宋代的拆迁

<div><div style="display: inline-block;"></div></div> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; orphans: 2; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: 宋体; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">前言</span></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如果问中国读书人一个问题,&#8220;如果可能,愿意生活在历史上的哪个朝代?&#8221;绝大多数人会回答&#8220;宋朝&#8221;。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">&#8220;积贫积弱&#8221;的宋朝,却成为人们心中理想的时代。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  宋赵时代,华夏的农耕文明得到了极大发展,特别是宋仁宗赵祯当政时期,宋朝&#8220;四海雍熙、八荒平静,士农乐业、文武忠良&#8221;,涌现出包拯、范仲淹、欧阳修等一代名臣,经济繁荣,科学技术和文化艺术得到了很大的发展。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  吴钩著《重新发现宋朝》,对一千年前的宋朝如何拆迁进行了介绍。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><hr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  拆迁是一个中性词,在任何时代任何国家都有拆迁的需求。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  关键在于怎么拆?</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  先拆官员的违建</span></strong><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">官员掌握权力资源,是北宋初期最早搞违章建筑、侵犯公街的一批人,比如太平兴国五年(980年)七月,八作使(相当建设局长)段仁诲在家门前修筑了一道垣墙,侵占景阳门街,宋太宗大怒,&#8220;令毁之,仁诲决杖&#8221;,拆了违章打了板子。咸平五年(1002年)二月因&#8220;京城衢巷狭隘&#8221;,宋真宗诏令谢德权拆迁扩路。谢德权&#8220;先毁贵要邸舍&#8221;,以至&#8220;群议纷然&#8221;,连皇帝都顶不住了,下诏叫停,谢德权却坚决不从,他说&#8220;今沮事者,皆权豪辈,吝屋室僦资(租金)耳,非有它也,臣死不敢奉诏。&#8221;,碰上这种牛脾气,宋真宗也拿他没办法,只能&#8220;从之&#8221;。于是谢德权将权贵的侵街邸舍一概拆除。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  照顾平民的生计</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  对于侵街违建的平民,宋时一般能够考虑到他们维生不易,而顾全他们的生计。如真宗天禧四年(1020年),&#8220;开封府请撤民舍侵街陌者,上以劳扰不许&#8221;。又如元五年(公元1090年),给事中范祖禹上书宋哲宗,说虽然&#8220;百姓多侵街盖屋,毁之不敢有怨&#8221;,但&#8220;有司毁拆屋舍太过,居民不无失所&#8221;,所以,他要求皇帝下旨,&#8220;除大段窄隘处量加撤去外,无令过当拆屋&#8221;。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 15px;">  </span></strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt;">皇城扩建的问题</span></strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  对皇城扩建、皇帝出巡可能导致的拆迁,依然表现得比较克制。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 15px;">  <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt;">据《宋会要辑稿》,雍熙二年(985年)九月十七日,楚王宫失火,让宋太宗下了决心&#8220;欲广宫城&#8221;,便下了诏书,提出了建设规划,让殿前都指挥使刘延翰等人&#8220;经度之&#8221;,即测绘图纸。不久图纸画了出来,太宗一看,要拆迁太多民居,便说,&#8220;内城褊隘,诚合开展。拆动居人,朕又不忍。&#8221;下诏停止扩修宫城的计划。</span></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  因为宫城实在太小,宋太宗想把宫城搞大一点。,<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt;">己住得更舒坦点。</span></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">雍熙三年(公元986年),宋太宗&#8220;欲广宫城,诏殿前指挥使刘延翰等经度之,以居民多不欲徙,遂罢&#8221;。因为居民不愿意,<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt;">宋太宗没有今人的胆魄,不敢搞强拆,只好作罢。</span></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 15px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt;"> 有一些杂文,将发生在太宗朝的这桩事情安到宋仁宗身上,并作了夸张其词的演绎,这是以讹传讹。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 15px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt;">以宋仁宗的俭朴、宽仁性情,不大可能提出扩建宫城的计划,因为他会觉得居住的地方已经够大了。《宋史&#183;仁宗本纪》记述:&#8220;有司请以玉清旧地(玉清宫失火烧掉了)为御苑,帝(仁宗)曰:&#8216;吾奉先帝苑囿,犹以为广,何以是为?&#8217;&#8221;</span></span></span></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  康定元年(公元1040年),宋仁宗&#8220;车驾行幸&#8221;,尽管当时街道狭窄,仁宗却没有下令拆迁、封路什么的,而是简化了仪式,&#8220;侍从及百官属,下至厮役,皆杂行其道中&#8221;,&#8220;而士庶观者,率随扈从之人,夹道驰走,喧呼不禁&#8221;。在等级森严的皇权时代,这简直有点不可想象。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  宋代君主不是没有想过要扩建皇城,让另据《宋史&#183;地理志》,太宗还曾叫官员去找拆迁征地范围内的居民征询意见,结果&#8220;居民多不欲徙&#8221;,大部分居民都不愿意搬走。宋太宗没有今人的胆魄,不敢搞强拆,只好作罢。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  两宋诸帝当中,宋徽宗算是最爱大兴土木的一个了,比如劳民伤财的&#8220;艮岳&#8221;便是这个人搞出来的,这也埋伏下北宋灭亡的祸根。但,即便是这么一个爱折腾的君主,也不敢大搞拆迁。崇宁五年(1106年),宋徽宗想为赵宋皇室的王孙公主&#8220;建第筑馆&#8221;,但京师之中,&#8220;居民繁伙,居者栉比,无地可容&#8221;,修建王府,必须拆迁。宋徽宗&#8220;深虑移徙居民,毁撤私舍,久安之众,遽弃旧业,或至失所。言念赤子,为之恻然&#8221;,所以放弃在京城内建设王府的设想,只令于汴梁南郊&#8220;展筑京城,置官司军营&#8221;,并下了一道诏书:&#8220;将来缮修诸王外第与帝姬下嫁,并不得起移居民&#8221;。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  靖康年汴梁被金人攻陷,宋室南渡,以临安(杭州)为&#8220;行在&#8221;。临安皇城也是比较狭小,宫殿规制简朴,甚至陛阶只有一级,&#8220;小如常人所居&#8221;。宋金和议之后,皇城陆陆续续有扩修,不过宋高宗也是比较注意拆迁的问题。绍兴元年(1131年)十二月十四日,宰相进呈了一个报告,说临安府欲将近城僧舍拆掉,建成行宫。高宗制止了这个计划,说道,&#8220;僧家缘化,营葺不易,遽尔毁拆,虑致怨嗟。朕正欲召和气,岂宜如此?&#8221;至于行宫,&#8220;但给官钱随宜修盖,能蔽风雨足矣&#8221;。当然皇上的行宫不可能只是&#8220;能蔽风雨&#8221;而已,但那几间&#8220;近城僧舍&#8221;确实躲过了被拆毁之劫。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  现在,我们可以看出来了,宋代宫城之所以格局不够宏伟壮观,更重要的原因在于宋朝的君主,不管是明君还是昏君,都对拆迁民居的事情颇为顾忌,不敢放开手脚大拆大建。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  那么,为什么贵为天子都不大敢搞拆迁呢?并非赵宋皇帝个个都长着菩萨心肠,都会&#8220;言念赤子,为之恻然&#8221;;但宋朝以儒立国,受儒家仁政理想的影响甚深,朝野上下有一种共识:夺民私产、逼民搬迁,是很不体面、很不道德的事情。这种共识经过培育、累积,形成为一种无形却时时可感知的风气,让皇帝在展开拆迁图纸的时候感受到强大的道德压力,不得不有所节制。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  当然,光靠皇帝的觉悟肯定不行。如果皇帝心理强悍,执意要扩建宫城,拆迁民居,也未必能过士大夫这一关。宋代已发展出一定的君臣分权制衡制度,君主不加节制的大兴土木之举,通常会为执政的士大夫集团抗议、阻挠。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  看一个例子,宋仁宗继位时,因为年幼,由章献太后垂帘听政。天圣八年(1030年),玉清昭应宫发生火灾,几乎烧成灰烬,章献太后向大臣哭诉说:&#8220;先帝竭力成此宫,一夕延燎几尽,惟一二小殿存尔。&#8221;大臣都听出太后的意思,是想重修玉清宫。宰相吕夷简反对,说上天的惩戒如此,万不可重修。给事中范雍说得更为激烈:&#8220;这玉清宫还不如烧光了。如因其所存,又将葺之,则民不堪命。&#8221;另一位宰相王曾也反对重建玉清宫。太后只能息了念头,只是将烧剩的两殿略为修葺。直到二十五年后,才增建另两殿。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  市井民间的繁荣,恰恰正是以国家权力的节制为前提条件的。这个道理,一千年前的赵宋君主已经明白了。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  据《北窗炙輠录》记载,一日深夜,宋仁宗&#8220;在宫中闻丝竹歌笑之声,问曰:&#8216;此何处作乐?&#8217;宫人曰:&#8216;此民间酒楼作乐处。&#8217;宫人因曰:&#8216;官家(指皇帝)且听,外间如此快活,都不似我宫中如此冷冷落落也。&#8217;仁宗曰:&#8216;汝知否?因我如此冷落,故得渠如此快活。我若为渠,渠便冷落矣。&#8217;&#8221;古人能明白,今人呢?</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  对于城市的主政者来说,那种整齐划一、井然有序的审美图景无疑是很有吸引力的。但这种与市民日常生活为敌的审美秩序,终究不及源于市民生活的自发秩序。《清明上河图》所展现的北宋繁荣景象,就是自发秩序。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><hr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  把目光转向欧洲,可以发现一个规律,皇宫修得越雄伟宏大,该国的皇权专制越严重。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  凡尔赛宫建于路易十四(1643&#8212;1715)时代,是欧洲最宏大、最华丽的宫殿。现拥有2300个房间</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">,67个楼梯和5210件家具。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">凡尔赛</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">宫建成后,引起欧洲各</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">国君主的羡慕仿效。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">彼得大帝</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">圣彼得堡</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">郊外修建的夏宫、</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">玛丽亚&#183;特蕾西亚</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">维也纳</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">修建的</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">美泉宫</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">、</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">腓特烈二世</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">和</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">腓特烈&#183;威廉二世</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">波茨坦</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">修建的</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">无忧宫</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">,</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">巴伐利亚</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">国王</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">路德维希二世</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">修建的海伦希姆湖宫,都仿照了凡尔赛宫的宫殿和花园。路易十四的伟大功业,几十年后把孙子路易十六送上了断头台。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  大英帝国的白金汉宫,作为曾经威震世界的日不落帝国,皇宫竟然这么小。而且,白金汉宫其实是二手房。亨利八世时代以来,白金汉府所在的地块,其产权经历了多次流转,直到1703年白金汉公爵约翰&#183;谢菲尔德在此营建寓所。1761年,国王乔治三世购得这座府邸。1837年</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">维多利亚</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">女王登基后,</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">白金汉宫</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">成为英王正式宫寝。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  美国总统的白宫,White House其实应该叫白房子。美国没有皇帝,自然就没有宫殿。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  华屋万间,夜卧不过五尺。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  纵有卧榻三千,只得一席安寝。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, &quot;PingFang SC&quot;, &quot;Hiragino Sans GB&quot;, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">  生活,不过如此。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><div><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></div>


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