<div><div style="display: inline-block;"></div></div> <p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">作为中国历史的研究者,如何解释20世纪中国革命的成功与起因,是一个具有持久魅力的话题,不仅仅因为其间的错综复杂与波澜壮阔,更因为在某种程度上,我们依旧身处历史的波动之中,寻找历史的遗产,也在寻找新的出口。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">这其中,近代社会中的权力与农村问题,是中国近代转型的核心问题,费孝通的《乡土社会》、吴晗《皇权与绅权》、瞿同祖的《清代地方政府》,都曾有过经典的论述。中国独特的官僚阶层、权力与礼教的结合,共同形塑了中国社会。看似无所不能的中央政府无法将权力渗透到社会基层,只能将权力转移至乡绅、书吏和基层官吏手中,用自古以来的编户齐民将农民束缚在土地上,同时切换着“法治”与“礼治”的训诫。正如瞿同祖的经典论断:一个决定性的因素就是,所有这些集团,都在现行体制下获得最大的回报;惟一例外的是普通百姓。因此,尽管会有紧张,治人者却没有兴趣去改变现状。看似“帝力于我有何哉”的生活方式其实隐藏着反叛的种子,直到中国被迫与世界对话,长期被士大夫和知识分子所忽略的农民爆发出惊人的能量,最终与中国革命的叙事所合流。自柯文的《从中国发现历史》开始,曾经以费正清“冲击-回应”的美国学者,开始重新审视中国近代转型中内部所蕴含的巨大动因与中国历史所独有的历史逻辑。历史不仅仅是传统与现代的二分法,也并非现代化史观所描述的线性发展轨迹,其中蕴藏着无数断裂与分歧,也许只有放弃宏大叙事的视角,耐心地进入历史具体的时段与空间,我们才能清楚现代与近代之间的彼此渗透与呼应,重新建立近代史学叙述的动态平衡。看似被遗忘与流动的人群与地带,也许存在被熄灭的现代化因素,而以这个角度切入历史,或许比一味地批判帝制时代的愚昧与落后更能了解民族自身的命运。深刻地理解自身,是历史学研究进入世界唯一隘口。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">彭慕兰先生的名著《腹地的建构》聚焦于中国历史上著名的黄运区,曾于1994年获费正清东亚研究最佳著作奖和美国史学会奖。而在他看来,近代中国的失败不在于政治与经济转型的失败,而在于长期对于腹地地区的经营失败。而正是因为对于公共福利与基础设施建设的缺位,最终导致越来越多的农民走上了革命之路。帝制时代不断累积的制度成本,以及富强与人民福利之间的脱节,使得中国一再错失了现代化的机会,而自古以来中央集权帝国所依赖的强大的国家机器,必然使得政府在地域政策上忽视了地域之间经济与自然地差异带来了南北地区之间的彼此剥削与压制,使得黄运区成为了权力的中空地带与秩序的低地,最终导致了与西方最后的“大分流”。在这一块被遗忘的区域,彭慕兰发现了中国国家治理与社会构建的独特方法与逻辑,也正是看似与历史进程绝缘的边缘地带,常常是历史的暗流。当历史研究逐渐把视角转向区域研究,当历史学家们越来越关注历史的地域性与“中国”所代表的流动的概念,中国国家的构建以及区域间的起伏、整合,依旧考验着今天的我们。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">访谈</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">问=经济观察报</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">答=彭慕兰</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">译=周官语希</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">问:对于近代华北农村的变革,萧公权的《中国乡村》与杜赞奇的《文化、权力与国家》等都有过经典的表述。在您看来,近代华北内地的变迁最吸引您的部分在哪里,这对于我们理解二十世纪中国的社会革命与变迁有怎样的意义?</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">答:萧公权的书确实是经典之作,但它并不涉及二十世纪。它追求全面概括,记录了相当多的各色情况和现象(这一点对后来研究非常有帮助),却没有发展出一个尖锐、明确的论点。相反,杜赞奇的书深入几个村庄,研究其一定时段内密集的转型尝试。通过严肃考察1900到1949年控制中国北方的多个政权的转型努力,杜赞奇做出了一个非常重要的贡献:他有力地阐明,至少这一时期部分走错路的改变,都应被视为在不利环境下迅速现代化的尝试,而不是转型努力的缺席。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">我还觉得,“权力的文化网络”(cultural nexus of power)这一概念也非常有帮助。在这一网络中,各式各样的地方望族占据合法性地位,这使他们可以依据自己的能力和意愿确保多方合作的诚意、维持地方性组织,比如宗庙。尽管如此,这个观点也有局限,其中一些我已试图在我的著作中指明,最重要的一点就是把中国北部概括性地视为一个单一区域,忽视了不同次级区域与国家、与远距离市场的各异联系。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">问:在《腹地的构建》中,您提到了华北生态、农民生活水平与县一级政府之间的关联。您认为应该如何理解清代国家权力向基层农村渗透的过程?而清代政府对于基层治理的经验或者教训又有哪些被后世所吸取?</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">答:清政府,至少是在其鼎盛时期,当有重大事务时是有能力触及基层社会的。但它无法同时操控一件或两件以上的此类大事,也无法长时间维持与基层的接触。这就意味着,所谓渗透带有某种“运动”(campaign)的特性。当然,它也有例行化的方面,譬如一些获取资源和顺从的常规举措,但这些并不完全有效。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">1949年后的政权,基层能力明显远强于前辈,不仅涉及每日日常,而且包罗广泛——即便如此,它也不像一些人认为的那样,在地方层面始终有效力。(举众多例子中的两个,一是错报地方数据的持续存在,二是关于维权的很多冲突。)我认为,在强化与基层联系、获取地方状况的可靠信息等方面,最有效的途径就是强调一种自上而下的主动性,这对任何时期的政府都是几乎无法避免的趋势。但如果没有创造出为真正自下而上的输出服务的通道,这种主动性便鲜少完全充足。在我研究的时段,当时的政府也没能有效实现这些。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">问:在《腹地的构建》中,您注意到了中央政府在建设大型工程与社会福利之中的作用。您认为中央政府的权力如何影响了国内全国性市场的建构?在这一过程中,中国与欧洲又有怎样的异同?</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">答:这里值得记住的是,与大多数西方国家相比,中国在国内市场建构方面国家参与较少。在十九世纪中期,清政府把GDP的3%作为政府收入,而同期大部分西方国家则高达10%。太平天国之后,中国政府收入的上升很可能与西方的速率相仿(就百分比而言)。但是,这意味着它并没有能弥合差距。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">因此,作为一个财政“小”国,中国主要关注的是事关生死存亡的大问题,比如建立一支现代化军队。在建立有效的专职部门方面,晚清和共和时期确有很大成就:海关、食盐专卖制度的雏形、外务部,等等。但全领域行政部门(如县级和省级政府)就更加难以改造了,除非是在少数税入丰厚的地区(如通商口岸和其他大城市)。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">而全国性市场,比之其他,更需要覆盖全国的有效管理。它还需要如题干所言的基础设施建设,尤其是在北方,无法像南方运用天然密布的河网,同时又急需靠得住的灌溉和洪涝管控——而这些事情成本都很高。在像二十世纪早期那样一个分崩离析的状态下,中国北部和西北部就注定会遭受苦难,它们也确是如此。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">问:海外学者提出了“近代中国早期”(early modern China)这一概念,您认为“中华帝国晚期”(late im-perialChina)具有近代国家与政府的特征吗?清代政权与传统中国王朝又有怎样不同的性质?</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">答:我对“近代早期”这种说法的感觉比较复杂,但它应用于帝制晚期的中国确实颇有裨益,只是我们需要注意,这并不意味着“现代性”注定会随之而来。当然,当时的一些因素让“近代早期”的提法非常吸引人,包括商贸的发展、新旧精英的相互渗透、一个不断增长的印刷行业、愈发多样的智识文化景观、种类繁多的新网络的发展,等等。但是,正如我在《大分流》里强调的,没有什么必需的原因足以证明各地的早期现代化必将发展为现代化。其他暂且不论,这一转化尤其需要依靠新能源(以及由它带来的科技变革),而这绝不是必然发生的,甚至不是可能发生的。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">清代在很多方面与它的前辈们不同。有些学者觉得清朝只是早已存在的中国治国理政的悠久传统的良好实践者,我的确认为这是错误的。最显著的一点是,清朝带来的部分新制度太过重要以至于无法忽略,比如八旗制度。还有一些不是他们开启的变化也是如此,但这些变化之所以发生多多少少是对满清掌权的反应。可以举个例子,譬如汉族身份的逐渐凝聚,就是受满族统治、受西部和西南边境遭遇的影响,我想这是二十世纪民族主义出现的重要先决条件。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">同时,我们也不应忘记,让部分(而绝不是全部)清代遗产变得重要的,是因为在清朝失去权力很久之后,它们还被其他人采用或延续。例如,1911年后的政府对清朝并入自己帝国的领土没有太大兴趣,而当代中国就不这么看。因此,我们需要问的是,哪些是清代创造的、或者帮助创造的?是否有被其他人借用?哪些他们没有借用,放任其在1911年(或者更晚近一些)之后凋零?为什么?</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">问:经典的中国经济史论述中常常把中国近代的落后归咎于人口的激增与节育观念的缺失,您在《大分流》中认为中国近代落后的一个原因在于中国没有庞大的海外殖民地。您如何看待“人口”在中国近代经济转型中的作用?</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">答:这个问题在很大程度上取决于你所谓的“近代经济转型”,以及你认为它是在何时、何地发生的。在《大分流》中,我提到海外殖民地主要是因为它缓解了欧洲转型期的压力,使其顺利过渡为资源节约型经济。而这一点对欧洲尤为重要,鉴于他们的一些地区(比如一些以农业亩产量衡量的地区)直到工业革命开始之后都是相对落后的。如果中国有海外殖民地,并且与殖民地的关系就像欧洲与他们的殖民地一样,这很可能会给中国打开一扇窗户,使中国在此过程中自行完成工业化。但是,这绝对不代表事情一定会如此,即便有足够长的时间也未必如此。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">同时,我们也需要记住十分关键的一点,即中国既广博又丰富,现代经济的发展基本是在特定的次级区域萌芽的。鉴于清帝国不同区域的内部关系各有差异,我们可以推想,中国北部或中部和长江上游的部分地区,都在各自的区域内扮演着殖民地之于英帝国的角色。这种情况有可能但几率不大,因为清代政治经济的整体定位都与欧洲国家不同,后者被困在一个与规模大多相似的邻邦进行激烈军事竞争的体系之中。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">所以,症结是不同的人口/资源比率,而不是单纯的人口水平,更不是出生率。中国的出生率在近代早期与传说恰恰相反,并没有显著高于欧洲各国。尽管如此,那时的人口增长直到十九世纪对中国来说还是略显迅速(就百分比而言),这说明那时的死亡率不可能特别地高——而这又说明,不管中国那时面临着怎样的资源压力(在一些地区,这种压力从1700年代晚期开始日趋严重),它都不是灾难性的。灾难性的打击发生在十九世纪,因为叠加了国家政权的越发虚弱(部分是由于政府规模没能赶上人口增长的脚步,机构建设也未能成功适应多方面的社会变化),再加上以前工业化的状态身处一个工业化世界。而在那时,西方主要势力已经因为工业化而实力大增了。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">问:在明代末期和鸦片战争期间,中国都面临着不同程度白银短缺的挑战。在您看来,这是否导致了中国在后来的落后?中国没有完成资本积累的原因又在哪里?</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">答:实际上,中国有没有完成资本积累并不能确定。按前工业化的标准,当时有非常显著的财富积累,但它们并没有有效导向国家实力增强或自我生成的工业化。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">白银储量是另一回事。因为复杂的历史原因,明代很大程度上缺乏一个可以充当可靠的货币供应的角色,未经铸造的白银部分填充了中间的空白。但这对中国来说代价极为昂贵,即用无数实际资源的出口换取白银,而且也反映了国家无法真正控制货币供应是一个持续的情况。(这有时会导致不稳定,但大明的货币管理也可能相当不稳定。)</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">清代在提供一种可用货币(铜币)上做得好一些,大部分时间,可以说是相当好地服务了地方市场。但是,白银对长途贸易依旧非常重要(因为对长途贸易而言,铜币很不实用——黑田明伸已清晰地论证过这一点)。因此,中国又一次大量出口实际资源,用以换取货币供应中至关重要的部分(尽管这反过来省去了国内矿业、冶炼等的社会和环境成本)。这与十九世纪发生的事情是两个问题。十九世纪白银开始外流——尤其是在1820到1860年之间——为货币供应和小农的经济地位带来了严重的后果。(小农收入的是铜币,但纳税却要以白银计价。)</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">白银外流的结果让人忧虑,很可能是十九世纪中叶剧烈动荡的重要原因(即便不是最重要的),这对中国的影响是破坏性的。白银短缺,像问题中指出的,只是一个方面,因为货币流出是为了购买鸦片,但也不尽然。(Richard Von Glahn已经做了细致的研究,证明了其他因素对白银短缺的出现影响更大。而且值得注意的是,白银在约1860年之后开始流回中国,而鸦片进口此时仍在增长。)但是诚然,依赖外来的白银供给作为货币加剧了中国的困境,尤其是在十九世纪中叶,让中国再经不起任何其他问题了。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">问:施坚雅(G. Wiliam Skinner)把中国分为核心区域与边缘区域,而您特别强调中国各个区域内部的差异性。近代以来,即便中国中央政权衰落,大一统的认同依旧可以维持。您认为原因在哪里?各大经济区域的互动又有着怎样的规律与联系?</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">答:这个问题太大了,事实上我正在写一本关于此的书,当然至少还要两年才能完成。就这个问题,其实有很多因素在发挥作用,包括共享的语言文字、共享的具化在语言中的一系列神话和文本(而这些即便不识字的人常常也知道,通过诸如以历史为主题的戏曲等方式)。另外,我觉得经常被忽视的一点是民间信仰,无论是广泛信仰的神明(如关公),还是千奇百怪的神堂,后者允许供奉地方英雄和奇人。流程在这里十分重要:当一个地方英雄被中央政权判定为死得其所,其所在地便得到了珍贵的地方自豪感的确认(而且地方资助者的威望也会在社群里提升)。但在寻求认可的过程中,他们也就同时承认了中央有权决定谁该被崇拜。当然,帝国自身也不应小觑。它使有志之士着眼于他们自己的社群之上,并使一些人循环在帝国的大部分地方很多年,同时又维持着与老乡的联系。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">问:赵鼎新教授认为“大分流”的实质在于中国的儒教与科举没有对这种世界性的挑战做出回应。您如何看待在中国与欧洲的现代化分歧中意识形态所发挥的作用?</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">答:的确,意识形态事关重大。譬如,帝国内部的安排形塑了长江三角洲与它的内陆的关系,而英帝国体制下也有中心和周边的关系,这两者就因意识形态而有着根本性差异。意识形态总会影响到什么活动是值得嘉奖的、什么是不被鼓励的,以及什么是需要禁止的。但为了理解意识形态对于一个特定的历史问题有何意义,我们必须分辨出通过具体原因受到影响的具体机构,或者至少,是使它得以持续或衰弱的具体机构。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">从这一点上看,所谓“中国的儒教”并未对世界性挑战做出有效回应这一提法没有太大意义。儒教是一个极度广泛又灵活的现象,与多种不同类型的行为兼容,在不同时期以不同方式发挥影响。(例如,它既会贬低牵涉学识的商业活动,又会为“品行端正的”贸易行为创造商机,同时还承载了某些有效率的市场机制所需要的信任。)而所谓的世界性挑战,就中国的发展轨迹而言都是相对边缘性的,直到进入大分流时期。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">问:现在的世界面临着民粹主义与种族主义的复苏,多元化的历史叙述受到了越来越多的质疑。一些学者尤其肯定中国历史的独特发展模式,并强调西方治理模式的失灵。作为研究视野超越国家范畴的历史学者,您认为应当如何去回应这种挑战?</strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">答:其实并没有所谓单一的“西方发展模式”。既因为国家有多样性,又因为变化始终存在。目前显而易见的是,若干西方国家正在陷入政治失灵的泥潭,还不清楚影响会持续多久。但是,就此推断导致今日之局面的多种路径都是死路也是很不明智的,就像一些人在1989年犯的错误一样,以为推倒柏林墙就意味着只有西方的路是行之有效的。中国的道路很明显在某些方面具有独特性,就像所有国家的发展轨迹一样,但它还是与其他国家有一些共通性。更何况,在今天,没有哪个国家的发展是可以完全独立于他国的——尽管目前有一系列的民族主义潮流,但是从经济往来到地球大气,国家之间的各个方面都存在深切的依存联系——这是一个无法改变的事实。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">事实上,很多伪民粹主义运动(pseudo-populist movements)大约在同时发生的现实情况暗示,至少有一些跨国的机制是在正常运转的,催生出了很多可以相互借鉴的共通性。与此同时,面对相同的经济压力,不同国家产生了相异的政治后果。这提醒我们,国家层面的决策依然干系重大。总而言之,没有哪个单一空间层次的分析(局部地区、国家、全球)是本身就足够说明问题的,一个优秀的历史研究也不是试图为了某一种“模式”辩护。</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; caret-color: #3e3e3e; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: -apple-system-font, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;">从智识角度讲,一个合理的研究项目会受到太多不同层面的各式因素的相互影响。而出于当下政治举措的需要,人们可以理性地从历史中吸取的经验主要有两点。一是通过考察某个时间点和某一地区的经历,帮助我们筛选处理特定议题的方式,而不是假设所有社会都只有这条或那条定制的路线。二是要理解,大部分我们认为在任何特定时期显而易见的——也许是因为它似乎始终是真理,也许是因为我们觉得所有事情都会发展到这一步——几乎都是有条件的、偶然的历史产物,并不必然如此。1989年所谓“历史的终结”就是一个很好的例子。</span></p><br style="font-family: -webkit-standard;" />