削中又还创造了多少文化文明的事实，都值得知道多一些。……</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">※既然为人民服务，就应该快快乐乐去做！</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">○照我个人说来，快乐也要学习的。我在努力学习。这正是不大容易进步处。……</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">以往研究者常常将沈从文与孩子的对话对立起来看，意在说明沈从文的“不进步”，但事实上，沈从文与孩子们的思想并不是对立的，而是在一条轨道上的。只是孩子们是以自己的“进步”作参照来评判沈从文的，所以认为他“老不进步”。而无论从现实表现，还是从辩词中都可以看出，沈从文是“进步”的，只不过他的“进步”相对于时代和其他“进步”的人来说，确实显的不那么鲜明，所以才有“落后”的迹象。用他自己的话来说就是：“我体会出当真落后了好一段路。年轻人跑得太快了”，“和现实政治接触，我必需承认，即作一个小学生，还是不满分的劣学生”。为此，他还暗自鼓劲儿说：“不急起直追，越来越不济事了”。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">看得出，沈从文在短短的一段时间里，已经完成了思想上的革命，他已经开始悄然归队了。而且，他的思想转变，基本上是在一种自为的状态中完成的。或者说，沈从文的转变虽然有外在的政治压力，但除了1949年1月的几个偶然事件外，再没有什么直接的威胁，沈从文的压力更主要还是来自自身。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这样，沈从文的思想转变轨迹便呈现出来，即由“自我压迫”到“自我折磨”到“自我调整”再到“自我解放”。</p><div></div><div><div style="display: inline-block;"></div></div><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow: hidden;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 20%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 2em; height: 2em; border-top-left-radius: 100%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-left-radius: 100%; background-color: #5f9cef; line-height: 2em; color: #ffffff;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 四</section></section><section style="margin: -1em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #5f9cef; width: 325.5px; float: left;"></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #5f9cef; width: 325.5px; float: right;"></section></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; clear: both;"></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">1950年3月，沈从文“考”入华北大学，后转入华北人民革命大学。从这时起，他的新生的思想开始真正与社会实践相结合。无论是学习文件和理论，还是撰写思想总结和汇报，他都做得兢兢业业。学习之余，他“还把一双手用来收拾毛房便池，当成主要业务”。同时他还总结了自己的过去并展望了未来：“我的双手胡写了二十五年，说了多少空话！如今来这里重新用用手，也正可见新国家的需要。”这期间他继续劝说侄儿黄永玉回国参加建设，鼓励友人好好工作，为国家做贡献。在参加北京市文代会筹备会议后，他撰文再次表示要“学习靠拢人民”，“把工作态度向他们看齐”，“学会沉默归队”。对于学习和生活中遇到的一些“不良现象”，他表示不理解，曾在友人的信中写道：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">对知识分子的好空谈，读书做事不认真，浪费生命于玩牌、唱戏、下棋、跳舞的方式，我总感觉到格格不入。……学习为人民服务，在这里只一天间为打扫打扫毛房，想发动大家动动手，他们就说：“我们是来改造思想，坐下来改造好了，好去为人民服务。”我说：“一面收拾，一面才真正好思想。”没有一个人同意。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沈从文当年的同事史树青也回忆说：“在革大时，不少学员都抱着看看再说的态度，不知共产党能否长久。”可以想见，革大的绝大多数学员并非真正去改造思想，他们本身或者本来也不想接受教育、改造，他们是去走过场的，所以大都吊儿郎当。而沈从文却与他们不同，因为他在此前已经实现了思想的初步改造，他是按照革命家、理论家和书本知识来设计自己的学习生活，所以看到那些不良现象他才会感到气闷。不仅如此，他还有更深入的思考：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">初初来此，即为一思想前进的组长，要用民主方式迫扭秧歌，三十年和旧社会种种从不妥协，但是一误用民主，便有如此情形。马列也未必想到！这一切也都很好，是一种教育。对我意义尤好。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">似乎都会夸赞《文艺座谈》，可不能理会《文艺座谈》的素朴性，及《共同纲领》有关文学艺术的目的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">据此可以说，沈从文是真诚面对改造的。他对学习中出现的不良现象和问题提出批评和表示担忧，也恰说明他是最优秀的学员。因为他的不满是以主人翁的姿态思考问题的结果，而不是旁观或“恶意”的批评和抵制。这可以在他这段短期培训期间所写的《时事学习总结》、《我的分析兼检讨》、《总结·传记部分》、《总结·思想部分》等三万多字的学习心得以及大量的私密文字中求证。尽管在公开场合里，沈从文多次宣称自己“政治水平不高，进步实看不出”，但私下里他却认为，自己“其实学习倒挺认真的”。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">至于沈从文在革大的成绩多是“丙”、“丁”的问题，论者常以此为据说明沈从文思想和行动上不肯合作，是事实上的无声“反抗”，但事实与这样的判断是有出入的。沈从文的成绩“不理想”，并非是他不合作、不努力，更不是有意“抗争”，而是他太投入、太认真的结果，是他的愚诚和老实使他“倍受其害”。可以想见，当时的考试虽与当下的不同，但规则或许是一样的。其中政治理论科目“分数不高”，大概主要源于沈从文不能死记硬背，或者还有其他考场因素。而其他操行的评判，大概要靠群众基础了。他曾说：“如思想改造是和这些同时的，自然也办不好。但是在这里，如想走群众路线，倒似乎会玩两手好些。常说点普通笑话也好些。会讲演说话也好些。我政治理论答案分数不高，这些又不当行，所以不成功。有关联系群众，将来定等级分数时，大致也是丙丁。”而沈从文的学生马逢华在《怀念沈从文教授》中更是直观地呈现出实情：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">我再到沈家去的时候，沈已由“革大”“学成”回来。但是从面部表情看来，他是“依然故我”，没有什么显著的改变。那天晚上他有点沉默寡言。沈夫人等我坐定之后就说：“你看从文一点都不进步，在革大‘总结’的成绩尽是些丙、丁！沈先生很平静地说：“当然尽是些丙、丁。分数是‘民主评定’。指定的东西，我一字一句地读，讨论的时候，却尽是那些不读书的人发言；你跟他们讲，他们不懂。打扫厕所，洗刷便池，全都是我一个人干，在讨论‘建立劳动观点’的时候，却又是他们发言最多。我帮助工人挑水，在厨房里跟厨师们一面帮忙，一面谈天，他们又讥讽我，问我是不是在收集小说材料。晚上在宿舍里，他们尽说些‘想太太想得要死呀’之类的下流话，你要我跟他们谈得来？分数全由他们‘民主评定’，我当然只能得丙、丁。”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">可见，所谓的操行评语以及丙、丁成绩等都是有水分的，甚至与实际大相径庭，因为这实在是沈从文的不善交际导致的。如果用理想的标准来评估，沈从文的不足，只能表现为他没有公开与这些“丑恶现象”“作斗争”。当然，对于“已经失去说话的意义”的边缘人来说，这样的要求显然过于苛责了。不过，据此可以定论，如果对这次思想改造进行量化评判，沈从文的成绩不应该是丙或丁，而应该是甲。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在这种思想基础上，沈从文主动撰写了《我的学习》。文中，他不但检讨了自己以往“在工作中自高自大，脱离群众，游离于人民革命以外的超阶级胡涂思想”，也提出“领导方面如何即可以使政治本身从不断修正偏差中，成为一种完全的艺术”等问题。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">或许沈从文觉得这样的“学习”还不够深入，又在1951年秋重新写了一个《我的学习》，完稿后交给丁玲把关，并于1951年11月11日和14日发表在《光明日报》和《大公报》。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在这篇长达7000多字的思想检讨中，沈从文对自己的思想和学习进行了全面总结。他说：“凡事用接受做实践，还是明白不少问题，特别是明白‘政治高于一切’，‘一切从属于政治’，‘文学艺术必从属于政治，为广大人民利益服务’，几句话对于新国家的深刻意义。过去二十年来，个人……就始终用的是一个旧知识分子的自由主义观点立场，认为文学从属于政治为不可能，不必要，不应该。”针对自己的思想根源，他剖析说：“我原出身于破产地主旧军阀家庭子弟，从这种可怕环境背景中长大，阶级本质宜有向上爬意识，生活教育却使我向下看。”他承认：“由于缺少对政治和文学联系有深一层认识”，自己的“阶级立场自始即是模糊的”，因此“成了伪自由主义者群一个装璜工具，点缀着旧民主自由要求二十年”。针对自己思想的转变，他总结说：“和我个人新旧业务接触，重新读了一些文件，用个正面接受的态度来钻研，来体会，更加明白政治高于一切的重要意义。政治哲学的深刻诗意，不仅仅是贯穿于马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林先进著作中，从毛泽东伟大著作中续有发挥，也在一切琐琐人事中，发现了无处不有个党性和政治性的联系。”结合沈从文这一时期的思想实际，可以看出，这些文字并非是违心的，而是他自己真实的思想心得。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow: hidden;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 20%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 2em; height: 2em; border-top-left-radius: 100%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-left-radius: 100%; background-color: #5f9cef; line-height: 2em; color: #ffffff;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 五</section></section><section style="margin: -1em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #5f9cef; width: 325.5px; float: left;"></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #5f9cef; width: 325.5px; float: right;"></section></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; clear: both;"></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">为了更加“进步”，沈从文不顾林宰平等人的劝告，带着丁玲“凡对党有益的就做，不利的莫做”的“嘱托”，离京赴四川参加土改工作。他在私下里表示：“希望从这个历史大变中学习靠拢人民，从工作上，得到一种新的勇气，来谨谨慎慎老老实实为国家做几年事情，再学习，再用笔。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在土改中，沈从文也的确加深了思想认识，他让妻子劝金岳霖“想法参观一次”，说：“只一个月。影响一个人的思想，必比读五本经典还有意义甚多”。他在致杨振声的信中感慨地说：“农民问题以至于有关土改文学，以教书言，不身临其境，说亦说不透彻也。”他还在致张兆和的信中不无愧悔地写道：“知识分子真是狗屁，对革命言，不中用得很。而且一脱离人民，渺小的可怕。罪过之至。因为什么都不知，什么都得说，但是毫无意义，和人民真正问题实千里万里。”“我们在都市中生活方式，实在有愧，实在罪过！要学习靠拢人民，抽象的话说来无用，能具体的少吃少花些，响应政府节约号召，把国家给我们的退还一半，实有必要。……和这些干部比起来，我实无资格用国家这个钱！”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">当然，最能体现沈从文思想“进步”的是，在给孩子的信中，他竟然表达了要加入共产党的愿望，他说：“要入党，才对党有益。我就那么打量过，体力能恢复，写得出几本对国家有益的作品，到时会成为一个党员的。工作搞不好，就不。”如果结合1959年他致沈云麓的信，可以得出结论，沈从文的确曾有过入党的愿望，而且他将这个举动看得很神圣、虔诚。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沈从文是这样说，也是这样做的。回京后，他随即投入到接近尾声的“三反”、“五反”运动中，并根据需要撰写了《“三反运动”后的思想检查》。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沈从文的“进步”还可以从开明书店“烧书”后的表现中看出来。在得知“烧书”的消息后，他的心情可以想见，但他除沉默接受外，还在致友人的信中颇为振奋地说：“这种成毁是极有意义的，对个人工作言，就是一种极好的教育。和‘人民’脱离，对‘人民’无益，结果就是这样。……国家重要，个人实渺小不足道，个人工作成毁更不足注意！应时时刻刻想到国家，想到党。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沈从文的“进步”也得到了主流意识的认可，先是陈赓接见，后应统战部长李维汉之邀列席宴会，1953年还被安排当上全国政协委员，终于如愿以偿地“活动在社会的上层”。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">之所以说沈从文一直在“进步”，是因为他的“进步”是实实在在的，而且对照他的私密文字与公开发表或上交的文字可知，他的进步还呈现出表里如一的特点。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如在知识分子的“早春时节”，他依然保持坚定的立场，没有“随波逐流”。如在出席这一年的政协会上，他在发言中仍然强调说：“六年以来，从一件一件事情看去，并参加了一系列的社会改革运动，我才日益明白过去认识上的错误。……我一定要好好的向优秀党员看齐，……用郭沫若院长报告中提起的三省吾身的方法，经常检查自己，……如果体力许可，还要努力恢复我荒废已久的笔，来讴歌赞美新的时代、新的国家和新的人民。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在《沈从文自传》中，他分别从“书本的影响”、“环境影响”、“人的影响”三个方面检讨了自己自由主义思想形成的经过，以及在其指导下的种种“罪行”。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沈从文这样“谦虚”、“沉默”地“进步”得到了主流意识的认可，再加上“双百方针”的有力环境，他终于得到出版作品的机会。为了“不辜负党和人民的重托”，他在《沈从文小说选集》中慎重地选择了比较具有“反封建”意识的《阿金》、《萧萧》、《牛》等篇章，而且为了突出这种意识，他也同巴金、老舍、曹禺等众多作家一样，对作品作了强化式的修改。同时，他还不忘在选集的“题记”中写下这样的“颂词”：“在这么一个伟大光辉历史时代进展中，我目前还只能把二三十年前一些过了时的习作，拿来和新的读者见面，心中实在充满深深的歉意。希望过些日子，还能重新拿起手中的笔，和大家一道来讴歌人民在觉醒中，在胜利中，为建设祖国、建设家乡、保卫世界和平所贡献的劳力，和表现的坚固信心及充沛热情。我的生命和我手中这支笔，也必然会因此重新回复活泼而年青！”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">因为沈从文的“进步”是发自内心，所以即使是在“大鸣大放”的宽松环境中，他也禁受住了考验。即使有所批评，也是本着工作的强烈的责任心，而非发泄个人私愤。如在一次发言中，他语带抱怨地说：“我在历博办公处连一个固定桌位也没有了，书也没法使用，应当在手边的资料通不能在手边，不让有用生命和重要材料好好结合起来，这方面浪费才真大！却没有一个人明白这是浪费，……好急人！”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这段话常被研究者所征引，并以此作为他“抗拒”改造的一个例证。事实如何呢？</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如果认真剖析这段文字可以看得出，他的批评完全是出于实际工作的考虑，或者说是一种岗位意识的促使，并不像其他人那样单纯地为个人鸣冤叫屈。而且，当他看到许多作家在发牢骚和抱怨时，他甚至私底下批评说：“好像凡是写不出做不好都由于上头束缚限制过紧，不然会有许多好花开放！我不大明白问题，可是觉得有些人提法很不公平。”当萧乾约他给《文艺报》写稿提意见时，他当时予以回绝。当《文汇报》的记者表示要为他放弃文学发表不平意见时，他也断然拒绝。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">以上可见，沈从文思想之坚定，非同期作家所能比。而且，当“反右”运动开展起来后，他完全听信主流的话语宣传，即使在休养期间也不忘写信提醒妻子说：“凡初步建立了人民立场和党的整体观点，都会明白应当凡事十分谨慎，莫人云亦云作他人传声筒。……要从一切小事上注意爱党，维护党。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.5616666666666666" data-s="300,640" 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border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow: hidden;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 20%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 2em; height: 2em; border-top-left-radius: 100%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-left-radius: 100%; background-color: #5f9cef; line-height: 2em; color: #ffffff;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 六</section></section><section style="margin: -1em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #5f9cef; width: 325.5px; float: left;"></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #5f9cef; width: 325.5px; float: right;"></section></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; clear: both;"></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沈从文的“进步”之处还表现在他的文学创作上。这一时期，尽管创作不顺，而且期间也有过几次反复，但他还是在胡乔木的暗中鼓励下创作了几部“讴歌赞美新的时代、新的国家和新的人民”的作品。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如反映在革大学习和知识分子思想改造的《老同志》，反映土地改革的《中队部——川南土改杂记一》，反映地主“解放”前后生活的《财主宋人瑞和他的儿子》，以及1956-1957年间的《春游颐和园》、《天安门前》、《新湘行记——张八寨二十分钟》、《跑龙套》、《谈“写游记”》、《一点回忆，一点感想》等几个短篇。此外还有未完成的以批评知识分子为主题的小说、歌颂新社会变化的散文《大好河山》等。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">这些作品有一个中心主题，即如他所说：“如有人问我是什么派时，倒乐意当个新的‘歌德派’，好来赞美共产党领导下社会主义祖国的伟大成就。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沈从文歌颂的如何呢？如果翻阅这些文字可以发现，其蹩脚程度是难以想象的。阅读全部文字，不但丝毫得不到审美感受，甚至连政治教化的效果也谈不上，因为行文间的政治说教与叙述太过牵强，而其中的故事叙述、感情抒发和政策介绍简直都是拼贴。即便是为研究者稍微看好的《财主宋人瑞和他的儿子》，其问题也是相当明显。此前，他曾批评别人说：“近来在报上读到几首诗，感到痛苦，即这种诗就毫无诗所需要的感兴。如不把那些诗题和下面署名连接起来，任何编者也不会采用的。很奇怪，这些诗都当成诗刊载，且各处转登不已。”客观地说，这样的批评也适用于他自己。这不能不让人怀疑他当时对自己产生的所谓“头脑和手中的笔居然还得用”、“笔太细”“必然可得到和《边城》相近的成功”等“激动”之语的真实性。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">不过，最让人难以接受的是，这样的东西，沈从文竟然还好意思拿出去发表。而且，在当时并没有人逼着他这样做，毛泽东、周恩来在接见中也仅是建议和鼓励他再继续写小说，胡乔木、周扬、李维汉等人在写作上也没有给他下任务，都是征求他的意见，而且他在日记及书信中也没有明示过自己的创作是来自某种压力。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沈从文之“跛者不忘履”，究竟出于何种目的呢？是要证明自己还能写，所以“饥不择食”；是怕读者忘记自己，所以急于显山露水；是看巴金、曹禺、张天翼等都不行了，觉得自己还能行；是真的以“小学生”作文的心理，所以敝帚自珍，真将其视为“新文学”？他曾为此辩白说：“胡写”，“写出来了，不容易”，写出来了便“伟大”，“作品已无所谓真正伟大与否”，“适时即伟大”。他也曾私下里向家人表示过自己小农意识的心理：“我要把从前当小兵的劲儿拿出来，什么我都肯干，谁也干不过我！”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; background-color: #ffffff; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; overflow: hidden;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 20%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 2em; height: 2em; border-top-left-radius: 100%; border-top-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-right-radius: 100%; border-bottom-left-radius: 100%; background-color: #5f9cef; line-height: 2em; color: #ffffff;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> 七</section></section><section style="margin: -1em 0px 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #5f9cef; width: 325.5px; float: left;"></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #5f9cef; width: 325.5px; float: right;"></section></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important; clear: both;"></section></section></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">当然，纵观沈从文1949年10月之后的整体思想言行，虽然“进步”是主流，但是也还存在很多“不足”。其中一点便是，他的谨小慎微的指导思想导致他在一些政治运动中表现得不够积极踊跃，在多如牛毛的大批判中很少看到他的身影，也看不到他或慷慨陈词或尖酸刻薄或落井下石地批判别人。即便是对于不得不说的胡适，他也总是描述多，议论少，甚至不乏感激、赞誉之词。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如沈从文在革大所写的《总结·思想部分》中，他写道：“和胡适之相熟，私谊好，不谈政治。那时候和胡谈政治，反对南京政府的有罗隆基、潘光旦、王造时，他们谈英美民权，和我的空想社会相隔实远。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在《沈从文自传》中他谈到自己所受的影响时，他也说：“其次是胡适，他的哲学思想我并不觉得如何高明，……但是以为二十年来私人有情谊，在工作上曾给过我鼓励，而且当胡也频、丁玲前后被捕时，还到处为写介绍信营救，总还是个够得上叫做自由主义者的知识分子，至少比一些贪污狼藉反复无常的职业官僚政客正派一些。所以当蒋介石假意让他组阁时，我还以为是中国政治上一种转机。直到解放，当我情绪陷于绝望孤立中时，还以为他是我一个朋友。”这样平实的话语，在当时整个文化、文学界彻底清算胡适思想状态下，实属空谷足音了。即使是所谓的批评，也是不痛不痒，如他说：“胡适之虽再也不谈什么文学了，我的写作态度，我的教书方法，都像是在配合他的行动，点缀蒋介石行将崩溃的回光返照政权，毫无积极作用。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在沈从文数十万字的检讨中，还有几处提及胡适的，也都是几笔带过，甚至在“文革”时期也不例外。可见，沈从文为人的基本道德底线并没有淹没在他的“进步”思想中。当然这同时也说明他的“进步”还有待提高。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">对于胡风，沈从文本应该有些看法的，因为历史上的胡风没少与他交恶，但在全国批判胡风的运动中，他却没有公开发表过意见，所见到的文字仅是给大哥沈云麓的信末以补记的形式写下的一段：</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #007aaa;">这里正是全面在讨论胡风问题。这个人过去（抗战前和抗战中）我总以为他在代表党，批评这个，打击那个。现在才明白是他自己一套。有一小集团，这里布置那里布置，争领导权！更绝不是党的代言人！</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在“丁、陈”事发后，沈从文只在私下里表示了这样的看法：“个人主义一抬头，总必然会出现或大或小的错。从上次文代会中发言态度，我就感觉到不大对头，好像还缺少对于党的整体性观念体会。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">面对冯雪峰的落马，他给予了客观的评价和疑问：“不可解的是冯雪峰，多少年来，都稳稳当当的为党工作，现在责任也十分重要，不意也和丁玲等纠在一处，自搞一套，不明白竟发展到如此情形。”</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沈从文的唯一“劣迹”大概是在“反右”中针对萧乾的那一次“炮轰”。据萧乾回忆说：一九五七年反右时，在文联批斗会上，沈从文发言揭露萧乾早在1929年就同美帝国主义勾结上了。关于这唯一的一次，究竟作何理解？是随波逐流，不得不表态，还是因为个人恩怨，公报私仇？现在已不可得知。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">沈从文对于自己的“不足之处”是有认识的，早在革大时，他就自我批评说：“对批评和自我批评，也作得不够。为的是到如今为止，还不理解胡乱批评人，对于那个人有什么帮助，弄错了会有什么恶果。”在“三反”后，他还坚持说自己不擅长运用批评，因为“胡乱批评人易犯错误，也可能作成无可补偿的损失”，自己对“国家大事既一切隔阂，十分生疏，无多意见可言。对工作同志，平时即只注意长处多于注意短处”。纵观沈从文的实际表现，可以说，他基本是这样做的。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">由此可见，沈从文的“进步”是一种“不求有功，但求无过”的消极表现，且仅停留在思想层面。在现实表现中，尤其是在最能表现自己“进步”的大批判中，他显然是“落后”于同时代的作家。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">针对沈从文1949年后的蛰居状态和低调生存，金介甫曾赞扬说：“沈的级别不高，但他不但没有被‘洗脑筋’，而且还像过去那样，用冷静旁观的态度来看待中国巨大的社会动荡。他有出世的战略：韬光隐晦，与世无争。”金介甫的褒扬，自有其合理的成分。特别是在“思想解放”的大潮中，沈从文能够恢复故我是他的幸运，也是时代的幸运，但在考察历史时，不能也不应该回避他曾经接受改造的事实。而探究其中的缘故，不难发现，沈从文的“清醒”来自于他的“边缘”身份，而“边缘”之所以能够形成，一方面是他主动选择的结果，但不能忽略的是，主流意识对他的有意轻视，因为他太早就宣布“缴械投降”，没有一丁点反抗行为和过程，所以才得以退居边缘。对于一个没有进攻能力，也没有防御能力的“文弱书生”，斗争，是没有多少价值的。沈从文曾说：“照我思索，能理解‘我’。/照我思索，可认识‘人’。”很遗憾，本文为此作过努力，但结果仍并不令人满意。</p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">文人不足观，文人在大历史当头的不明就里，沈从文是一个典型案例。</p>