<br /><p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">福山关于政治秩序的两部书俯瞰了主要文明几千年来许多国家的政治演进</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">[1,2]</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">。法治是福山提出的国家建造三要素之一,自然这两部书有许多关于法治的叙述和讨论。简略浏览这两本书的内容可以看到主导宗教对政治演进的影响非常大,这影响可能延续千年以上。一个例子是印度。春秋战国时代印度与中国的政治状态差别不大。但因为印度教的原因印度国家的形成比中国晚了二千年;这是福山第一部书第十章的专题。对法治来说,主导宗教更为关键。纵观文明史,所有国家中只有基督文明中的一部分国家实现了法治。</span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">◎ </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">法律面前人人平等</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""> ◎</span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">哈耶克提出法律应该具有三个条件:普遍性,平等性,确定性(</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">Generality, Equality, Certainty</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)(</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">[3]</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">,</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">66-72</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">页)。这里我们考虑平等这一条。主要文明中只有基督教明白无误地声明人人平等。中华文明没有人人平等的理念却有相当严格的等级观念,体现在</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">“</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">君君臣臣父父子子</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">”</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">的训诫上。印度更是以种性制度为基础,地位、职业、婚姻等全由种性决定。福山的第一部书第十一章介绍印度种姓制度及其政治意义。早期穆斯林社会在平等方面领先,但后来落后于基督文明。</span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">中东历史泰斗伯纳德 · </span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"; background:#EFEFEF">路易斯的《错在哪?》一书的第四章讨论穆斯林世界的社会平等</span></span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">[4]</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">。常说伊斯兰教是一个平等的宗教。这种说法有它的真实性。如果我们比较伊斯兰社会起源时与周边的社会</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">—</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">东边的封建的伊朗及种性制的印度,西边的特权贵族的拜占廷和拉丁欧洲</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">—</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">伊斯兰教确实带来了平等的信息。伊斯兰教的实行反对依据家族,出生,身份,财富,甚至种族来的特权而坚持级别和荣誉只能取决于虔诚和功绩。但这种平等是不完全的;伊斯兰从起初承认三种基本的不平等,主人和奴隶,男人和女人,信者和不信者。随着十九世纪的进展,外界的影响和压力以及穆斯林他们自己的态度转变使得这三种基本的不平等有所改变。第四章主要讲伊斯兰社会在社会平等方面的进化。在这过程中,伊斯兰宗教保守派反对这些变革因为这些变革不符合伊斯兰经典的教导。 </span></span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">为什么伊斯兰社会早期在社会平等方面领先基督教社会而后来又在社会平等方面落后呢?有一个重要原因是基督教圣经的教导。圣经加拉太书</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">3</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">:</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">28“</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">并不分犹太人、希利尼人、自主的、为奴的、或男或女。因为你们在基督耶稣、里都成为一了。</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">”</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">希利尼人即希腊人,在基督教早期与犹太人相对。注意这里三种平等几乎对应上面所讲的社会上的三种平等。歌罗西书</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">3</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">:</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">11“</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">在此并不分希利尼人、犹太人、受割礼的、未受割礼的、化外人、西古提人、为奴的、自主的。惟有基督是包括一切、又住在各人之内。</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">”</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">圣经在此强调不论种族文化背景在基督里人人平等。可兰经与这不同。基督教圣经教导平等是基督教社会实现法治的重要原因。</span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">当然平等只是法治的一方面,而且法制也可能有一定程度上的平等。法治的关键是限制权力。下面我们来看什么是犹太教-基督教的法。</span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">◎ </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">摩西五经、法(</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">The Law</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)、早期以色列的政治</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""> ◎ </span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">大家应该知道基督教的圣经有两部分:旧约和新约,旧约是犹太教和基督教所共有的,新约是基督教所独有。有些人可能会认为圣经是一部厚厚的书。实际上圣经有</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">66</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">本书,为许多作者所写跨度一千多年。圣经的前五本书出自以色列的摩西,估计成书于公元前</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">1400-1200</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">年之间。这五本书被称为摩西五经,也被称为</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">Torah</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">,即</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">The Law</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(法)。所以对以色列人来说,摩西五经就是法。注意这法在英文里是单数,就是说这里的法指整个摩西五经,不可分开。基督教的法和犹太教的法相同;既然有同样的五本书,当然法也相同。</span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">摩西五经的核心是摩西十诫。十诫的原文可以在《出埃及记》二十章里看到:</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">3 “</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">除我以外,你不可有别的神。</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">4 “</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">不可为自己雕刻神像,不可仿照任何飞禽走兽或水族的样子造神像,</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""> 5 </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">不可跪拜它们,也不可供奉它们,因为我</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">——</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">你的上帝耶和华痛恨不贞,我必追讨背弃我之人的罪,从父到子直到三四代。</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""> 6 </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">但那些爱我、遵守我诫命的人,我必以慈爱待他们,直到千代。</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">7 “</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">不可妄用你上帝耶和华的名,违者必被耶和华定罪。</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">8 “</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">要记住安息日,守为圣日。</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""> 9 </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">你一周可工作六天,</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""> 10 </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">但第七天是你的上帝耶和华的安息日,这一天你和儿女、仆婢、牲畜及你那里的外族人不可做任何工。</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""> 11 </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">因为耶和华用六天造了天、地、海和其中的万物,第七天便休息了,所以耶和华赐福这日,把它定为圣日。</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">12 “</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">要孝敬父母,以便在你的上帝耶和华赐给你的土地上享长寿。</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">13 “</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">不可杀人。</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">14 “</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">不可通奸。</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">15 “</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">不可偷盗。</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">16 “</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">不可作伪证陷害人。</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">17 “</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">不可贪恋别人的房屋,不可贪恋别人的妻子、仆婢、牛驴或其他任何物品。</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">”</span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">注意与其它许多宗教信仰不一样,犹太-基督教信的神是灵。拜偶像在犹太教里是严格禁止的。这从上面摩西十诫里可以看到,在圣经其它书里也常常提到,譬如耶利米书</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">10</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">章:</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">3 </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">他们信奉的毫无价值,</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">他们从林中砍一棵树,</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">工匠用木头雕刻偶像,</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">4 </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">以金银作装饰,</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">用钉子和锤子钉牢,</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">以免晃动。</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">5 </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">它们像瓜园中的稻草人,</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">不能说话,不能行走,</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">需要人搬运。</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">你们不要怕它们,</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">它们既不能害人,</span></span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">也不能助人。</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">”</span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">古以色列的早期政治制度是部落联邦制,属于分布式(</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">decentralized</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">),那时的执法按照摩西五经的教导。稍后以色列的政治军事领袖是士师(圣经里有一本书士师记</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""> — Judges</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)。古以色列开始立王记载于撒母耳记上八章。古以色列的第一个王是扫罗,第二个王是大卫。</span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">摩西五经提到一类很重要的人物,先知(</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">Prophet</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">)。虽然犹太教也有祭司,但是以色列的神是个活神,祂通过先知把即时的话传给犹太人。犹太教这点与其它许多宗教不一样。谁是先知呢?《申命记》</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">18:18-20“18 </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">我必在他们弟兄中间、给他们兴起一位先知像你、我要将当说的话传给他、他要将我一切所吩咐的、都传给他们。</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">19 </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">谁不听他奉我名所说的话、我必讨谁的罪。</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">20 </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">若有先知擅敢托我的名、说我所未曾吩咐他说的话、或是奉别神的名说话、那先知就必治死。</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">”</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">注意 神严禁以色列观兆与占卜。《申命记》</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">18:14“</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">因你所要赶出的那些国民、都听信观兆的、和占卜的、至于你、耶和华你的 神从来不许你这样行。</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">”</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">另外先知的话必须要应验。《申命记》</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">18:21“</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">你心里若说、耶和华所未曾吩咐的话我们怎能知道呢。</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">22 </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">先知托耶和华的名说话、所说的若不成就、也无效验、这就是耶和华所未曾吩咐的、是那先知擅自说的、你不要怕他。</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">” </span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";background:#EFEFEF">神不想让以色列被人的预言或一般的超自然事件疑惑。先知不是世袭的也不是通过程序选出的,而是 神选择的。先知须经过严格的鉴别,假先知的罪是死罪</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"; background:#EFEFEF">(</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"; background:#EFEFEF">申命记</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"; background:#EFEFEF">18:20)</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"; background:#EFEFEF">。成功地预言未来只是先知的一个标准,更重要的只说 神要他说的话。旧约的先知书记载先知的事和话。</span></span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">犹太人守法吗?不是有时守法,不是常常守法,而是一直守法。没有,一个也没有。大卫王是一个明显的例子。</span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">◎ </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">大卫王</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""> ◎ </span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">从许多方面来看,大卫王非常杰出。以色列的第一位王是扫罗。但扫罗违背神的旨意,使扫罗被神所弃绝。撒母耳记上</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""> 13:14 </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">但现在你的王位不能长久了,耶和华已经找到一个合祂心意的人,要立他做百姓的君王。因为你没有遵守耶和华的命令。</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">”</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">撒母耳记上</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">16</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">:</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">7 </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">但耶和华对撒母耳说:</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">“</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">不要看他相貌堂堂、身材高大,我要选的不是他。耶和华不像世人那样看人,人看外表,耶和华看内心。</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">” </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(新译本,下同)耶西让撒母耳查看他的一个一个儿子,最后撒母耳选中了大卫。使徒行传</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""> 13:22 </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">之后,上帝废掉扫罗,选立大卫做王,并为他作证说,</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">‘</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">我找到了耶西的儿子大卫,他是合我心意的人,他必遵行我一切的旨意。</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">’</span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">大卫是神亲自拣选的,对以色列建国立了大功,不愧为开国元勋。而且大卫一直光明磊落不用奸计。扫罗因为妒忌大卫的声望怕大卫取代他成为以色列人的王,因此要加害于大卫(撒母耳记上十八章十九章)。大卫为了逃命流落各方。扫罗仍然视大卫是对他的王位的巨大威胁,多次追缉大卫。大卫有几次机会可以杀掉扫罗,但是他不肯下手因为扫罗曾被神封为王(二十四章,二十六章)。那么大卫从没有犯罪(</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">sin</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)吗?不是。大卫在基本平定了国家称王以后犯了淫乱谋杀罪,这记录在撒母耳记下十一章。雅各书</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">2</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">:</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS""> 10 </span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">人只要触犯律法中的一条,就等于违犯了全部。十二章神通过先知拿单严厉斥责大卫并预言大卫将受惩罚。这里可以看到王受先知训导。</span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">从理论来说古以色列的王受法的限制,即必须按照法来治理国家,也就是说有法治。但实际上许多古以色列的王不守法,犯罪(</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">sins</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)。这在圣经里的列王纪和历代志有详细记录。怎么办?新约圣经提供一个全新的解决方案。</span></span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><em><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">注释:</span></span></em></p><em> </em><p><em><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">1</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">Francis Fukuyama, "The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,"Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011. </span></span></span></em></p><em> </em><p><em><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">2</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">Francis Fukuyama, "Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy," Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014. </span></span></span></em></p><em> </em><p><em><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">3</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">Brian Z. Tamanaha, "On the Rule of Law: History, Politics, Theory," Cambridge University Press, 2004. </span></span></span></em></p><em> </em><p><em><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">(</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">4</span></span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">)</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS";Arial Unicode MS"">Bernard Lewis, "What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East," Harper Perennial, 2003. </span></span></span></em></p><em> </em><p><em><span> </span></em></p><em> </em><p><em><span> </span></em></p><em> </em><p><em><span> </span></em></p><em> </em><p><em><span> </span></em></p><em> </em><p><em><span> </span></em></p> <p> </p> <!–[if gte mso 10]> <![endif]–>