<p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">给你一个不一样的世界</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="224" data-backw="526" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.425" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQ5MutXoz5muia5X5VknQa3gANAn5riblNbG42qdiciaz0NwIRZBia4dC20hicK2jdalqTXKCrYV24GSPHw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQ5MutXoz5muia5X5VknQa3gANAn5riblNbG42qdiciaz0NwIRZBia4dC20hicK2jdalqTXKCrYV24GSPHw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /><br /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">全文简单摘要</strong></span></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">很多人都知道「义和X运动」、庚子战争、八国联军、《辛丑条约》……</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">但是，很多人可能不知道</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">：</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 这场战争是</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">清政府和「义和X」主动挑起的</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 「义和X」以“扶清灭洋”为名，每天要洗劫3个村庄</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 清军和「义和X」为了攻打英国大使馆烧毁了《永乐大典》底本</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 清军和「义和X」不论是在兵力上，还是武器上都占有绝对优势</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 攻打布防严密的首都，八国联军为了不伤及平民只开了13炮</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 《辛丑条约》</span></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">赔款</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">西方国家没有全要，还主动退还了很多已付赔款</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 《辛丑条约》赔款中有很大一笔赔偿，是给中国受害者的</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">……</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">本文将用中性的笔法，用客观陈述事实材料的方式，为您展现庚子事件的详细经过。让您保持独立思考，重新解读这次事件，得出您自己的结论和判断。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="298" data-backw="252" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="1.1825396825396826" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel91R2ZHJHlqDrkJQfx5oyxeSc09oJgZiaV6p67SA7uQGuJyqG7iaoTib94Q/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="252" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel91R2ZHJHlqDrkJQfx5oyxeSc09oJgZiaV6p67SA7uQGuJyqG7iaoTib94Q/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">「义和X」战士</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">01「义和X」是怎样一群人</strong></span></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">1896年，中国东部某省，出现了一批叫做“义和quan”的民间组织，后来改名叫「义和X」。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">「义和X」 称外国人为“毛子”，华人基督徒为“二毛子”，通洋学、谙洋语、用洋货、行洋礼等依次为“三毛子”、“四毛子”……直至“十毛子”。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">对大毛子、二毛子格杀勿论；其余“毛子” 「义和X」亦视如仇敌，轻则殴辱抢劫，重则乱刃加身。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">更恐怖、残忍的是「义和X」的杀人手段。“一刀砍死的很少，多乱刀齐下，将人砍死后再将尸体剁碎。其手段之残忍，较凌迟有过之而无不及”。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：刘孟扬，《天津拳匪变乱纪事》）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="278" data-backw="369" data-croporisrc="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhFGTcmMvdESXtwlXOT1jGd1NSicZXDRSyugAzDX6mbib86sGGibLvtWvrg/0?wx_fmt=png" data-cropx1="0" data-cropx2="369" data-cropy1="0" data-cropy2="256.0551330798479" data-ratio="0.6937669376693767" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhS47TJLVOkj5vlc7Td0STwUd2uR6L7f4icBZPbRbsctHsC7UhT3S7ynA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="369" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhS47TJLVOkj5vlc7Td0STwUd2uR6L7f4icBZPbRbsctHsC7UhT3S7ynA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">清廷西太后被「义和X」“神灵附体”、“刀枪不入”的骗术所惑，想利用他们打洋人，誉其为“朝廷赤子”。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：五月七日清廷上谕，《中国近代史资料丛刊“「义和X」”》）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">「义和X」遂奉旨造反，“扶清灭洋”。“灭洋”者，只要沾个‘洋’字，就是他们的攻击对象，就在他们的毁灭范围之内。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </strong></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">曾有6个读书人，仓皇避乱，途中遇到了</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">「义和X」，</strong></span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">因随身携带了铅笔1支，洋纸1张</span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">，于是</span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">「义和X」</span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">乱刀并下，6人皆死非命。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：左原笃介、沤隐 辑:《拳事杂记》）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">还有一户人家，因有1盒火柴（火柴旧称“洋火”），一家8口全部死于「义和X」刀下。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：柴萼，《庚辛纪事》）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </strong></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">1900年6月1日，直隶霸州县“圣若瑟会”的<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">外国修女领着教会收养的22名孤女</span></strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">，为逃避「义和X」的杀戮、凌辱，逃亡到固安县地界，不幸落入团匪之手。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">「义和X」在各个村落贴出广告，公然贩卖这“二十二名黄花闺女”，“非常便宜！售完即止！”。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：侯宜杰，《「义和X」——在“灭洋”的旗帜下》）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">02 敢于犯上的「义和X」</span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">因为，清廷西太后欲利用「义和X」对付洋人，对他们的罪行采取纵容态度，想把祸水引到洋人身上。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="302" data-backw="262" data-croporisrc="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhW3MSN9UdYaILS6U2law1icHklcKc8IhcMQzhEascwhK4YBIt0ia0GhFg/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-cropx1="0" data-cropx2="262" data-cropy1="0" data-cropy2="292.8821292775666" data-ratio="1.118320610687023" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhr4ZTCDzJpaTH9iaEwEB4FsEnSIuZ8UMxMX3BEn5Zd7NIEubtINqCINA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="262" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhr4ZTCDzJpaTH9iaEwEB4FsEnSIuZ8UMxMX3BEn5Zd7NIEubtINqCINA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">西太后</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">于是，造成了「义和X」更加有恃无恐，气焰嚣张，甚至敢于犯上。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">御林军“虎神营”的翼长阿克丹（二品大员），因为曾经入教，被「义和X」斩首示众。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">安徽提督姚氏（从一品官），身着官服在京城大街上，仅仅因为让「义和X」“弗得妄言（杀洋人）”，即死于「义和X」刀下。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">“姚氏身上携带的三百金及金镯、马匹等物，全被「义和X」抢走。姚氏亲友们哭着来收尸，均被「义和X」所杀”。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：柴萼，《庚辛纪事》）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">03 背后偷袭清军统帅聂士成</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">武毅军统帅聂士成，可能是庚子战争中唯一认真抵抗过八国联军的清军将领。因为他曾弹压过「义和X」的杀人越货、肆意破坏，「义和X」对他恨之入骨。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">就在聂将军身先士卒，与八国联军奋战方酣之时，「义和X」闯入他家，将他的老母、妻子、女儿绑架而去。亲兵报到阵前，聂将军大怒，分了半营人去救家人。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">「义和X」丧心病狂，在聂军与八国联军作战之时，背后偷袭聂军，聂将军中炮阵亡。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：《西巡回銮始末》）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">「义和X」打算拿聂将军“戮尸”，因八国联军追来，仓皇逃命，才未得逞。德国军人用红毯子覆盖聂将军的遗体，将遗体交还清军。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于： 罗惇曧，《拳变余闻》）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">04 每天抢劫3个村庄</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </strong></span><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">打着“扶清灭洋”旗号的</span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">「义和X」</span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">首领朱红deng，可能是打家劫舍的世界纪录保持者；1899年1个月的时间里，他平均每天抢劫3个村庄。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（</strong>资料来源于： 王树增:《1901》<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">）</strong></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </strong></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">抢劫中，一个「义和X」士兵认出一个熟人高喊：那个人我认识，他不是“二毛子”，别杀他。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">持刀杀的人回答说：他死后在阴间入教吧，这样就不寃了；手起刀落，将那人杀害。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：侨析生，《拳匪纪略》卷5）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">05 该怎么给「义和X」定性</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">时任山东巡抚的袁世凯，在给朝廷的奏折中对「义和X」的本质作了一针见血的概括：<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">“该匪等虽托名仇教，而观其举动，实只在于纠众劫财。”</span></strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（</strong>资料来源于：沈祖宪，《养寿园奏议辑要》卷2<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">）</strong></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">中国当代历史学家侯宜杰指出：</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">“大量史料清楚地表明，团民打洋教的对象，不仅仅限于教堂和‘二毛子’教民，同时有大量并未入教的平民和‘三毛子’回民，还有官署、官员。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #000000;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></strong></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">其行为就是抢掠、勒索、敲诈钱财，银钱、衣物、车辆、牲畜、粮食等等固然在所必得，甚至连犁、磨、锄和锅碗瓢盆等粗贱之物也在抢掠之列。</span></strong></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">绑架人质更是为了勒索赎金，不遂所愿，则‘撕票’继之。焚烧杀人同样如此，‘凡稍殷实者皆目以教民，杀其人而分其财’，‘以焚杀为敛财之具’。”<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">（</strong>资料来源于：侯宜杰，《「义和X」——在“灭洋”的旗帜下》<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">）</strong></span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">到这里，笔者不想多写什么，相信该怎么给「义和X」定性下结论，读者心里有数。</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 10px !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 10px !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">06 西方国家当时的回应</strong></span></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 10px !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 10px !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">从1899年秋到1900年夏，各国政府多次通告、照会，请求清政府信守它签订的国际条约中有关传教保护条款，平息暴乱，制止仇杀基督教人士和毁灭教堂。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">最初，各国政府单独照会清廷，例如美国驻华公使康格（Edwin H. Conger）在1899年11月，4天之中（即11、16、25、26日）给清廷总理各国事务衙门（相当于外交部）发出7次通告，报告在山东、天津各地针对基督教会的杀戮、抢劫和暴乱，敦促清政府采取保护措施。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：美国政府刊印的当时的外交文件）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">到了1900（庚子）年初，由于「义和X」的恐怖杀戮愈演愈烈，各国开始联合采取敦促行动。到六月之前，不计非正式的外交接触，各国先后联合向清政府提出过4次正式照会，分别在一月、三月、四月和五月；但是所有的外交努力均归于失败。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：北明，《出兵中国是被迫自卫》）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </strong></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 10px !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 10px !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">07 尚未交战，先斩来使</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 10px !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 10px !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">1900年6月21日，清廷发布《宣战诏书》，向11国宣战。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">清军猛烈攻打各国公使馆，同时攻打天津的外国领事馆，妄图杀尽各国外交官以及躲在使领馆里的外国传教士、侨民和中国基督徒。</span></strong><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </strong></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">两国交兵，不斩来使。何况双方还未开战，就先攻打外交使馆，这是古今中外的大忌。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">清政府，在庚子战争中的首要战略目标，竟然是攻陷京城的各国公使馆，杀尽各国外交官和眷属。<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">战争中应该保护外国侨民，这是最基本的国际常识。</span></strong></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">清政府还公然悬赏捕杀洋人：“杀一男夷者，赏银50两，杀一女夷者，赏银40两，杀一稚子者，赏银20两”。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：《维基百科》“「义和X」运动”条目）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="300" data-backw="208" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="1.4423076923076923" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel9CneyDEFDaCnMPv3a90ic2mfTzj6uouoJBJyfUnrq0ezgPYqSO59szFQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="208" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel9CneyDEFDaCnMPv3a90ic2mfTzj6uouoJBJyfUnrq0ezgPYqSO59szFQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">弹痕累累的法国大使馆废墟</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">08 找不出第二种选择了</strong></span></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">清政府主动宣战、「义和X」凶残杀害外国侨民，和平外交没有结果……西方各国除了出兵救援、武力抗暴，实在找不出第二种选择了。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </strong></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">庚子战争中，北京所有的外国使馆均被摧毁，只剩下断垣残壁。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">各国外交官、家属及使馆庇护的中外人士躲到硕果仅存的英国公使馆避难。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">清军和「义和X」，包围英国使馆，炮轰、火攻、水灌、挖地道爆破……猛烈攻击英国使馆。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">使馆内外国人74人遇难，其中有6名儿童，150人负伤（使馆庇护的华人的伤亡缺乏准确统计）。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：Peter Fleming:《The Siege at Peking》（围城北京））</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在对使馆的野蛮进攻中，清军争抢外国人的尸体，因为凭洋人的人头可以领赏。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：普特南·威尔，《庚子使馆被围记》）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">最令人不解的是：一个国家用战争手段、正规军倾全力攻打京城的外国使馆，本应易如反掌，得手不过“一弹指间”，可是竟然久攻不克，最后以失败告终。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">如此战绩（或曰败绩），古往今来无先例可循。（这种失败如此令人难以置信，如此可笑荒唐，中国史学界对失败的原因至今仍争论不休。）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="295" data-backw="377" data-croporisrc="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhJvrYcwbrfnLpSEjxzt4DM8hYH8ouIKszUlCMsPibhrxtx63Y9ChuicZw/0?wx_fmt=png" data-cropx1="0" data-cropx2="377" data-cropy1="0" data-cropy2="264.4733840304183" data-ratio="0.7002652519893899" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhiatfo6NM0L5V5rFhHXkCrudHe5IdgjibN1Zg0XAVDpPKphcjbFz7jxqg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="377" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhiatfo6NM0L5V5rFhHXkCrudHe5IdgjibN1Zg0XAVDpPKphcjbFz7jxqg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">09 烧毁翰林院《永乐大典》</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">英国公使馆北邻翰林院。翰林院不仅是至尊至贵的衙门，也是珍藏卷帙浩繁的各类古籍善本的巨大图书馆，</span><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">其收藏包括价值无可估量的《永乐大典》和《四库全书》的底本。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">清军为了火攻公使馆，在焚毁附近的大片民居之后，竟然一个庭院一个庭院地将翰林院纵火烧毁，数千万卷古籍善本付之一炬。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：西里尔·珀尔，《北京的莫理循》）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="286" data-backw="360" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.7944444444444444" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel9CGuZfqrnjFMrFm5ftVn4YrRr4lZL2aFic9kjLeFcfGMAOJgFqmZD5ibw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="360" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel9CGuZfqrnjFMrFm5ftVn4YrRr4lZL2aFic9kjLeFcfGMAOJgFqmZD5ibw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; text-indent: 37px; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">翰林院被清军焚毁后唯一幸存的建筑</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">10 死人也不放过</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">对以前客死中土的外国传教士，也没有被放过。刨坟掘墓，剉骨扬灰。利玛窦、汤若望、南怀仁这些对中国作出杰出贡献的先贤和他们上百名同仁在北京的墓地，都受到了凌辱、污渎。</span></strong><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">当时，中国的教堂大部分被破坏、焚毁。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">以使馆、教堂为武力攻击目标，以外交官、传教士为疯狂屠戮对象，这是德国、日本法西斯在二战中都没干过的。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="389" data-backw="526" data-croporisrc="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhicmfkTkjicJCYaWQQH8Q4SzXz2p1jubmUCib1JhPnRLuqylPBv126VMSA/0?wx_fmt=png" data-cropx1="0" data-cropx2="360" data-cropy1="21.90114068441065" data-cropy2="286.76806083650195" data-ratio="0.7388888888888889" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhpFmSmeR7ickUerH44aLd0eaCnUicXfcT0cXnz60diaePByHQ1OAhIGhjQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="360" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhpFmSmeR7ickUerH44aLd0eaCnUicXfcT0cXnz60diaePByHQ1OAhIGhjQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">西方传教士的坟被刨起</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">11 朝廷作战，地方中立</strong></span></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">清廷对11国宣战，</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">外省督抚中的头脑清醒者，如刘坤一、张之洞、李鸿章、袁世凯等，看到亡国之祸就在眼前，遂发起“东南互保”，公开声明在战争中保持中立。</span></strong></span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">清廷对外宣战仅仅5天，这些地方大吏策划的《中外互保章程》即于1900年6月26日在上海签订。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">该条约明确规定，各地方政府不奉行朝廷的宣战诏令，并且努力保护外国人在华的安全和利益；列强也不得在这些地区启衅。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：《学点清史 八十七、东南互保》）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">江苏、江西、安徽、湖南、湖北、广东、山东、浙江、福建、四川、陕西、河南等省先后参加了“互保”。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于： 雷颐:《东南互保之怪象》）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">朝廷作战，地方中立，并与各敌国签约互相保护（清朝内地18省，12省与敌国互保），如此荒唐之事，古往今来没有先例。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">笔者认为，庚子事件最让国人感到羞辱的，可能是下面要陈述的内容。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">长久以来，我们一直以“帝国主义列强船坚炮利”、“我们的大刀长矛敌不过他们的洋枪大炮”……为近代一系列</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">战争</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">的失败找借口。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">可是，在庚子战争中不论兵力、武器装备、战争时机、战场……哪一方面都是</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">敌弱我强，清军和「义和X」</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">占尽优势，但居然神奇地、令人不解地输掉了战争。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">12 兵力悬殊：</span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; display: inline !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">敌寡我众</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">长久以来，我们一直以“帝国主义列强船坚炮利”、“我们的大刀长矛敌不过他们的洋枪大炮”……为近代一系列</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">战争</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">的失败找借口。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">但是，在庚子战争中：兵力、武器、战机、战场……无论哪方面</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">清军和「义和X」都占尽了优势。</span></strong></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">庚子战争双方兵力对比：</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">攻打外国使馆的清军主力，是武卫后军（即甘军）及武卫中军。<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">武卫后军官兵11,000人</span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">，另有3,000后勤人员；武卫中军官兵约10,000人，4,000后勤人员。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：刘凤翰:《武卫军》）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">“使馆区内被围者<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">约3000人</span></strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">，当中2000人为寻求保护之华人……<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">409名外国水兵及陆战队员</span></strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">”。这409名军人是1900年（庚子年）5月底，当「义和X」的“灭洋”已成燎原之势，各国经清廷允许，从停泊在大沽口外的舰船上抽调出来，到京城保护使馆的。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：《维基百科》“八国联军”条目）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="251" data-backw="336" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.7470238095238095" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel9fB8nSVukc5aoiaMRBmEkzXoqCYqmBqoe93BqpRSdXxMXnKOxlkNyv3w/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="336" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel9fB8nSVukc5aoiaMRBmEkzXoqCYqmBqoe93BqpRSdXxMXnKOxlkNyv3w/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">袁世凯的新军</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">13 武器装备：</span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; display: inline !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">敌弱我强</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">过去常用的一个遮羞说法是：我们的大刀长矛对鬼子的洋枪大炮。这是彻头彻尾的谎言，庚子战争中的清军早已经现代化了。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">当时，拱卫京畿的清军主力</span><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">“武卫五军”</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 董福祥的甘军</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 聂士成的武毅军</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 袁世凯的新军</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 宋庆的豫军</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 武卫军统帅荣禄自领的中军</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">以及御林军（禁军）的武器装备实际上胜于八国联军，尤其是在战争的初始阶段。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">八国联军因为是执行紧急的人道救援任务，</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">仓促成军，无论是装备还是兵员都非精良（比如英军中有大量的印度人，法军中有大量的越南人。联军缺乏用于侦察和追逐敌军的骑兵。）</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：Peter Fleming:《The Siege at Peking》（围城北京））</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">以前面提到的被「义和X」偷袭牺牲的聂士成统领的武毅军为例，看看中国军队的现代化水平。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">武毅军兵员15,000人。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">步兵的装备：</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">训练用枪：德制11毫米口径旧毛瑟步枪一万支</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">实战用枪：奥制8.5毫米Mannalicher 步枪一万支</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">德国最新锐7.92毫米Gew.98步枪数百支</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">每营均配备克鲁伯37毫米口径速射炮</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">骑兵的装备：</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">德制7.92毫米Gew.98步枪</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">1400支奥制8毫米口径连发骑枪</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">炮兵的装备：</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">最新型克鲁伯75毫米口径速射炮16门</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">克鲁伯60毫米口径速射炮32门</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">格鲁森57毫米速射炮32门</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">每个炮营，另配备当时世界最新锐的，马克西姆重机枪2挺。军官装备6发转轮左轮手枪，军官与骑兵挂刀。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：《百度百科》“武卫军”条目）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="229" data-backw="364" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.6291208791208791" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel9B6lAS16Y8TUxwlOSb6aPqkRibfCiaVKT2uZj6ibA2Zo3cJlpia9ev1tOWg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="364" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel9B6lAS16Y8TUxwlOSb6aPqkRibfCiaVKT2uZj6ibA2Zo3cJlpia9ev1tOWg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">八国联军缴获的清军火炮</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="262" data-backw="300" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.8733333333333333" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel97bBum1dsosYn0lIgQgkrSw40N8NITEa6peo92Tg8B2ww42Pib5orqaw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="300" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel97bBum1dsosYn0lIgQgkrSw40N8NITEa6peo92Tg8B2ww42Pib5orqaw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">八国联军缴获的清军炮弹</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></strong><section data-mpa-template-id="482" data-mpa-color="#ffffff" data-mpa-category="title" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 230.031px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">14 缴获清军武器清单</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section></section><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></strong><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">再看看意大利军队，从天津附近的一座清军武器库中，缴获的武器清单：</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><section label="Copyright © 2015 playhudong All Rights Reserved." donone="shifuMouseDownStyle(\’shifu_c_037\’)" style="margin: 1em auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 10em; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; overflow: auto; background: #f0f0f0;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 36门克虏伯大炮，口径87毫米（1897年埃森制造），其中大部分仍装在箱中</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 60门克虏伯大炮，口径70毫米（1897年埃森制造）</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 42门诺尔登费尔德式速射机关炮，口径57毫米</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 42门诺尔登费尔德式机关炮，口径47毫米</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 42门大炮，其中一部分为诺尔登费尔德式，一部分为上海机器局制造，口径37毫米</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 10门速射机关炮，口径37毫米 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 20门小口径的速射机关炮</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 3万支贴有最新出厂标记的曼里彻式毛瑟枪和来复枪</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">■ 3万把刺刀、军用品及其他</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">（时值250万英镑）<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：英国公使窦纳乐（Macdonald）给政府的报告）</span></span></p></section></section><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">对清军武器的先进、精良艳羡不已，自叹弗如的意大利海军中将西蒙，事后写信对英国公使说：</span><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">“最新式的曼里彻式卡宾枪的型号，比联军中的奥匈部队列装的卡宾枪更为先进，似为刚出厂的新品；而克虏伯大炮比德军现役的所有大炮口径更大、瞄准更精、射程更远、更为新式”。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：英国公使窦纳乐（Macdonald）给政府的报告）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">西蒙调侃说：</span><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">“战斗伊始就意外缴获清军这么多先进武器，等于给联军16,000名军人配备全副武装还有富余，只可惜我们的士兵一人只有两只手。”</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：英国公使窦纳乐（Macdonald）给政府的报告）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">据不完全统计，自1895年至庚子战前，中国从美国共购买枪支422.84万杆，战阵大炮71尊，野战大炮123尊，霰弹炮297尊。中国从德国购买毛瑟枪46万杆，寻常枪300万杆。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：佛甫爱加来、施米侬:《庚子中外战记》）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">更不必说，19世纪末，清军已能自制枪支大炮。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在北京，400人的外国使馆卫队的武器装备，与清军相比更是不可同日而语；前者只“配备3支机关枪及4门小火炮” （因为武器匮乏，其中一门小火炮是从使馆附近的一家旧货店买来的古董，经修理后凑合着用）。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：《维基百科》“八国联军”条目）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">「义和X」的武装虽不及正规军，但因为清廷望其“灭洋”，军需枪械已有政府供应：“或资拳以粮，或赠拳以械”。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：光绪帝:《罪己诏》1901年2月14日）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">昏聩的直隶总督裕禄把「义和X」视为国之干城，让他们到军械所去自取武器。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：侨析生:《拳匪纪略》卷1）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">清廷甚至发布谕旨，“命各督抚将军修理枪炮添造子药，分给团民”。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：刘以桐:《民教相仇都门闻见录》）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">清军兵力是八国联军的数倍，面对东平西凑</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">临时成军，长途奔袭，在武器装备上也处于下风的八国联军，竟然输掉了庚子战争，这让很多历史学家不解。这应该是这场战争中，清廷最大的羞辱！</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="254" data-backw="408" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.6225490196078431" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnh6LvNUnmuY1LZJsekv2rXVwhfng8b51K6y7ud6zNDPKXhaWcGC1aj3Q/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="408" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnh6LvNUnmuY1LZJsekv2rXVwhfng8b51K6y7ud6zNDPKXhaWcGC1aj3Q/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">民众笑对八国联军（日本随军记者拍摄）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">15 八国联军有没有滥杀无辜</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">1900年8月13日，八国联军兵临北京城下，“以巨木为架，升大炮于其上……仅开13炮后，某国提督恐多伤民命，殊垂上天好生之德，竭力劝阻，始已。”</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：《西巡回銮始末》卷三）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">攻打一个国家重兵防守的首都，只开了13炮就停下来。身为一位将军，他不可能不知道：这种恻隐之心，可能会增加自己军队的伤亡！</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">还有一个鲜有人知的史实。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">攻打天津大沽炮台时，美军没有参加军事行动。但是，美国军舰“莫诺卡西号”收容了37名中国妇女和儿童，以躲避战火。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">战斗结束后，当将这些妇孺送回岸上时，美军发现了一个被弹片击中而失去胳膊的中国百姓。舰长命令将此人和两个联军伤兵一起抬到军舰上，进行手术治疗。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：王芸生，《六十年来中国与日本》第四卷）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="285" data-backw="396" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.7196969696969697" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel9e0hdVAwnD2wffia8FOKmictyGDANg5EfeLDNibF7JMGR1ianhAeV3iaPrTw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="396" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel9e0hdVAwnD2wffia8FOKmictyGDANg5EfeLDNibF7JMGR1ianhAeV3iaPrTw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">八国联军列队参观紫禁城（注意：是参观，不是扫荡）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">16 八国联军对紫禁城的尊重</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">八国联军占领北京后，京都的情况牵动人心。全国各地的报纸，每天在头版的重要位置，都有关于联军在中国的各类消息和京津地区情况的报导。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">从庚子年8月中旬联军破京，到次年7月联军撤离北京，在长达一年的时间里，在信誉卓著的中国民间报纸《申报》的千百篇报导中，没有一篇提到过八国联军对皇宫御苑有抢劫行为。“</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">《申报》中不仅没有关于八国联军抢劫行为的报道，而且有与之相反的、更加明确的、关于联军无扰紫禁城及颐和园的报道。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">例如，1900年9月8日，联军进京后不到一个月的时候，《申报》以‘京师近况’为标题，明确指出：“各国联军入京之后，并不扰及颐和园及禁城各处”。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：北明，重审八国联军中的美国(22)——附篇:“联军无扰紫禁城”）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">注意，《申报》是中国的媒体。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="372" data-backw="558" data-croporisrc="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnh0iaG2NtLqIdbjd12ibTvQsX0IfHarDTsflqfE3oSIJTI6neRYfJQW8Jg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-cropx1="0" data-cropx2="640" data-cropy1="0" data-cropy2="380.83650190114065" data-ratio="0.59375" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQ5MutXoz5muia5X5VknQa3gvgicrJtOoMegdqffTnJ5PXRq9y4f3HdLYdJbdCTias9lT2otxSKPdaQQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="640" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQ5MutXoz5muia5X5VknQa3gvgicrJtOoMegdqffTnJ5PXRq9y4f3HdLYdJbdCTias9lT2otxSKPdaQQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">八国联军治下平和的北京</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">17 八国联军对百姓的尊重</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">北京居民回忆说：“当此时整个京城，虽然都被外国兵占据，但他们都有了治安的民事机关，地面渐就平复”。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：《齐如山回忆录》 第三章 「义和X」 进京、洋兵进京、作生意时代）</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">“五城练丁，现已一律身穿号衣，头戴勇帽，在美界遍街巡逻，市面安堵（安堵：意为安定），皆美兵官梯儿曾一人之力，居民无不感悦”。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：佐原笃介、沤隐 辑:《拳乱纪闻》）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">《申报》报导京都由乱入治的情况：“市中已贸易如常。乡人每挑运菜蔬等物入城，以博蝇头之利。守城兵毫不阻人出入”。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">战乱之中，南粮北运受阻，粮食短缺。为了让民众有饱饭吃，八国联军将北京仓米，廉价售给北京百姓”。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：佐原笃介、沤隐 辑:《拳乱纪闻》）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">清史专家高阳的名著《慈禧全传》用二、三百页的篇幅描绘了庚子战争。对「义和X」的祸国殃民、清军的胡作非为，高阳作了大量的揭露。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">但是，对八国联军的军纪操守，他没有一个字的贬斥。八国联军进京之后，北京的士绅给朝廷上书，报告京都的情况，也坦诚：“虽洋人入城，尚未十分扰害”。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：《西巡回銮始末》卷六）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">18 八国联军对女性的尊重</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">应该特别指出的是，八国联军对妇女的态度，折射了西方文化中对女性的尊重。联军对俘获的女性拳匪，处置方法和对男拳匪不同。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">联军在天津的临时政府（俗称“都统衙门”）在经过审判后，公开处决过数十名拳匪，但均为男性。<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">八国联军曾经俘获过2名「义和X」女首领，她们被捕之后被关押在都统衙门。</span></strong></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">临时政府委员会（临时政府的最高权力机构）经过专门讨论，决定将她们送往上海，交给那里的天主教会收容、看管。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">1901年4月此2人被交给上海圣约翰教会，安置在徐家汇孤儿院。此后一年多的时间里，天津临时政府一直向上海教会提供她们的生活费。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">如此折腾，显然是为了避免在灭洋灭教的重灾区天津，有血海深仇的教民对拳匪首领可能施加的报复。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">在八国联军撤走、政权移交之际，临时政府不得不将她们交还给清政府，遂请上海教会将这两名女团民交给上海地方当局。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">19 当时老百姓，对战争的态度</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">了解以上背景资料之后，估计不用笔者多说，很多读者也能猜到1900年的老百姓，对那场战争的态度。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">请注意下面这组图片的细节：他们是自愿，不是被逼的。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="324" data-backw="361" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.8975069252077562" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnh6icQIiaqlCofRerhK8mvktCGvIq0KoRdg4pjQXZfcyLRicQicjMcSGfPTQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="361" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnh6icQIiaqlCofRerhK8mvktCGvIq0KoRdg4pjQXZfcyLRicQicjMcSGfPTQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">北京市民架梯子协助八国联军攻城</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="313" data-backw="305" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="1.0262295081967212" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhK5rAKlegL8yeUdgKksBhiaHRooYfY1yc68Kq2cekErxFheyIicYxeYmQ/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="305" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhK5rAKlegL8yeUdgKksBhiaHRooYfY1yc68Kq2cekErxFheyIicYxeYmQ/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">法军架梯攀城墙；墙头、墙下均有百</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">姓在协助</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="279" data-backw="384" data-croporisrc="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhLnJuOmVxFkOTdE26EmZKspucIvDEPlSggJ7OwLBIBdgDDNv2pqPD6g/0?wx_fmt=png" data-cropx1="0" data-cropx2="384" data-cropy1="0" data-cropy2="250.40304182509507" data-ratio="0.6510416666666666" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhgLMaBNEcTltR1ukSibKiawLNCoMVmTlsX8Jvg0IbnCNeNdlavjUFwprg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="384" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhgLMaBNEcTltR1ukSibKiawLNCoMVmTlsX8Jvg0IbnCNeNdlavjUFwprg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">华人民工用小车为八国联军运送武器弹药</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="279" data-backw="384" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.7265625" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel9nic6oX6utC4Dld9o062chLOiazacpb148d03q4jgzcuhknjtial7SamKw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="384" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel9nic6oX6utC4Dld9o062chLOiazacpb148d03q4jgzcuhknjtial7SamKw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">民众帮助八国联军装卸重型武器</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="272" data-backw="412" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.6601941747572816" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel9Gs3QicNicURuN6aKWAjpqbR4hnaSdHRjwlVHzppm8ossWH4IBK5BHzOg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="412" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel9Gs3QicNicURuN6aKWAjpqbR4hnaSdHRjwlVHzppm8ossWH4IBK5BHzOg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">百姓在帮助八国联军过河</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">20 当时老百姓对八国联军的态度</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">据时人记述：“美界绅民以归美国暂管以来，地方安谧，刁斗不闻，于是制造万名旗伞匾额等，吹锣打鼓送至美提督暨兵官等四份，以志感铭。”</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于： 杨典诰，《庚子大事记》）</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">送“万民伞”、“匾额”，在晚清的传统上，代表民众对地方官治理业绩和为官操守的高度评价。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">1901年3月，由于美军的大规模撤离，北京13000市民联署请愿书，呈交给美军总指挥查菲将军，请求美军留守。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于： Franz-Stefan Gady:“When Americans Ruled Beijing”（美国人治下的北京））</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="255" data-backw="420" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.6071428571428571" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnh2DPWodFpcZTEyMSdic4ibzoiaQ4k5LfAbD8SIcIkiaicMagSLSeKA3iblIQg/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="420" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnh2DPWodFpcZTEyMSdic4ibzoiaQ4k5LfAbD8SIcIkiaicMagSLSeKA3iblIQg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">民众手执兵器与八国联军官兵合影</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="253" data-backw="398" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.635678391959799" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhibjla5lGHTsaoZL5TYYnz31sqaA6YEjvQCtn6NHpEO2Q49gDYr9l2Lw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="398" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhibjla5lGHTsaoZL5TYYnz31sqaA6YEjvQCtn6NHpEO2Q49gDYr9l2Lw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">当地的孩子与八国联军合影</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="276" data-backw="372" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.7419354838709677" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel97ibXUGHuMvy9E4PdKFaJCAdx4F0Y9o4hnQOLlnK2sl8eVVs6ZgSPMLA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="372" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel97ibXUGHuMvy9E4PdKFaJCAdx4F0Y9o4hnQOLlnK2sl8eVVs6ZgSPMLA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">当时的民众和联军军人合影</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">21 未按战败国对待清廷</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">庚子战争清廷惨败之后，西方列强不仅兑现了它们在战争之初，保证清朝领土完整的承诺，</span><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">而且在战后签订的《辛丑条约》并非按国际惯例在战争结束后，交战双方的“和约”（peace treaty）。</span></strong><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">该条约的正式名称是“中国为一九〇〇年的<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">骚乱事件</span></strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">与十一国最后的议定书”（Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy,Japan, Netherland, Russia, Spain, United States and China – Final Protocol for the Settlement of the <strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">Disturbances</span></strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;"> of 1900）。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">清政府发动的国际战争，仅被当作一场骚乱（Disturbance）；骚乱的主要责任者自然是「义和X」 。西方各国未让清政府承担发动战争的罪责，也未按战败国对待清政府。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">清廷被列强如此轻轻放过，以至于《辛丑条约》的内容“电奏西安时，慈禧得到电报凤颜大悦”。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：唐德刚，《晚清七十年：「义和X」与八国联军》）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="434" data-backw="526" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.8244514106583072" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhWOvMIarSa1QGcBNX8k5icwexcPKcPry0iaLaDIGVaGFGQ02XA5n2JWGw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="319" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhWOvMIarSa1QGcBNX8k5icwexcPKcPry0iaLaDIGVaGFGQ02XA5n2JWGw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">22 谈判的焦点，居然不是赔款金额</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">令李鸿章等中方代表感到十分惊讶的是：在《辛丑条约》的谈判中，</span><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">费时最久、争论最烈的不是赔款金额问题，而是条约第二款 — 惩办祸首。</span></strong><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">“各国在善后谈判中不是一味要求赔偿，更不是要求割地，而是要求追究煽动「义和X」排外的责任，追究德国公使、日本使馆书记官、传教士、教民等死亡原因和责任。<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">这大大出乎中方代表的预料。</span></strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">”<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：马勇，《由内政而外交:重评「义和X」战争的一个视角》）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="203" data-backw="300" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.6766666666666666" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhCm3Pdiaffc5sPSib1W3OZicsEdpNBI6RuXnwpgpn4EHqla1HV1ItoqTRw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-type="jpeg" data-w="300" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/UGI7ce1BglQFodibH8KkiayYOgQAvaJDnhCm3Pdiaffc5sPSib1W3OZicsEdpNBI6RuXnwpgpn4EHqla1HV1ItoqTRw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">《辛丑条约》签字仪式</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">灭洋、灭教的罪魁祸首是西太后，这是明摆着的；正像一位西方学者指出的：这位妇人“公然挑衅、破坏了国际公法的每一个原则”（其时国际公法传入中国已经六十年）。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">荷兰公使曾向中方全权代表李鸿章透露，（作为谈判条件）各国公使拟让西太后归政光绪，但遭到李鸿章的断然拒绝。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：苑书义:《李鸿章传》）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">西方国家，最后尊重了中国对最高统治者不能碰的底线。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">我们不妨设想一下，如果西方各国坚持要求西太后承担罪责，交出权力，归政光绪帝。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">这点并不难，只要西方国家当时对清廷的压力足够大。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">端王载漪是仅次于西太后的二号战犯。战后清廷在上谕中严谴载漪：“拳匪之乱，肇衅列邦，以致庙社震惊，乘舆播越，推究变端，载漪实为祸首。”</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">西方各国对罪大恶极的载漪，开始坚持要求清廷将他处死，但他是皇室懿亲，清廷不答应。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">退而求其次，各国要求判他“斩监候”（即“死缓”），清廷连死缓都拒绝，最后载漪仅被流放。但实际上他隐居在西安，十几年后即获自由。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于： 《辛丑条约》第二款，载漪应“发往新疆永远监禁，永不减免”）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-backh="263" data-backw="352" data-copyright="0" data-ratio="0.7471590909090909" data-s="300,640" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel9EYoskLLHZphh93zzOW7ryThMQXEEXia0RyaKOJ2hjKcibiaesKBclXBnA/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="352" _width="526px" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/UGI7ce1BglSBlQrNiaPuLnF20ao9gzel9EYoskLLHZphh93zzOW7ryThMQXEEXia0RyaKOJ2hjKcibiaesKBclXBnA/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 526px !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">辛丑条约各方代表签字</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; 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padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">23 庚子赔款，是多还是少</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">庚子战争中，各国的驻华使馆被毁，千百座教堂被夷为平地，外国银行被焚烧，外国企业被踏平，洋人的资产被洗劫。中华大地上这场“灭洋”的浩劫，外国政府、教会和侨民的财产损失以亿万计。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">是谁挑起的这场战争，是谁造成的这些损失，是否应该赔钱？每个人心中都有杆秤。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">《辛丑条约》规定赔款数额为4.5亿两白银。但是，庚子事件对西方各国和基督教会造成的损失和伤害，清政府并非心中无数。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">李鸿章“对于列强提出之赔款总额，本来预料为20亿马克”（相当于6.55亿两白银）。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：瓦德西1901年1月3日给德国皇帝的报告）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">4.5亿两白银的赔款，是重还是轻？我们可以理性的做个对比。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">第一次世界大战中，保加利亚与德国结盟。战败之后，保加利亚与协约国于1919年签订了《纳依条约》。保加利亚除被迫割让土地给罗马尼亚、南斯拉夫和希腊之外，并须赔款<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">4.45亿美元</span></strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于： 《百度百科》“纳依条约”条目）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">保加利亚乃东欧一个小国，而它的战争赔款额却高于庚子赔款。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">（《辛丑条约》第六款列明：海关银1两，即德国3.55马克……即美国0.742美元……即英国3先令”；<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">庚子赔款折合美元为3.3亿，折合英镑6750万</span></strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">）。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">根据1919年签订的《凡尔赛条约》，<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">战败国德国</span></strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">除丧失大量的土地、人口和工业、矿产资源外，<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">须赔款113亿英镑</span></strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">，且要以黄金支付。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：《维基百科》“凡尔赛条约”条目）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">此赔款是庚子赔款的167倍</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">；若以国民人均负担计算，<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">则为1255倍</span></strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">（1919年德国人口约为6000万）。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">24 对中国受害者的赔偿</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">庚子赔款不仅赔洋人，而且赔华人；赔款的对象列明在《辛丑条约》第六款，是“各国、各会、各人及中国人民”。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">庚子赔款用来赔偿中国人民之损失，当代中国人可能闻所未闻；但是它不但清清楚楚列明在《辛丑条约》之内，而且实实在在付诸于西方国家的行动之中。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">庚子赔款确有一部分支付给中国遇害教民的遗属，作为抚恤金。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：《庚子见闻录》，《近代史资料》）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">庚子之乱是近代史上罕见的浩劫，<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">仅直隶（河北）一省</span></strong></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">，据总督李鸿章奏称：“合计通省杀害教民多至数万，所毁房屋多至数十万间”。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于： 侯宜杰:《神拳「义和X」的真面目》）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">如果要求彻底赔偿，庚子赔款的4.5亿两白银，光赔中国的基督徒都不够。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">25 不被提及的退还赔款</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">长久以来，我们只谈庚子赔款，却不提西方国家以后纷纷退还赔款的史实。</span></strong><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">首先退还赔款的是美国。之后，英、法、意、比、荷各国也竞相效仿，将退款用来资助中国的教育文化、科学研究、医疗卫生及其它迫切需要的领域。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：Peter Fleming:《The Siege at Peking》（围城北京））</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">实际上， 所有被赔款的国家，后来都退还了部分款项。其中，英国退回了赔款额的40%，比利时50%，俄国20%，荷兰20%，意大利15%。中国最后只偿付了庚子赔款的58%。<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：《百度百科》“庚子赔款”条目）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">上</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">面列出的各国退回赔款的百分比，没有提到美国。美国，全部退回了庚子赔款！</span></strong></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">美国获赔款2,444万；从1909年1月起，它将已经支付的1,366万全数退还中国，由中外合组的基金会管理，以保证退款的正确使用。“</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">庚子赔款退得最彻底的是美国人，它真的就是一分钱没要，现在基金会还在运作，只不过1949年以后，因为不可描述的原因，退回的钱只能给台湾新竹的那个清华大学，而给不到大陆的清华大学。”</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于： 张鸣，《「义和X」 运动(续)》）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">燕京大学（北大前身）、清华大学、协和医院等都是用美国退还的庚子赔款所建</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">，只不过1949年以后，因为不可描述的原因，美国当年的赔款基金难以继续。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 10px !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 10px !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">26 清廷丧失主权了吗</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 10px !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 10px !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">《辛丑条约》使清政府丧失主权了吗？当时的最高统治者认为没有。</span></strong><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">光绪帝的《罪己诏》明言：“今兹议约，不侵我主权，不割我土地”。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">诚然，《辛丑条约》规定：大清国两年之内不能进口军火，允许诸国“常留兵队分保使馆”，“酌定数处留兵驻守（如一二年后各国查明中国保护得力，亦可酌量情形撤去各处驻守之兵队）”。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">这种惩罚过分吗？不妨比较一下庚子战争后，清政府的境遇和二次大战后德国、日本的境遇。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">二战结束，希特勒和日本军国主义政权彻底覆灭，但是盟军对德国和日本长期军事占领，至今依然（已达七十年）。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">两国的军备受到严格管制，甚至不能拥有国防军（只能有“自卫队”）。试问，这些国家的主权何在？</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">如果说清政府在庚子战后沦为“半殖民地”，德国和日本在二战后又沦为什么？四分之三殖民地？</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">正如前文所写，以使馆、教堂为武力攻击目标，以外交官、传教士为疯狂屠戮对象，政府悬重赏杀尽一切外国人，包括妇孺，这是德国、日本法西斯在二战中都没干过的。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 10px !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 10px !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">27 为什么会有这样的结果</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAYAAAAfFcSJAAAADUlEQVQImWNgYGBgAAAABQABh6FO1AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: 10px !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: 10px !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">客观公允的说，这次庚子事件是清政府和</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">「义和X」</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">一手挑起的。但在战后的处理上，西方国家没有得理不饶人。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">为什么会这样？</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">因为，这次的受害最严重的是西方宣教士和中国基督徒。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">庚子战争之后，西方传教士一直在西方各国之间进行斡旋，尽力帮助那个要把他们斩尽杀绝的国家和人民。</span></strong></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">西方传教士的努力主要集中在三个方面：</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">第一，</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">要求列强只惩罚庚子事件中的罪大恶极者</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">第二，</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">呼吁对中国人进行教育，而不是惩罚</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">第三，</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">劝说</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">各国尽可能减少中国各省的赔款负担</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：张鸣，《「义和X」运动(续)》）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">“基督教基本都放弃了赔款要求。相反，他们还在各国国内组织了很多捐款，以救济品的名义送到中国遭受兵灾的各个地方。所以，「义和X」之后，基督教在相当一部分中国人中间很受人尊重，国人对它的印像也很好。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于：张鸣，《「义和X」 运动(续)》）</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"> </p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">后来美国第一个退还庚子赔款，这个其实也是美国传教士推动的。”<span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（资料来源于： 张鸣，《「义和X」 运动(续)》）</span></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">28 尾声：面对真相需要勇气</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">1900年的受害者们，在信仰中选择了爱和饶恕。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; color: #888888; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">可是，反观我们自己，</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">100多年</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">过去了</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">，始终没有勇气面对真相</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">，把庚子事件歪曲、抹黑的越来越离谱。让民众活在欺骗和蒙蔽，不</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">知道真相。</span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">难怪黑格尔说：历史给我们最大的教训，就是我们从来不接受历史的教训。</span></strong></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; width: 558px; display: -webkit-flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px -6px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section><section mpa-is-content="t" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 20px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 35px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #000000; line-height: 35px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">29 附录：《各国索赔章程》</span></strong></section><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px -6px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-ratio="1" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png" data-type="png" data-w="10" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/fgnkxfGnnkQUjmKbJ9AUtjNh3C3LcwFNFYd3Gmd9sXqufBjzThbyGTMN5WRZdjUzYpbQzkRibicHpXovgibf444Zw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" data-fail="0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; height: auto !important; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" alt="" /></section></section><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><section label="Copyright © 2015 playhudong All Rights Reserved." donone="shifuMouseDownStyle(\’shifu_c_037\’)" style="margin: 1em auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 10em; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; overflow: auto; background: #f0f0f0;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">英、德、比、荷驻华公使组成的赔款委员会拟订的《各国索赔章程》全文如下。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">一、失毁物产，果系因去夏拳匪所致者，始可索赔。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">二、索赔之款，计有三种：一为各国赔款；二为各行及各西人赔款；三为华人曾经西人雇用者之赔款。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">三、所有失毁物产，应开列详细章程，以便索赔。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">四、索赔清单，须交呈其本国公使，如事关各国者，则交呈资格最深之公使。各公使既将交呈索赔清单验过，如一切悉按此次定章开列，即送交中国政府索赔，不再另列细单。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">五、各物理合索赔者，均须照实价开列。应赔之款，亦许给息。平民以五厘，商家则以七厘行息。息钱未付之前，不得以息生息。至被毁之物，能与以下所列第七款章程相同者，始可给息。息即自被毁之日起算。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">六、如各行各西人经带兵官饬令将其所属之货物供给军营以为保守之需者，则其所属之国或兵官必有字据承认，不向中国索赔。被毁物产，须有实证：即按照其本国国律开单，交呈其所属之公使验明，并无可疑之处，始代向中国政府索赔。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">七、被毁之物，须将未乱前本有此物之实据，交呈其所属之公使照验。如该公使以为毫无疑窦，即能向中国政府索赔。失主所业何事，以及其平时进款若干，其所失之物亦可按之估价。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">八、应赔之款，俱照关平估出。 </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">九、无论何国何人，俱当按照以上所列各章开单，方能索赔。（佚名:《西巡回銮始末》卷四） </span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: #888888;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">该章程确立了公正的索赔原则和严格的索赔手续。</span></p></section></section><section data-mpa-template-id="355" data-mpa-color="#ffffff" data-mpa-category="body" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">（END）</span></strong><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /></p><p style="margin-right: 16px; margin-left: 16px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; text-decoration-line: underline; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: Arial;">参考文献</span></strong></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><section label="Copyright © 2015 playhudong All Rights Reserved." donone="shifuMouseDownStyle(\’shifu_c_037\’)" style="margin: 1em auto; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; background-color: #ffffff; border-width: initial; border-style: none; border-color: initial; letter-spacing: 0.5px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px auto; padding: 1em; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; height: 10em; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; overflow: auto; background: #f0f0f0;"><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">01，刘淇昆，《八国联军乃正义之师》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">02，刘孟扬，《天津拳匪变乱纪事》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">03，五月七日清廷上谕，《中国近代史资料丛刊“义和X”》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">04，左原笃介、沤隐 辑:《拳事杂记》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">05，柴萼，《庚辛纪事》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">06，侯宜杰，《义和X ——在“灭洋”的旗帜下》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">07，《西巡回銮始末》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">08，罗惇曧，《拳变余闻》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">09，王树增:《1901》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">10，侨析生，《拳匪纪略》卷5、卷1</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">11，沈祖宪，《养寿园奏议辑要》卷2</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">12，美国政府刊印的当时的外交文件</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">13，北明，《出兵中国是被迫自卫》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">14，《维基百科》“义和X运动”条目</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">15，Peter Fleming:《The Siege at Peking》（围城北京）</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">16，普特南·威尔，《庚子使馆被围记》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">17，西里尔·珀尔，《北京的莫理循》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">18，《学点清史 八十七、东南互保》,</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">19，雷颐:《东南互保之怪象》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">20，刘凤翰:《武卫军》,</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">21，《维基百科》“八国联军”条目</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">22，《百度百科》“武卫军”条目</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">23，英国公使窦纳乐（Macdonald）给政府的报告</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">24，佛甫爱加来、施米侬:《庚子中外战记》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">25，光绪帝:《罪己诏》1901年2月14日</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">26，刘以桐:《民教相仇都门闻见录》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">27，王芸生，《六十年来中国与日本》第四卷</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">28，北明，重审八国联军中的美国(22)——附篇:“联军无扰紫禁城”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">29，《齐如山回忆录》 第三章 义和X进京、洋兵进京、作生意时代</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">30，杨典诰，《庚子大事记》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">31，Franz-Stefan Gady:“When Americans Ruled Beijing”（美国人治下的北京）</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">32，唐德刚，《晚清七十年：义和X与八国联军》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">33，马勇，《由内政而外交:重评义和X战争的一个视角》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">34，苑书义:《李鸿章传》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">35，《辛丑条约》第二款，载漪应“发往新疆永远监禁，永不减免”</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">36，瓦德西1901年1月3日给德国皇帝的报告</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">37，《百度百科》“纳依条约”条目</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">38，《维基百科》“凡尔赛条约”条目</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">39，《庚子见闻录》，《近代史资料》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">40，侯宜杰:《神拳义和X 的真面目》</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial;">41，《百度百科》“庚子赔款”条目</span></p><p style="padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: #888888; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 12pt;">42，张鸣，《义和X运动(续)》</span></p></section></section>