<div><div style="display: inline-block;"></div></div> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.642570281124498" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/picPEhdQeTsCXqvREEdVKlic4JFz7h1Gy8cDdqkqROfVxUBkBVkngEY23rU7hJHEb1JSGBCBUE691bsF4swBReKQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="498" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/picPEhdQeTsCXqvREEdVKlic4JFz7h1Gy8cDdqkqROfVxUBkBVkngEY23rU7hJHEb1JSGBCBUE691bsF4swBReKQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: auto !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin: 0em 2em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑;"></span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin: 0em 2em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">近年，不少经济学者主张创立中国自己的经济学理论，典型的代表人物有清华大学的李稻葵和上海财经大学的田国强两位知名经济学家。</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 2em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 2em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">但在本文作者、同济大学中德学院教授胡景北看来，这种“创立中国经济学”的提议近乎扯淡，不值得浪费精力关注。文章原载胡景北个人网站（http://www.hujingbei.net/）。</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 2em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 15px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 2em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><article data-author="Wxeditor" style="margin: 5px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 5px auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; border: none; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 670px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ff691f; border-top-color: #ff691f; border-right-color: #ff691f; border-left-color: #ff691f; display: inline-block;"><section style="margin: 0px 0px -3px; padding: 5px 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; min-height: 30px; color: #333333; display: inline-block; border-bottom: 5px solid #ff391f; border-top-color: #ff391f; border-right-color: #ff391f; border-left-color: #ff391f; font-size: 16px;"><p style="margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">远离“创立中国经济学”一类的扯谈</strong></p></section></span></section></article><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></strong><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">一位年轻朋友最近询问我对田国强和李稻葵两先生近来关于建立中国政治经济学或者中国经济学言论的看法。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我特地找了两位先生的文章，即田国强的“我对中国特色社会主义政治经济学的理解”和李稻葵的“中国经济学界必须要有自己的理论”。两文的共同特点是要求建立中国经济学，尽管他们所用的名称不同。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">其实，不管用较长的“中国特色的社会主义政治经济学”，还是用较短的“中国经济学”以及介于其间的其他名称，中国只能有一种经济学，不可能存在具有本质差异的比如“中国特色的社会主义政治经济学”和“中国经济学”。两先生说法虽然不同，但也不谋而合地要求只有一种经济学。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">诚然，中国最近二十年存在互不理会的两个经济学圈子，一个以政治经济学为名，一个以西方经济学为名。根据两先生的意见，这种状况不应当延续到“新时代”。因此，我把他们的说法视为同一的建立“中国经济学”说法，而忽视它们之间的次要差异。同时，由于他们分别用“基准理论”和“与西方自由经济学理论分庭抗礼的经济学理论”来表示他们设想的中国经济学，我就用基准理论简洁地表示他们所说的中国经济学的含义。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">对他们的文章，我的评论如下：</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第一，两先生尽管是著名学者，但在这个问题上他们不自量力。中国经济学不是他们（当然更不是我）能够讨论或建立的理论。这样的理论如果真的能够创立的话，它也仅仅能够由领袖人物开创和建立。我们所能做的，是学习领会并在自己专长的方面再发挥发挥而已。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">两先生喜谈“中国特色”，但他们似乎并不了解中国特色，否则，他们不会忽略中国这一重要特色。</strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">另外，</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">他们对“新时代”似乎也不了解。</strong>比如李文谈的都是旧事，而田文说的比如中国经济学要做到的三个有利于，便与过去的“三个代表”似曾相识；他的“中国特色社会主义最本质的特征就是中国共产党的领导”的说法虽然不错，但和“新时代”之“新”还是两回事。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第二，更重要的是，我不同意中国经济学的说法。在特指的情形下，人们不妨使用中国经济学概念，比如技术变化的中国经济学或者国企改革的中国经济学等等。但就基准理论而言，不存在也不可能存在中国经济学。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">确实，中国经济近四十年表现出色，中国经济今后的路最好有理论指导。但解释和指导中国经济并不必然要求什么“中国经济学”。世界大部分国家经济都有表现出色的时期也都有理论指导的要求，可世界上有几个学者声称要建立本国的经济学去解释与指导之？</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">李稻葵举例说亚当·斯密讲的是英国故事、弗里德曼讲的是美国故事，因此中国需要中国经济学来讲中国故事。这是严重误解。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如果真是那样的话，我们完全不必读斯密和弗里德曼。对李稻葵的这一说法，我想引用具有权威性的马克思来反驳。马克思在解释他为什么待在英国研究政治经济学的时候说：</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“物理学家是在自然过程表现得最确实、最少受干扰的地方考察自然过程的，或者，如有可能，是在保证过程以其纯粹形态进行的条件下从事实验的。我要在本书研究的，是资本主义生产方式以及和它相适应的生产关系和交换关系。到现在为止，这种生产方式的典型地点是英国。因此，我在理论阐述上主要用英国作为例证。但是，如果德国读者看到英国工农业工人所处的境况而伪善地耸耸肩膀，或者以德国的情况远不是那样坏而乐观地自我安慰，那我就要大声地对他说：这正是说的阁下的事情！ ”（《资本论》第一卷第一版序言）</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">大家看，连马克思这个德国人都在英国研究当时的经济。为什么？</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">就是因为普适的经济规律当时最典型地表现在英国，经济学家因而在英国更有条件发现经济规律并建立理论</strong>。马克思在其著作里大量列举英国的例子，以揭示他所认定的经济规律是如何在实际生活中发挥作用的。如果我们像李先生那样认定斯密是英国经济学、弗里德曼是美国经济学，那么，马克思也只能够算“英国特色的政治经济学”了。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">再举一个具体例子。马克思研究农业的时候，明确假定农业只生产小麦，但他——至少在马克思主义者看来——依然揭示了资本主义农业的发展规律。毫无疑问，中国南方的学者可以发展出有“中国南方特色”的农业经济学，其中假定农业只生产水稻、中国北方学者亦可以用麦子高粱两产品假定建立“中国北方特色”的农业经济学。但是，假设此类特色的经济学没有发现任何与马克思不同的基本规律，这类经济学充其量也仅仅是马克思理论的一种推广或发展。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如果我们参照马克思的做法，那么，在具有普适性的经济规律表现得最充分最典型的地方，经济学基准理论最容易发展出来。就此而言，过去的马克思待在英国，现在的比如Acemoglu跑到美国，还有斯密和弗里德曼留在祖国，都是试图创立或发展基准理论的那些人的天才选择，因为这两个国家在他们的时代分别是经济规律表现最充分的地方。当然，大部分人不是天才。我本人就是因为明白自己才学不够才在毕业后决定归国的（不过，我完全相信有些才华横溢的经济学者为了报效祖国而归国）。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">在其他地方，由于各种原因，经济规律表现得不够充分不够典型。为了解释那些地方的经济，人们在基准理论之侧，需要考虑导致经济规律不充分起作用的各种因素。这是一个简单常识，无任何可争议之处。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我们需要懂得的是，如果这些解释成功，第一它们不推翻基准理论，第二它们不足以建立新的基准理论（否则一个地方有一套“基准理论”，世界上就没有基准理论可言），第三它们只是基准理论的应用和推广。应用拉卡托斯（Lakatos）的概念，这些成功解释只是为基准理论增加了辅助层，而非否定了基准理论。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">宋铮曾经写过“中国需要什么样的经济学研究”文章。但他的文章常常被误解。其实，读一下宋铮等人在《美国经济评论》上发表的研究中国文章，就会发现那顶多是为所谓的“西方自由经济学”的基准理论新涂了一个辅助层，而非证伪它们或建立新的基准理论。外国的例子，比如巴罗与格瑞利合作撰写过《欧洲宏观经济学》（Barro/Grilli，European Macroeconomics），布达与维罗茨写过《欧洲背景的宏观经济学》（Burda/Wyplosz，Macroeconomics：ＡEuropean Text）。他们在书名中加入“欧洲”字样，是因为他们讨论的是“富有挑战性的特定环境”即欧洲环境下的经济问题，即经济学基准理论在特定环境下的应用，而非另立一套“欧洲特色”的基准理论。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第三，李稻葵为了说明中国经济学的必要性，甚至断言：“历史的经验告诉我们，一个国家在经济理论上的‘贸易逆差’一定会带来经济政策层面的被动甚至败仗，而经济政策层面的败仗一定会带来经济发展的倒退。”。他的这一断言过于武断了。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">李稻葵举的例子是日本上世纪末的货币与汇率政策失误。可是他没有说明日本的政策失败和日本没有发现经济学基准理论直接有什么关系，而只是说日本的失败源于“日本经济学研究长期落后于实践”。然而，在这次失败之前，日本经济学研究（指基准理论层面的研究）更落后于实践，更靠进口理论，但日本经济增长却独树一帜。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">我们自己国家在四十年前，有着马克思主义在当代发展顶峰的“政治经济学”，全世界人民在学习红宝书，经济理论无“贸易逆差”可言，可经济政策败仗的情形却屡见不鲜。而在最近四十年，中国进口经济理论的规模如此之大，以至于李稻葵和许多“有识之士”抱怨不止，但中国经济政策好像没有什么败仗可说，反倒是经济发展特别出色。因此，说不定正是大规模的经济学“贸易逆差”促成了中国经济的出色表现。所以，我担心的倒是，</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如果中国真的像田、李两先生所说的那样建立自己的经济学，中国经济政策可能又回到败仗不断的时期。</strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></strong></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">应当说，国与国之间经济政策层面的被动甚至败仗，是常见现象，和所谓经济理论上的“贸易逆差”毫无关系，或者说，这些政策层面的正确和错误，绝大部分和基准理论无关，而和决策者的个人信念、手头信息与偶然因素关联更大。其实，历史经验告诉我们的是，绝大部分国家在绝大部分历史阶段都是理论包括经济学理论的“贸易逆差”国，因为任何时期的基准理论总是由极少数人在极少数国家内建立的，绝大多数人总是学习并采用他人的基准理论，绝大多数国家都必须进口基准理论；同时，绝大多数国家都因为进口基准理论而得益。换一个历史阶段，也许中国有个别人建立起那个阶段的基准理论并被全世界其他国家采用，那也决不表示其他国家的经济政策相对中国就会失败，否则中国人建立起的基准理论就达不到“基准”的标准。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第四，正如马克思和波兰尼等人强调得那样，当代经济是市场经济。无论一个人在市场经济之前加上什么修饰词，市场经济的基本特征是不变的。当代经济学基准理论就是市场经济的基准理论。诚然，当今时代依然存在着非市场经济国家，例如现在的朝鲜或四十年前的中国。但即使针对这样的国家，经济学者也不可能另辟一套基准理论。他们所要做的是在市场经济的基准理论之上，加上其他因素去解释。例如，林毅夫先生对中国经济在1958-1962年或在1980年前后表现的解释之所以令人信服，便是根据这样的原则做的。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">田国强提议新的中国经济学要有利于党的领导。我的年轻朋友亦说，斯密当年建立经济学不是也要有利于英国君主吗？确实，斯密是那样想的。然而，斯密不要求比如卖肉者和买肉者为了君主利益而买卖。在斯密那里，卖肉的为自己利益卖肉，买肉的为自己利益买肉 （我们很多人亲眼目睹过此类现象：附近没有配套商业的新建小区才开始入住，就有人赶来附近卖菜。这类现象就是斯密理论的源泉）。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">斯密只是相信每个臣民追求自己利益的行为最终会有利于君主。注意，在斯密那里，卖肉者和买肉者皆与君主具有同等法律地位。</strong>比如英国的肉铺没有任何上级领导。如果按照中国的领导层次分级，则英国一个小肉铺亦可以算 “正国级”，因为店主自己就是最高领导者。正是因为如此，后人才普遍认为斯密开创了市场经济的经济学。如果我们同意斯密的话，那么，把君主改个名就够了，新的基准理论不可能建立也不必要去建立。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">如果不同意斯密理论，像田先生那样需要领导或者像李先生那样与“西方自由”分庭抗礼，那就确实需要新的经济学。卖肉者和买肉者若在交易中被领导，这一交易便无法用市场经济的经济学解释。可假使一个个企业和消费者在交易中竟然自由地不被领导，“有利于领导”和“反对自由”的提议便无法落实到微观层次，两先生的提议就会成为空话。因此，如果两先生的提议要落实到经济学基准理论中，中国确实需要一套新的经济学，一套非市场经济的经济学。当然，马克思设想的社会主义经济便不是市场经济。可是，两先生真的主张中国应当走上非市场经济道路吗？我想，那些要求消灭私有制的人，多半不会相信他们。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">第五，目前许多人指责“西方经济学”不适用于中国，所举的几乎都是经济政策层面理由，比如没有解释中国经济的成功等等，而鲜有触及基准理论的理由。与所有科学一样，经济学也有学与术之分。正如前面所说，经济学的“学”不可能直接解释中国或任何一国的经济现象。就拿马克思经济学来说，它也无法直接解释，因此人们才提出该理论的中国化或者在中国“创造性地”应用该理论，而不是建立一套新理论。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">西方经济学之所以成为市场经济的基准理论，是因为它适合于西方、东方以及南方和北方，只要这些地方承认市场经济。</span></strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-family: Arial; color: #333333; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">但是，在包括西方国家在内的任何国家，西方经济学的应用都需要该国学者的创造性。打个比方，在长江和泰晤士河建桥都需要工程师的创造性，但中国工程师不需要新创一套力学基准理论，英国工程师也不能把“英国力学”直接用于建桥。毫无疑问，中国经济学者在创造性地应用现代经济学方面做得严重不够，其中原因不在这里讨论。但是，如果著名学者不认真发挥自己在中国应用经济学时的创造性，反而把创造性严重不够的问题说成是经济学本身的问题，那便既误导政府的政策制定者，也误导青年学子。</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">此外，我还想指出，任何对中国最近四十年经济成功的解释都是不完全的，完美解释的要求永远不可能实现。我们看看对其他国家例如英、德国、美、日经济成功的解释，就会发现多种互不相同甚至矛盾的解释，而这些解释所依据的基准理论还是同一种！因此，尽管我们需要更加令人信服的中国经济的理论解释或指导，但是我们必须明确，任何理论（即使真有所谓的中国经济学）解释和指导都有局限性，都不能非常令人满意，更谈不上令所有人满意。而这样的不满意不应当仅仅成为理论工作的动力，它更应当成为任何理论都具有局限性的提醒剂：毕竟，把某些似是而非的说法作为“放之四海而皆准”理论的时代已经过去了，而且应当不会再来。</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">最后，我想起大约二十年前，当我最初担任研究生导师的时候，我曾经要求我的学生远离所谓的“政治经济学”。今天，我对向我询问的年轻朋友的建议依然类似：像“非礼勿视”那样地远离“创立中国经济学”一类的扯谈！！把精力专注在经典文献和你特别关注的个别问题上！！</span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin: 0em 1em; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.75em; background: white; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #333333; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">“夜话”，2018年第5期，2018年3月13日</span></p>