<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">前言</span></p><div><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">国务院发展研究中心研究员王亦楠博士于</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">2016</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">年</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">7</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">月</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">11</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">日在《<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">能源》杂志上发表《关于三峡,不能不清楚的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">15</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">个重要史实和事实<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">》文章,她在前言中写道:“</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">最近几年,随着人们对生态环境问题的<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">关注,我国同时也是世界最大的水利枢纽工程——长江三峡在社会上<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">再度成为讨论热点,其中,《三峡大坝何去何从》、《<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">三峡大坝终将炸掉》、《三峡欠一个向国人跪地谢罪的最后仪式》<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">等一些严重违背历史、违背科学的文章在社会上广为流传,给很多不<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">明真相的读者造成了极大误导,因为按照这些文章的观点,三峡工程<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">不仅不是“造福今人、泽惠子孙”的“千秋伟业”,反而成了“<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">决策轻率、遗祸无穷”的“千古之罪”。历史不能忘记,历史也不是<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">任人打扮的小姑娘。既然社会各界如此关注三峡,那么,“<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">为什么要修三峡、三峡工程是如何从设想变为现实、三峡工程的利弊<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">究竟如何”等诸多原则性问题,必须尊重历史、尊重科学,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">给予正本清源。为便于读者更清楚了解三峡工程的前前后后和方方面<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">面,笔者从四个角度指出关于三峡工程的不能淡忘、不能抹掉、不能<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">篡改的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">15个重要史实和事实。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">”</span></div><div> </div><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">但是把历史当作</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">任人打扮的小姑娘的,不是别人,正好是</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">《关于三峡<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">,不能不清楚的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">15</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">个重要史实和事实》</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">的作者。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">一、<a name="m_6891337087006863514_m_5001382014761710556__Hlk508353081" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">自古以来,长江流域的洪旱灾害一直是中华民族的心腹大患</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">,尤<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">以长江中下游地区为甚</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">王亦楠博士文章中关于长江流域的洪旱灾害描述摘录如下:</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">“自古以来,长江流域的洪旱灾害一直是中华民族的心腹大患,尤以<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">长江中下游地区为甚。长江是中国第一大河,流域面积占全国</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">1/5<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">,人口占1/3,经济总量占40%以上,在国民经济发展中举足轻<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">重。长江哺育了中华民族,也带来了无穷水患灾难。从汉初到清末,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">长江共发生毁灭性洪水灾害214次,平均十年一次。 20世纪洪灾更加频繁,1921、1931、1935、1949<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">、1954、1981、1983、1991、1998年都发生了<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">大规模洪灾,给人民生命财产造成重大损失,这些历史尚未久远,不<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">能忘却:</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">●</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;"> 1931年长江中下游淹没耕地达5000万亩,死亡14.5多万<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">人,受灾人口3000多万。1935年汉江干堤决口,一晚就淹死<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">8万多人。灾情震惊中外,国民政府邀国内外专家研究如何建设水库<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">控制洪水。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">●</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;"> 1954年特大洪灾创历史新纪录,尽管1000多万人在大堤上严<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">防死守,并三次启用荆江分洪工程才保证了荆江大堤的安全,但仍造<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">成严重损害:受灾人口1880万,死亡3.3万,淹没耕地470<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">0万亩,武汉市1/3被淹没,京广铁路100天未能正常通车。当<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">年来华访问的前苏联最高领导人赫鲁晓夫在武汉上空察看时颇感震惊<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">,即表示同意给予帮助、安排苏联专家组来华协助编制长江流域规划<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">●</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;"> 1998年发生了仅次于1954年的大洪水,且持续时间长。尽管<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">倾举国之力抗洪抢险,受灾严重的长江中下游五省仍造成1562人<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">死亡、2000多亿元的直接经济损失。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">长江流域的旱灾也频频发生,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">1930、1934、1937、19<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">41、1942、1959、1976年尤为严重,农业生产遭重创<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">,人民生活之悲惨从电影《1942》可见一斑。正因江河水患使民<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">生凋敝、经济衰退,历代执政者无一不把兴水利、除水害作为治国理<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">政的头等大事。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">5、兴建堤防和分蓄洪区都难以根治长江水患,必须修建控制性水库<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">,三峡正是地理条件得天独厚的“枢纽”所在。长江上游2/3是山<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">区,中下游以平原为主。“万里长江险在荆江”,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">即湖北枝城到湖南岳阳城陵矶的全长360公里的一段,因地势平坦<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">洪水宣泄不畅,上游洪水又常与湘水、资水、沅水等相遇,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">荆江大堤洪水位常高出堤内10多米,明清史料记载溃堤事故平均1<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">0年一次,后果极严重。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">通过总结历史上长江中下游的各类防洪措施发现,尽管兴建堤防和分<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">蓄洪区也有重要作用,但只能“治标”而无法“治本”:<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">要达到能抵御</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">1954年大洪水的水平,荆江大堤须普遍加高2~3<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">.5米,不仅难实现、不经济,且堤防越高潜在的危险也越大;分蓄<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">洪区也只是防止自然溃堤决口而“两害相权取其轻”之举,在人口稠<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">密经济发达的平原地区已越来越困难。1998年抗洪抢险之艰难即<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">是例证。”(摘录完)</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">其中王亦楠博士对长江流域的洪旱灾害的总结:“自古以来,长江流<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">域的洪旱灾害一直是中华民族的心腹大患,尤以长江中下游地区为甚<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">”,这是对历史的篡改,是对历史的任意打扮。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">二、自古以来就是从有文字记载的时候算起的</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">“自古以来,长江流域的洪旱灾害一直是中华民族的心腹大患,尤以<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">长江中下游地区为甚。”</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">在这里要明确两个概念,第一是时间,第二是地点。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">首先是时间,这个自古以来应该从什么时候算起呢?笔者以为自古以<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">来就是从有文字记载的时候算起的。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">宋正海主编的《中国古代重大自然灾害和异常年表总集》指出:“中<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">国古代自然记录,不仅源远流长,而且数量大、质量高,且有系列长<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">、连续性好、地域广阔、内容多样、相关性综合性强等优点。<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">中国有着长达</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">4000多年的文字记载历史。自殷商甲骨文起,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">各朝代的书籍中都有关于太阳黑子、日蚀、月蚀、雨、旱、风、雹、<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">疫等记载。这些自然记载被世界公认为是出现最早、<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">年代最久远的记录。”</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">根据国家防汛抗旱总指挥部与水利部南京水文水资源研究所编的《中<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">国水旱灾害》,中国是一个历史悠久、文化发达的文明古国,有着极<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">其丰富的历史典籍。这些历史典籍记载了长达</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">3000多年的连续的<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">自然灾害资料。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">中国最早有文字记录的黄河流域大旱灾是公元前</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">1652年;</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">中国最早有文字记录的黄河改道是周定王五年(公元前</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">602年);</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">中国最早有文字记录的黄河流域水灾是汉高后四年(公元前</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">184年<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">);</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">中国最早有文字记录的长江流域大旱灾是公元前</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">235年;</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">中国最早有文字记录的长江流域水灾是汉高后三年(公元前</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">185年<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">)。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">按照宋正海主编的《中国古代重大自然灾害和异常年表总集》,自古<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">以来应该从殷商甲骨文算起,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">4000多年的时间;按照国家防汛抗<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">旱总指挥部与水利部南京水文水资源研究所编的《中国水旱灾害》,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">自古以来应该从公元前约1000年(大约是算商朝灭亡)算起, 3000多年的历史。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">原北京市副市长邓拓在《中国救荒史》中把汉朝立国(公元前</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">205<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">年)作为始点,来统计各朝代发生的水旱灾荒,这样把黄河流域和长<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">江流域水灾的最早文字记录都包括在内。但是邓拓把汉代以前的所有<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">水旱灾荒全部省略不计。这样,自古以来应该从公元前约205年算<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">起, 2300多年的历史。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">读者可以自己界定自古以来的时间起点。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">其次是地点,王亦楠博士已经框定了长江流域,重点是长江中下游地<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">区。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">三、《中国古代重大自然灾害和异常年表总集》中长江流域水灾记录</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">宋正海主编的《中国古代重大自然灾害和异常年表总集》中有关大旱<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">灾的记录多于水灾记录,时代也早于水灾记录。最早的大旱灾是商汤<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">十九年(公元前</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">1652年),然后商汤二十年、商汤二十一年、<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">商汤二十二年、商汤二十三年、商汤二十六年,一共六年连续大旱。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">长江流域的最早大旱灾记录是秦始皇十二年(公元前</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">235年)湖南<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">大旱。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">有长江流域水灾一章。最早的洪水记录为:</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">公元前</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">185年(汉高后三年),陕西、湖北:夏,汉中、南郡大水<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">,水出流四千余家。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">到清朝结束,一共有长江水灾记录</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">327次。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"> </p><table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="color: #000000; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; border-collapse: collapse; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;"><tbody><tr><td width="302" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 226.55pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </p></td><td width="110" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 82.3pt; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">水灾记录</span></p></td><td width="192" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 144.25pt; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">每十年发生水灾次数</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="302" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 226.55pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">汉朝(公元前</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">205年至220年)</span></p></td><td width="110" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 82.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">5次</span></p></td><td width="192" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 144.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">0.12</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="302" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 226.55pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">三国(</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">221年至280年)</span></p></td><td width="110" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 82.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">2次</span></p></td><td width="192" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 144.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">0.33</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="302" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 226.55pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">两晋、南北朝、隋朝(</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">281年至619年)</span></p></td><td width="110" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 82.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">18次</span></p></td><td width="192" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 144.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">0.53</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="302" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 226.55pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">唐朝(</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">620年至960年)</span></p></td><td width="110" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 82.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">19次</span></p></td><td width="192" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 144.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">0.56</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="302" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 226.55pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">宋朝(</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">961年至1279年)</span></p></td><td width="110" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 82.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">50次</span></p></td><td width="192" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 144.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">1.57</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="302" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 226.55pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">元朝(</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">1280年至1367年)</span></p></td><td width="110" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 82.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">18次</span></p></td><td width="192" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 144.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">2.05</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="302" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 226.55pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">明朝(</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">1368年至1644年)</span></p></td><td width="110" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 82.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">92次</span></p></td><td width="192" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 144.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">3.32</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="302" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 226.55pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">清朝(</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">1645年至1912年)</span></p></td><td width="110" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 82.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">123次</span></p></td><td width="192" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 144.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">4.59</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">从这两千多年的水灾记录中可以看到,发生水灾的频率随着时间的发<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">展而不断地增加。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">汉朝之前,长江流域没有水灾记录;汉朝时,长江流域鲜有水灾记录<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">;到了两晋、南北朝,发生水灾的频率增加;唐、宋、元、明、清,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">发生水灾的频率持续增加。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">两千多年前,从西起宜昌、宜都东至武汉以东的江北地区和部分江南<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">地区是连绵不断的湖泊和沼泽,这一地区称云梦泽,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">也是楚王的猎狩区。云梦泽面积最大时面积有</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">2万6千平方公里。长<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">江在南津关出了三峡之后,进入云梦泽,江湖不分,随着长江的汛枯<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">季,江湖水位自然消涨,云梦泽成为长江、汉江洪水自然的调节场所<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">。所以秦汉之前江患甚少。长江流域的最早洪水记录出现在汉江上游<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">,而不是出现在荆江河段,那是因为那时荆江河段还是云梦泽的核心<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">区域。由于泥沙沉积,云梦泽的水深变小,部分地区汛期是湖泊,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">枯水期是湿地。但是江南的洞庭湖的面积却不断扩大,分担了云梦泽<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">的部分洪水自然调节的作用。到了唐宋时期,云梦泽和洞庭湖的总体<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">洪水自然调节能力不如秦汉之前的云梦泽。南宋时期,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">金人占据北方,汉人大规模南迁,人们开始在河湖地区围垦枯水期的<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">湿地,并在四周筑堤,形成围垸,保证农田在汛期也不被洪水淹。《<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">湖北通志》记载:“荆江九穴十三口分泄江流,宋以前诸穴皆通,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">故江患甚少”。到了明朝,对云梦泽的围垦加剧。特别是湖北出了张<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">居正这么一个强势的宰相,将长江北岸的围垸连成一线,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">成为长江干流北岸大堤(其中一段就是荆江大堤),将长江从江湖一<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">体的状态修整为长江干流一条线,两侧受大堤约束的状态,当然长江<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">南岸大堤的强度和高度都不如北岸大堤。长江和云梦泽、洞庭湖的自<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">然联系被长江大堤切断了。从此,云梦泽全部消亡。湖北省现存的一<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">些湖泊如洪湖等诸多湖泊,都是历史上云梦泽的一部分。1860年<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">和1870年荆江河段发生历史上最严重的洪水灾害,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">就是张居正治江的结果。这是自明清之后,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">长江洪水频率增高的主要原因。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">所以,并非自古以来长江流域的洪旱灾害一直是中华民族的心腹大患<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">,而是有一个发展过程。而水灾频率的增加是由于人和水争夺空间的<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">结果。长江洪水不是自古以来就有的,也不是从汉初以来就是平均十<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">年一次。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">四、《中国水旱灾害》对长江水灾历史记载的评价</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">《中国水旱灾害》则指出:“隋代以前,长江中下游沿江一带人口尚<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">不密集,两岸分洪蓄洪之地也多,虽洪水泛滥而社会损失有限。<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">自唐以来,这一地区的居室日密,经济发展,洲滩筑堤围垦渐多,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">水灾也日趋严重。据历史记载粗略统计,自唐至清近</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">1300年间,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">水灾共223次,其中汉江42次。水灾频次愈到近期愈多,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">灾情也愈严重:唐代平均每18年一次,宋、<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">元时期平均5年至6年一次,明清时期平均每4年一次。”</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">王亦楠博士说,从汉初到清末,长江共发生毁灭性洪水灾害</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">214次<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">,平均十年一次。而根据《中国水旱灾害》,从汉初到隋末这700<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">多年长江几乎没有发生过毁灭性洪水灾害。而是从唐朝至清朝水灾频<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">次愈到近期愈多,灾情也愈严重。并非自古以来长江就给长江流域的<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">人民带来无穷水患灾难。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">五、《中国历史大洪水调查资料汇编》对长江水灾的历史记载</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">除了在各种历籍中关于洪水的记录,在中国江河沿岸留下了大量的历<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">史洪水标志、题刻和碑铭记。《中国历史大洪水调查资料汇编》是对<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">全国范围内的文字记载和洪水标志等进行全面整理,从时间序列上来<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">看,资料收集到</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">1979年为止。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">对于长江的水灾分十个区域进行:</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">1、长江上游金沙江水系,最早水灾记录或洪水标志为1813年;</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">2、长江上游宜宾至宜昌区间,最早水灾记录或洪水标志为1153<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">年;</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">3、长江上游岷、沱江水系,最早水灾记录或洪水标志为1828年<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">;</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">4、长江上游嘉陵江水系,最早水灾记录或洪水标志为1519年;</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">5、长江中游宜昌至汉口区间,最早水灾记录或洪水标志为1826<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">年;</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">6、长江中游汉口至湖口区间,最早水灾记录或洪水标志为1788<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">年;</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">7、长江中游洞庭湖水系,最早水灾记录或洪水标志为1617年;</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">8、长江中游汉江及汈汊湖水系,最早水灾记录或洪水标志为149<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">8年;</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">9、长江下游湖口以下,最早水灾记录或洪水标志为1751年;</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">10、浙、闽、台地区,在此忽略不计。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">王亦楠博士文章中指出:““万里长江险在荆江”,即湖北枝城到湖<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">南岳阳城陵矶的全长</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">360公里的一段,因地势平坦洪水宣泄不畅,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">上游洪水又常与湘水、资水、沅水等相遇,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">荆江大堤洪水位常高出堤内10多米,明清史料记载溃堤事故平均1<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">0年一次,后果极严重。”</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">从湖北枝城到湖南岳阳城陵矶全长</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">360公里的这一段,正好包含在<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">长江中游宜昌至汉口区间。这一段的最早水灾记录或洪水标志出现的<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">时间最晚,为1826年。在1860年和1870年的11年间发<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">生了两次大于百年一遇的洪水。这才有了后面的“<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">万里长江险在荆江”,“明清史料记载溃堤事故平均10年一次,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">后果极严重”。1860年和1870年的洪水都是冲毁了荆江南岸<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">的大堤,而没有冲毁荆江北岸的大堤,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">这是张居正保北舍南政策的结果。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">唐朝诗人在描写长江,特别是宜昌至汉口这一段,有很多诗句,如李<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">白《黄鹤楼送孟浩然之广陵》中的“孤帆远影碧空尽,唯见长江天际<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">流”,又如李白《渡荆门送别》中的“渡远荆门外,来从楚国游。<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">山随平野尽,江入大荒流”。孟浩然《望洞庭湖赠张丞相》中的“<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">八月湖水平, 涵虚混太清。气蒸云梦泽, 波撼岳阳城”。孟浩然《与诸子登岘山》中的“水落鱼梁浅,天寒梦<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">泽深”等等。唐朝时宜昌至汉口的长江河段浩瀚无际,有很大的自然<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">消纳洪水的能力,自然少有洪水灾害的记录。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">可见长江中游宜昌至汉口区间,并非自古以来就是如此,而是明朝后<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">期以来对长江流域生态环境破坏的结果。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: FangSong;"><br /><br /></span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">六、<span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">李锐《谈长江防洪》</span></span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial; color: #2b2b2b;">1958年中共中央南宁会议上,李锐和林一山辩论三峡工程。李锐<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial; color: #2b2b2b;">发言,开门见山地指出,长江不同于黄河,自古以来是条好河,是世<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial; color: #2b2b2b;">界大河中数得着的黄金水道,泥沙也不如黄河之严重。他特别强调,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial; color: #2b2b2b;">现在修建三峡水库,涉及移民问题,如坝高200米,估计移民至少<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial; color: #2b2b2b;">要105万人,极为困难。他认为修建三峡,主要是一个大水电站的<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial; color: #2b2b2b;">作用,三峡水库防洪能保护荆江大堤,但对武汉不起作用。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">1998年长江洪水后,<span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">李锐在《当代中国研究》上发表《谈长江防<wbr></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">洪》一文,指出:“历史上长江曾是条具有良好的自调蓄泄功能的河<wbr></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">流,洪灾并不很严重。宋代以前有九穴十三口,南北分泄、<wbr></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">调蓄洪水,演变到本世纪,仅存南岸四口。国民党统治时期,听任湖<wbr></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">泊长期淤积,盲目开垦湖田,湖泊调蓄作用大减,导致水灾严重。<wbr></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">新中国成立后,我们对这个教训虽有所认识,但在“蓄洪垦殖”<wbr></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">的水利方针、“以粮为纲”的战略、以及“要超纲、开湖荒”<wbr></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">的口号影响下,围湖造田日趋严重。长江中下游原有大量湖泊,</span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">19<wbr></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">54年通江湖泊共计15,329平方公里,但到了1980年仅存<wbr></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">6,605平方公里。湖北的洪湖、西凉湖、<wbr></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">东西湖等通江湖泊的湖口全被堵塞了;洞庭湖、鄱阳湖都新增了围垸<wbr></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">,蓄洪量减少近半。同时,长江两岸新建了很多码头、港口,<wbr></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">在河床上也乱建工程、扩大居地,当地政府对此长期不加控制和管理<wbr></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">。另外,长江流域上游本是关内森林覆盖率最高的地区,自“<wbr></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">大跃进”时代大炼钢铁、乱砍林木以来,<wbr></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">森林植被一直遭到严重破坏,由此导致长江流域的水土流失面积增加<wbr></span><span style="color: #2b2b2b; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">了40至50%,泥沙下泄、河床壅高、湖泊淤积。”</span></span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">可见,长江洪灾自近代以来日趋严重,沿江滨湖地区,围垦加剧,河<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">流河道和湖泊的自然调蓄能力减小,通江穴口被堵塞,江河和湖泊的<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">内在联系被切断,互补功能消失,是长江洪灾频率加高、<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">灾害损失扩大的主要原因。并非自古以来就是如此。<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">明朝的宰相张居正是湖北人,当年的云梦泽变成了江汉平原的粮食基<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">地。新中国的毛泽东是湖南人,在洞庭湖也可以“喜看稻菽千重浪”<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">,只是水失去了它们生存的空间。二十世纪八十年代初,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">笔者到湖南、湖北搞国土规划时,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">两省正为如何贯彻中央长江防洪规划打个不停,湖北省建议洞庭湖退<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">耕还湖,加大洞庭湖蓄洪能力;湖南省建议江汉平原退耕还湖,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">回到云梦泽,承担分蓄长江洪水的任务。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">七、邹家华<a name="m_6891337087006863514_m_5001382014761710556__Hlk509384092" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">《关于提请审议兴建长江三峡工程议案的说明》</span></a></span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">1992年3月21日邹家华副总理在第七届全国人民代表大会第五<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">次会议上做《关于提请审议兴建长江三峡工程议案的说明》。邹家华<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">在报告中指出:“长江是我国最大的河流,全长6300公里,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">流域面积180万平方公里,约占全国陆地总面积的19%,养育了<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">全国1/3的人口。长江流域的水资源十分丰富,总量占全国的1/<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">3,水力资源可开发量占全国的53%,内河航运里程占全国的70<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">%。流域内气候适宜,物产丰富,工农业总产值占全国的40%,在<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">我国经济建设中占有十分重要的地位。但是,长江流域的水旱灾害分<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">布很广,尤以中下游平原地区洪涝灾害最为严重。从清代以来,水灾<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">更趋频繁。1860年、1870年两次特大洪水,中下游平原损失<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">惨重。本世纪1931年、1935年两次大洪水,分别淹地509<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">0万亩和2246万亩,直接淹死人口分别为145500人和14<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">2000人。1954年大洪水,虽然经过广大军民大力防守、<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">抢救,采取分洪措施,仍淹地4755万亩,死亡33000人,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">京广铁路100天不能正常运行。历史上每次灾害,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">都给流域内人民的生命财产带来巨大损失,对国家经济造成很大的影<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">响。”</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">邹家华在报告截取的时间点是“从清代以来”,趋势是“水灾更趋频<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">繁”,这个趋势在</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">1949年以后也是继续保持。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">邹家华并不认同“自古以来,长江流域的洪旱灾害一直是中华民族的<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">心腹大患,尤以长江中下游地区为甚”的说法。邹家华把时间的起点<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">定位于从清代以来。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">八、只有河患</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">,而鮮有江患</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">中國有句古話</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">:“只有河患,而鮮有江患”, 这里的河是指黄河,而江则指長江,意思是说,黄河历来洪水灾害频<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">繁发生,而长江的洪水灾害则比较少。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">2017年5月9日记者林瑞益在《旺报》上发表《云梦大泽疏洪 长江唐宋前无水患》一文,指出王亦楠博士对历史的错误界定。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">林瑞益指出:“洞庭湖与鄱阳湖,先秦时期都是云梦大泽的一部分。<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">在唐宋以前,长江从无水患,就是因为中下游有大量的湖泊水体,即<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">使夏季大雨,也可以疏流。”</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">“北魏郦道元《水经注》记载,当时的云梦泽「周三四百里,及其夏<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">水来匯,渺若沧海,洪谭巨浪,荥连江沔」。进入隋唐后,云梦泽不<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">断萎缩,唐宋之际,江汉平原上大面积的湖泊已经不存在,大湖泊演<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">变为星罗棋布的小湖沼。”</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">李锐先生指出:“历史上,长江有九穴十三口南北分洪,南面主要是<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">洞庭湖,北面主要是云梦泽,湖北是千湖之省,有上千个大小湖泊。<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">自古以来,长江南北岸都有堤防,但从明朝起,传说是由于那时有名<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">的宰相湖北人张居正的支持,湖北逐渐把长江北岸的堤防加高,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">把分洪的口子也都堵死了。结果,北岸的江堤又高又厚,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">南岸的堤却又低又薄;于是,洪水就先后在南岸冲开了松滋、太平、<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">藕池、调弦四个口子,淹到了湖南和洞庭湖,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">而北岸的荆江地区的很多湖泊却变成了土地。不过,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">洪水虽然使洞庭湖地区当年会蒙受损失,但水退之后土地淤肥了,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">第二年就可能高产丰收。”李锐引用“天下本无事,庸人自扰之”<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">一语来描述为长江防洪而修建三峡工程。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">何报寅发表在《中国人口·资源与环境》杂志</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">2000年第10卷专<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">刊上的《对长江洪水的分析》一文给出了一千多年来长江洪灾频度表<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">。</span></p><div> </div><div><img src="/EditBackyard/EditorData/Photo/2018/Mar/328201829-b1.JPG" width="572" height="318" alt="" /> </div><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">从公元</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">276年到1524年(约为三国后期到明朝中期),平均每<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">83年发生一次严重洪涝灾害;从1525年到1851年(约为明<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">朝中期到清朝中后期),平均每20年发生一次严重洪涝灾害;从1<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">852年到1949年(约为清朝中后期到中华人民共和国成立),<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">平均每5年发生一次严重洪涝灾害;中华人民共和国成立后,长江严<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">重洪涝灾害发生更加频繁,从1983年到1998年是每1.6年<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">发生一次严重洪涝灾害(即每十年发生6.25次严重洪涝灾害)。<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">这里必须问一个为什么!</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">騰飛說史的《長江本無水患,洪水為什麼會越來越嚴重?我們對長江<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">做了什麼?》一文指出:唐代平均</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">18年一次(水灾),宋代平均5<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">、6年一次,明清平均4年一次。1921年至1949年,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">長江平均每2年發生一次洪水。至于中华人民共和国成立后的长江水<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">灾频率,没有给出数据。文章认为:長江流域的洪水頻率越來越高,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">洪水的災害程度越來越大,主要原因有兩點:第一,長江上游森林資<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">源的破壞,導致水土流失越來越嚴重。第二,長江中游和下游,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">大量的圍湖造田,湖泊和沼澤等天然水體的消失,使得長江自我調節<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">洪水的能力喪失。兩方面的原因加重了長江的水患。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">九、長江上游森林資源的破壞,導致水土流失越來越嚴重,是长江洪<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">水频发的主要原因</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">森林的生态功能包括涵养水源和防止土壤被侵蚀,特别是原始森林这<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">方面的功能特别强。降水时,森林的林冠、低矮的灌木层和地面的草<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">可以吸纳部分降雨量,树下的枯枝落叶层也可以吸纳部分降雨量,根<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">系和有良好结构的土壤又可以吸纳部分降雨量,这样就减小了降雨形<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">成的地表径流量和地表径流速度,从而起到滞洪、<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">减小洪水灾害和减少土壤流失的作用。根据经验数据,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">在同样降雨条件下,森林砍伐区与森林区相比,前者的地表径流量(<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">洪水量)为后者的3至4倍。所以对森林資源的破壞,是长江流域水<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">土流失与水旱灾害频发的主要原因之一。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">历史上長江中上游曾经是原始森林密布的地区。从秦汉时代开始,一<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">部分森林被砍伐用于建造宫殿和房屋,一部分森林被开垦成农田,长<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">江流域有了洪水灾害的记录。但是从总体上来说,森林覆盖率还是保<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">持在一个较高水平,森林覆盖率在</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">50%以上。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">进入唐宋盛期,中国经济中心逐步南移,对森林被砍伐和围垦加剧,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">森林系统的保护功能减弱,洪水灾害逐渐增多,水土流失加重,长江<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">水也开始变黄。到了明清时代,長江流域经济进一步发展,人口增加<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">,特别是長江中上游地区。对森林的砍伐加剧,四川盆地周边低山的<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">大量林地被开垦成农田,致使四川的河流泥沙量增加,蜀江水兼浊。<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">据估计,到清末,川鄂山区的森林覆盖率只有</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">40%,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">而低山地区只有20%。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">到</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">1949年中华人民共和国成立时,四川的森林覆盖率为20%,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">云南的森林覆盖率为47%。从那以后,長江上游的森林資源经历了<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">三次大的破坏。第一次是大跃进时期和紧接着的经济恢复时期对川西<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">和滇北山区的原始森林的大砍伐。第二次是六十年代的三线建设,長<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">江上游地区正好是三线建设的重点,还发动了金沙江林区伐木大会战<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">。第三次是改革开放之后,林地承包给个人,但是承包期限不明确(<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">一般只有十年)。获得林地的承包人,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">为了在短期的承包期内获得最大的经济利益,将林木砍伐殆尽。到1<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">998年长江洪水前,四川的森林覆盖率只有13.3%,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">比全国森林覆盖率13.94%还低。四川有点县的森林覆盖率只有<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">3%,而且还都是人工植造的新树。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">由于森林被大量砍伐,森林覆盖率大幅度降低,现有的“森林”生态<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">防护功能低下,致使长江流域水土流失面积增加。二十世纪五十年代<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">初,长江流域水土流失面积为</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">36万平方公里占流域的20%。<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">到二十世纪九十年代,水土流失面积增加到57万平方公里,净增加<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">21万平方公里,增加58%。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">水土流失导致长江中泥沙含量增加,中下游地区的长江河道河床抬高<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">。</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">1998年长江洪水的实质是不到十年一遇的洪水流量造成历史最<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">高的洪水位。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">十、長江中游和下游大量的圍湖造田,湖泊和沼澤等天然水體的消失</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">二十世纪五十年代初,长江中下游湖泊面积共有</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">25828平方公里<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">,到二十世纪七十年代末,湖泊面积减少到14073平方公里,为<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">五十年代初湖泊面积的54.5%。到八十年代末,湖泊面积仅为1<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">0473平方公里,仅为五十年代初湖泊面积的40.5%。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">根据方春明和钟正琴提供的资料,洞庭湖在公元前</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">589年之前,是<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">个湖面面积扩张的过程,在公元前589年之后,湖面面积渐渐减小<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">,从1825年起,湖面面积减小速度加快,特别是1949年之后<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">。</span></p><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: FangSong;"><br clear="all" /></span><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: FangSong;"><br /><br /></span></p><table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="620" style="color: #000000; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; width: 464.9pt; border-collapse: collapse; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial;"><tbody><tr><td width="151" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 113.15pt; border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">年代</span></p></td><td width="132" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 99.25pt; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">洞庭湖湖面面积</span></p></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 71.2pt; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">指数</span></p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">洞庭湖容积量</span></p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="151" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 113.15pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">公元前</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">770~221年</span></p></td><td width="132" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 99.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">方园</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">260里</span></p></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 71.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="151" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 113.15pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">公元前</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">589年</span></p></td><td width="132" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 99.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">方园</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">500里</span></p></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 71.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="151" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 113.15pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">1825</span></p></td><td width="132" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 99.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">6000平方公里</span></p></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 71.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="151" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 113.15pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">1896</span></p></td><td width="132" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 99.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">5400平方公里</span></p></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 71.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="151" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 113.15pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">1932</span></p></td><td width="132" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 99.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">4700平方公里</span></p></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 71.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </p></td></tr><tr><td width="151" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 113.15pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">1949</span></p></td><td width="132" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 99.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">4350平方公里</span></p></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 71.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">100</span></p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">293亿立方米</span></p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">100.00</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="151" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 113.15pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">1954</span></p></td><td width="132" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 99.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">3915平方公里</span></p></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 71.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">90.00</span></p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">268</span></p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">91.47</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="151" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 113.15pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">1958</span></p></td><td width="132" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 99.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">3141平方公里</span></p></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 71.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">72,21</span></p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">228</span></p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">77,82</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="151" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 113.15pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">1971</span></p></td><td width="132" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 99.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">2820平方公里</span></p></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 71.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">64,83</span></p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">188</span></p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">64,16</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="151" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 113.15pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">1978</span></p></td><td width="132" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 99.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">2691平方公里</span></p></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 71.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">61,86</span></p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">174</span></p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">59,39</span></p></td></tr><tr><td width="151" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 113.15pt; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">1995</span></p></td><td width="132" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 99.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">2623平方公里</span></p></td><td width="95" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 71.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">60,30</span></p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">167</span></p></td><td width="121" valign="top" style="font-size: 13px; width: 90.65pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;"><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">57,00</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: FangSong;"> </span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">注:洞庭湖容积量为水位海拔</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">31.米时的容积。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">湖北省素有千湖之省的美称,二十世纪</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">50年代湖北省有0.1平方<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">公里以上大小的湖泊1309个,湖泊总面积8503.7平方公里<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">,约有两个洞庭湖的面积。到二十世纪80年代,湖泊数量下降到8<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">38个,湖泊面积缩减为2977.3平方公里,仅为二十世纪50<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">年代湖泊总面积的35%。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">长江中下游地区原本湖泊众多,湖泊对洪水具有明显的削减洪峰,并<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">具有滞蓄洪水的作用,起到减少洪水危害的效果。但是不合理的围湖<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">造田活动造成湖泊个数减少、湖泊面积下降以及湖泊容量下降,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">增加了洪水危害。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">从</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">1949年到1998年的近50年间,仅洞庭湖就发生洪水灾害<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">37次。长江流域的洪水频率更是到了一年一次或是一年几次的水平<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"> </p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">十一、结束语</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">古話说</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">:“只有河患,而鮮有江患”。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">长江流域洪旱灾害有一个发展过程,从没有到有,从很少发生到经常<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">发生。人类活动与水争夺空间的活动越激烈,洪旱灾害就越严重,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">发生的频率也越高。长江中游宜昌至汉口区间,最早水灾记录或洪水<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">标志为</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">1826年,自清代以来,水灾更趋频繁。<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: Arial;">这个趋势在中华人民共和国成立后依然没有停止。</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 15.6933px; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: FangSong;">所以“自古以来,长江流域的洪旱灾害一直是中华民族的心腹大患,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: FangSong;">尤以长江中下游地区为甚”是对历史的篡改,是对历史的任意打扮,<wbr></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; font-family: FangSong;">是误导民众。</span></p>